Encyclopedia of India–China Cultural Contacts v2.c9: Front matter

Encyclopedia of India–China Cultural Contacts v2.c9

Language: English

Front matter

v2.c9.5

The Public Diplomacy Division Ministry of External Affairs Room No. 255, 'A' Wing, Shastri Bhawan, New Delhi-110001, INDIA T: +91- 11-23383316 F: +91-11-23384663 Website: www.indiandiplomacy.in

Maxposure Media Group (I) Pvt. Ltd. Unit No. F2B, 2nd floor Mira Corporate Suites, Plot No. 1&2 Ishwar Nagar, Mathura Road New Delhi - 110065, INDIA T: +91-11-43011111 F: +91-11-43011199 Email:info@maxposure.in Website: www.maxposure.in CIN Number: U22229DL2006PTC152087

v2.c9.9

All rights reserved. No part of this encyclopedia may be reproduced or transmitted in any form by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, except as may be expressly permitted in writing by the public diplomacy division, Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India.

v2.c9.10

CONTENTS

v2.c9.11

VOLUME I

v2.c9.12

| PREFACE | xiii |
| CREDITS | xiv |
| **SECTION I** | |
| **INDIA-CHINA CULTURAL EXCHANGES** | **1** |
| Timeline of Chinese Dynasties and Other | |
| Key Events | 2 |
| General Introduction | 3 |
| **SECTION II** | |
| **COMMERCIAL INTERACTIONS BETWEEN** | |
| **INDIA & CHINA** | **19** |
| Overview | 22 |
| **A. Products** | **30** |
| Bodhi Tree | 30 |
| Sala Tree | 31 |
| Asoka Tree | 32 |
| Clover | 32 |
| Cucumber | 33 |
| Pepper | 34 |
| Bhallataka | 35 |
| Cotton | 36 |
| Saffron | 38 |
| Zebu | 39 |
| Porcelain | 40 |
| Silk | 40 |
| Embroidery | 41 |
| Cat’s Eye | 42 |
| Fine Cloth | 43 |
| **B. Early Modern Era** | **43** |
| Opium Trade | 43 |
| India-China Cotton Yarn Trade | 45 |
| Abdoolally Ebrahim & Co. | 46 |
| E D Sassoon & Co | 46 |
| Parsis | 47 |
| Shikarpuri Financiers | 48 |
| Ismaili Traders | 48 |
| The Tatas | 49 |
| The Harilelas | 50 |
| Jamsetjee Jejeebhoy | 50 |
| K R Cama | 51 |
| H N Mody | 51 |
| Paul Chater | 52 |
| Ellis and Elly Kadoorie | 52 |
| **SECTION III** | |
| **SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY** | **55** |
| Overview | 58 |
| **A. Mathematics and Astronomy** | **71** |
| Ancient Indian Mathematics and Astronomy | 71 |
| *Terms, Items* | *75* |
| Zero | 75 |
| Portraits of Constellation Gods | 75 |
| *Personalities* | *76* |
| Zhen Luan | 76 |
| Yixing | 77 |
| Dharmacandra | 78 |
| Kasyapa | 79 |
| Gautama Siddhartha | 80 |
| Kumara | 80 |
| *Works* | *80* |
| Kai Yuan Zhan Jing | 80 |
| Jiuzhi Calendar | 81 |
| Sardulakarnavadana | 82 |
| Sardulakarnavadana, Pictures of Constellations | 83 |
| Prince Shetoujian’s Twenty-Eight Constellations Scripture | 84 |
| Constellation Scripture | 84 |
| Brahman Siddhanta | 87 |
| **B. Medical Sciences** | **88** |
| Cikitsāvidyā | 88 |
| Indian Medical Science and its Transmission to China | 89 |
| *Personalities* | *93* |
| Ge Hong | 93 |
| Tao Hongjing | 93 |
| Sun Simiao | 94 |
| Wang Tao | 96 |
| Li Shizhen | 96 |
| George Hatem | 97 |
| Tang Youzhi | 98 |
| Nagarjuna - the Physician | 99 |
| Buddhacinga | 99 |
| Jīva | 100 |
| Buddhasena | 101 |
| Jīva Jivaka | 101 |
| *Works* | *102* |
| Valuable Prescriptions for Emergency | 102 |
| Supplement to Valuable Prescriptions | 103 |
| Arcane Essentials from the Imperial Library | 104 |
| Bodhisattva Nagarjuna’s Treatise on Ophthalmology | 105 |
| Sutra of Buddhist Medicine | 106 |
| Bower Manuscript | 107 |
| Siddhasàra | 108 |
| Jivaka Pustaka | 109 |
| Essentials of Prescriptions by Various Medical Scientists | 110 |
| **C. Technological Exchanges** | **111** |
| Qi Min Yao Shu | 111 |
| Sugar Making | 111 |
| Tea Cultivation | 112 |
| Zhu Kezhen | 113 |
| **SECTION IV** | |
| **EXCHANGES BASED ON BUDDHISM** | **115** |
| Overview | 118 |
| **A. Sects** | **132** |
| Chinese Buddhism | 132 |
| Tiantai School | 136 |
| Faxiang School | 139 |

v2.c9.13

Tibetan Buddhism . . . . . 141 rnying ma pa Sect . . . . . 142 sa skya pa Sect . . . . . 143 bkav brgyud pa Sect . . . . . 144 dge lugs pa Sect . . . . . 146 jo nang pa Sect . . . . . 147 thi byed Sect . . . . . 148 Theravada Buddhism in Yunnan . . . . . 149 Acharya Buddhism . . . . . 151

v2.c9.14

B. Buddhist Sacred Places . . . . . 151

v2.c9.15

Lumbini . . . . . 151 Kapilvastu . . . . . 152 Bodhgaya . . . . . 153 Vajrasana . . . . . 154 Gaya . . . . . 155 Mrigdava . . . . . 156 Sarnath . . . . . 156 Shravasti . . . . . 157 Rajgriha . . . . . 158 Griddhkuta Hill . . . . . 159 Vaishali . . . . . 160 Kushinagar . . . . . 161 Mahabodhi Vihar . . . . . 162 Nalanda . . . . . 164 Vikramasila Mahavihar . . . . . 165

v2.c9.16

C. Monasteries . . . . . 166

v2.c9.17

Mount Wutai . . . . . 166 Mount Putuo . . . . . 169 Mount E'mei . . . . . 171 Mount Jiuhua . . . . . 172 White Horse Temple . . . . . 173 Famen Temple . . . . . 174 Jianchu Temple . . . . . 175 Daxingshan Temple . . . . . 175 Asoka Temple . . . . . 176 Tanzhe Temple . . . . . 176 Lingyin Temple . . . . . 177 Caotang Temple . . . . . 178 Shaolin Temple . . . . . 178 Yongning Temple . . . . . 179 Jiming Temple . . . . . 180 Xiangguo Temple . . . . . 180 Fayuan Temple . . . . . 181 Dacien Temple . . . . . 181 Xingjiao Temple . . . . . 182 Kaiyuan Temple . . . . . 182 gtsug lag khang . . . . . 183 Potala Palace . . . . . 184 bsam yas dgon . . . . . 189 mtho ldings dgon . . . . . 189 Miaoying Temple . . . . . 190 bya khyung dgon . . . . . 191 Dabaoen Temple . . . . . 192 vbras spungs dgon . . . . . 193 se ra theg dgon . . . . . 193 bkra shis lhun po dgon . . . . . 194 sku vbum dgon . . . . . 195 dgon lung dgon . . . . . 196 chu bzang dgon . . . . . 196 gsar khog dgon . . . . . 197 dpal yul dgon . . . . . 197 Yonghegong Temple . . . . . 198 Eight Temples of Chengde . . . . . 198

v2.c9.18

D. Personalities . . . . . 200

v2.c9.19

Indian Personalities* . . . . . 200

v2.c9.20

Sakyamuni . . . . . 200 Mahamaudgalyayana . . . . . 204 Asoka . . . . . 204 Asokan Inscriptions . . . . . 206 Kasyapamatanga . . . . . 207 Dharamaratna . . . . . 207 Nagarjuna . . . . . 208 Deva . . . . . 211 Dharmakala . . . . . 212 Dharmamitra . . . . . 213 Buddhabhadra . . . . . 214 Gunavarman . . . . . 215 Dharmaraksa . . . . . 216 Gunabhadra . . . . . 217 Punyatara . . . . . 218 Sanghadeva . . . . . 219 Dharmayasas . . . . . 220 Vimalaksa . . . . . 220 Buddhayasas . . . . . 221 Sanghavarman . . . . . 222 Asanga . . . . . 222 Vasubandhu . . . . . 224 Buddhajiiva . . . . . 225 Gunavriddhi . . . . . 225 Bhavaviveka . . . . . 226 Narendrayasas . . . . . 227 Paramartha . . . . . 228 Buddhabhadra . . . . . 229 Dignaga . . . . . 230 Ratnamati . . . . . 231 Bodhiruci . . . . . 231 Gautamaruci . . . . . 233 Bodhidharma . . . . . 233 Jnanagupta . . . . . 234 Prabhakarmitra . . . . . 236 Silabhadra . . . . . 237 Gunaprabha . . . . . 237 Dharmagupta . . . . . 238 Dharmakirti . . . . . 239 Candrakirti . . . . . 239 Divakara . . . . . 239 Cunda . . . . . 240 Subhakarasimha . . . . . 240 Atigupta . . . . . 242 Jnanaprabha . . . . . 242 Prajnanadeva . . . . . 243 Bhagavaddharma . . . . . 243 Nati . . . . . 243 Buddhatrata . . . . . 244 Vajrabodhi . . . . . 244 Buddhaphala . . . . . 245 Jnanacandra . . . . . 246 Simharashmi . . . . . 246 Manicinta . . . . . 247 Pramiti . . . . . 247 Amoghavajra . . . . . 248 Santiraksita . . . . . 249 Prajna . . . . . 251 Bodhiruci . . . . . 252 Kamalasila . . . . . 252 Sarivarma . . . . . 253 Padma . . . . . 253 Padmasambhava . . . . . 254

v2.c9.21

Vimalamitra . . . . . 255 Munisri . . . . . 256 Candragupta . . . . . 256 Dharmapala . . . . . 256 Danagupta . . . . . 257 Devasanti . . . . . 258 Manjusri . . . . . 259 Atisha . . . . . 259 Tilopa . . . . . 262 Naropa . . . . . 262 Dharmadeva . . . . . 263 pha damba sangje . . . . . 263 Maitrabhadra . . . . . 265 Niguma . . . . . 265 Sukha Siddhi . . . . . 265 Omkarasri . . . . . 265 kha che pan chen shaky shi . . . . . 265 Sudhasri . . . . . 265 Buddhasri . . . . . 266 Sunyadisya . . . . . 266 Sahajasri . . . . . 267 Devadasa . . . . . 267 Samghapala . . . . . 267 Sakyayasas . . . . . 268 Virupa (bir wa ba) . . . . . 268 **Western Region Personalities** . . . . . **269** An Shigao . . . . . 269 Lokaksema . . . . . 269 Kang Senghui . . . . . 270 Zhiqian . . . . . 271 Srimitra . . . . . 271 Kumarajiva . . . . . 272 She Gong . . . . . 276 Kalayasas . . . . . 276 Dharmanandi . . . . . 276 Dharmaruci . . . . . 277 Buddhavarman . . . . . 277 Dharmayasas . . . . . 278 Samgha . . . . . 279 Siksananda . . . . . 279 Jnanabhadra . . . . . 280 Li She . . . . . 281 Siladharma . . . . . 281 Wutitichanyu . . . . . 282 Purnacandra . . . . . 282 **Chinese Personalities** . . . . . **282** Liu Ying . . . . . 282 Zuo Rong . . . . . 283 Zhu Shixing . . . . . 283 Dharmaraksha . . . . . 284 Daoan . . . . . 285 Zhidun . . . . . 286 Fahe . . . . . 287 Faxian . . . . . 288 Huirui . . . . . 291 Baoyun . . . . . 292 Zhimeng . . . . . 292 Kang Falang . . . . . 293 Huisheng . . . . . 293 Fali . . . . . 294 Sengmeng . . . . . 295 Tanlang . . . . . 295 Zhiyan . . . . . 295 Daorong . . . . . 296 Xuanzang . . . . . 296 Yijing . . . . . 304 Fazang . . . . . 309 Huiri . . . . . 310 Shenhui . . . . . 310 Wukong . . . . . 311 yeshe tshogyal . . . . . 312 Virocana . . . . . 313 Li Chengmei . . . . . 314 lo chen rin chen bzang po . . . . . 314 Daoyuan . . . . . 315 Xingqin . . . . . 315 Cihuan . . . . . 315 Jiye . . . . . 315 Guangyuan . . . . . 316 Fayu . . . . . 316 Jiansheng . . . . . 316 Jicong . . . . . 316 Chongda . . . . . 317 Weijing . . . . . 317 vbrog mi shakya ye shes . . . . . 317 Huaiwen . . . . . 318 Jiquan . . . . . 318 Daoyuan . . . . . 319 vbrom ston pa rgyal bavi vbyung gnas . . . . . 319 nag tsho tshul khrims rgyal ba . . . . . 320 mar pa chos kyi blo gros . . . . . 320 Macig Labdron . . . . . 321 rngog blo ldan shes rab . . . . . 323 rngog legs pvishes rab . . . . . 323 rgya brtson vgrus seng ge . . . . . 324 cha pa chos kyi seng ge . . . . . 324 kun dgav rgyal mtshan . . . . . 324 Yuanyi . . . . . 325 klong chen rab vbyams pa . . . . . 326 red mdav ba gzhon nu blo gros . . . . . 326 tsong kha pa . . . . . 326 Zhiguang . . . . . 328 dge vdun rgya mtsho . . . . . 329 bson nams rgya mtsho . . . . . 329 pan chen blo bzang chos kyi rgyal mtshan ... 330 ta ra na tha . . . . . 330 yon ldan rgya mtsho . . . . . 332 grags pa vod zer . . . . . 332 ngag dbang rgya mtsho . . . . . 332 blo bzang bstan pvi rgyal mtshan . . . . . 333 lcang skya ngag dbang blo bzang chos ldan . . . . . 333 si tu chos kyi vbyung gnas . . . . . 334 lcang skya rol pvi rdo rje . . . . . 335 vju mi pham vjam dbyangs rhamgyal rgya mtsho . . . . . 335

v2.c9.22

E. Scriptures . . . . . 336

v2.c9.23

Tripitaka . . . . . 336 Buddhist Canon in Chinese . . . . . 337 bod yig gyi bkav bstan vgyur . . . . . 338 Buddhist Canon in Mongolian . . . . . 339 Buddhist Canon in Manchu Language . . . . . 340 Buddhist Canon in Tangut Language . . . . . 341 Buddhist Canon in Dai Language . . . . . 341 Ullambana Sutra . . . . . 342 A Biography of Tripitaka Master . . . . . 342 Biographies of Eminent Monks of the Great Tang Seeking Scriptures in the Western Regions . . . . . 343

v2.c9.24

A Record of the Buddhist Religion as Practised in India and the Malay Archipelago . . . . . 346 Bodhimargadipasastra . . . . . 349 Moksalankarasastra . . . . . 350 bu ston chos vbyung . . . . . 351 rgya gar chos vbyung . . . . . 352 chos vbyung dpag bsam ljon bsang . . . . . 352 thuvu bkwan grub mthav . . . . . 353 gu bkrvi chos vbyung . . . . . 353

v2.c9.25

**F. Doctrines** . . . . . **354** grub mthav smra ba . . . . . 354 gzhung bkav pod lnga . . . . . 355 gzhan stong gi lta ba . . . . . 356 rgyud . . . . . 357 Way of Great Perfection . . . . . 360 lam vbras . . . . . 361 phyag rgya chen po . . . . . 361 sbor drug . . . . . 362 naro chosdrug . . . . . 362 smon lam chen mo in Tibetan . . . . . 362

v2.c9.26

SECTION V

v2.c9.27

PHILOSOPHY . . . . . 365

v2.c9.28

Overview . . . . . 368

v2.c9.29

**A. Theory** . . . . . **375** Pancavidya . . . . . 375 Hetuvidya . . . . . 376 Hetuvidya of Tibetan Buddhism . . . . . 383 Collected Topics of Tibetan Buddhism .......... 383 Adhyàtma Vidyà . . . . . 384 Metaphysics of the Wei and Jin Dynasties ... 384 Neo Confucianism of Song and Ming Dynasties . . . . . 389 Jainism . . . . . 393 Six Orthodox Schools . . . . . 399 Samkhya . . . . . 402 Yoga . . . . . 407 Vaisheshika . . . . . 413 Nyaya . . . . . 418 Mimamsa . . . . . 424 Vedanta . . . . . 425 Six Stramana Masters . . . . . 432 Lokayata . . . . . 435 Ajivaka . . . . . 438

v2.c9.30

**B. Concepts** . . . . . **440** Brahmatmaikya . . . . . 440 Samsara . . . . . 441 Vimukti . . . . . 444

v2.c9.31

**C. Personalities** . . . . . **446** Laozi . . . . . 446 Confucius . . . . . 450 Ma Dexin . . . . . 455 Kang Youwei . . . . . 456 Sun Yat-sen (Sun Zhongshan) . . . . . 457 Zhang Binglin (Zhang Taiyan) . . . . . 460 Liang Qichao . . . . . 461 Swami Vivekananda . . . . . 462 Aurobindo . . . . . 466 Surendranath Dasgupta . . . . . 471 Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan . . . . . 471 Debiprasad Chattopadhyaya . . . . . 473

v2.c9.32

**D. Works** . . . . . **474** Lao Zi . . . . . 474 Analects . . . . . 476 Vedas . . . . . 477 Rig Veda . . . . . 481 Brahmanas . . . . . 482 Upanishad . . . . . 483 Yogasutra . . . . . 488 Vaisheshika Sutra . . . . . 491 Nyaya Sutra . . . . . 496 Brahma Sutra . . . . . 497 Bhagavadgita . . . . . 500 Hiran yasaptati . . . . . 501 Dasapadarthasastra . . . . . 502

v2.c9.33

**E. Events** . . . . . **504** Debate between Buddhism and Daoism ........ 504

v2.c9.34

SECTION VI

v2.c9.35

LINGUISTICS . . . . . 509

v2.c9.36

Overview . . . . . 512 Ancient Chinese Translation . . . . . 515

v2.c9.37

**A. Terms - Concepts** . . . . . **517** Shabdavidya . . . . . 517 Siksa . . . . . 518 Nirukta . . . . . 519 Vyakarana . . . . . 519 Brahmi Script . . . . . 520 Kharosthi Script . . . . . 521

v2.c9.38

**B. Personalities** . . . . . **522** Xuanying . . . . . 522 Huilin . . . . . 523 Zhiguang . . . . . 524 Shouwen . . . . . 524 Panini . . . . . 525 Patanjali . . . . . 526

v2.c9.39

**C. Dictionaries** . . . . . **526** Sanskrit-Tibetan Dictionary . . . . . 526 Nighantu . . . . . 527 Siddharastu . . . . . 527 Shabdavidya Sastra . . . . . 528

v2.c9.40

VOLUME II

v2.c9.41

SECTION VII

v2.c9.42

LITERATURE . . . . . 531

v2.c9.43

Overview . . . . . 534

v2.c9.44

**A. Literary Genre** . . . . . **547** Fictional Narratives of the Supernatural World . . . . . 547 The Legend of the Tang Dynasty . . . . . 548 Transformational Texts . . . . . 548 Stories of Gods and Demons . . . . . 549 Maudgalyayana Opera . . . . . 549 Indian Mythology . . . . . 550 Buddhist Literature in India . . . . . 555 Indian Folk Literature . . . . . 556

v2.c9.45

**B. Personalities** . . . . . **557** Chen Duxiu . . . . . 557 Lu Xun . . . . . 559 Su Manshu . . . . . 561 Guo Moruo . . . . . 564 Xu Dishan . . . . . 565

v2.c9.46

Mao Dun . . . . . 568 Xu Zhimo . . . . . 569 Zheng Zhenduo . . . . . 570 Bing Xin . . . . . 571 Ba Jin . . . . . 573 Ai Qing . . . . . 575 Yang Shuo . . . . . 576 Wu Xiaoling . . . . . 576 Shi Zhen . . . . . 577 Mu Dan . . . . . 578 Asvaghosa . . . . . 579 Kalidasa . . . . . 581 Bana . . . . . 586 Rabindranath Tagore . . . . . 589 Thakur Gadadhar Singh . . . . . 596 Mahendulal Garg . . . . . 597 S C Chatterjee . . . . . 597 Muhammad Iqbal . . . . . 598 Amar Singh . . . . . 599 Munshi Premchand . . . . . 599 Jaishankar Prasad . . . . . 601 Yashpal . . . . . 601 Jainendra Kumar . . . . . 602 Mulk Raj Anand . . . . . 602 R K Narayan . . . . . 603 Agyeya . . . . . 604 K A Abbas . . . . . 605 Krishan Chander . . . . . 605 Maitreyi Devi . . . . . 606 V Akilan . . . . . 607

v2.c9.47

C. Works . . . . . 607

v2.c9.48

The Tale of the Procurement of Scriptures by the Tripitaka Master of the Great Tang . . . . . 607 The Investiture of the Gods . . . . . 608 The Drama of Journey to the West . . . . . 609 Journey to the West . . . . . 609 Expedition to the Western Oceans . . . . . 611 Mahabharata . . . . . 612 Ramayana . . . . . 615 Jatakamala . . . . . 620 Harsacarita . . . . . 620 Nagananda . . . . . 621 Pancatantra . . . . . 622 Puranas . . . . . 623 Padmavat . . . . . 627 Ramacaritamanas . . . . . 627 Sursagar . . . . . 628 Kabirgranthavali . . . . . 629

v2.c9.49

SECTION VIII VISUAL AND PERFORMING ARTS . . . . . 631

v2.c9.50

Overview . . . . . 634

v2.c9.51

A. Music • Dance • Drama . . . . . 650

v2.c9.52

Kucha Music . . . . . 650 Buddhist Music . . . . . 651 Indian Music . . . . . 652 Saptaswaras . . . . . 656 Tianzhu Music . . . . . 657 Indian Dance . . . . . 657 Bharatanatyam . . . . . 663 Indian Drama . . . . . 666

v2.c9.53

B. Personalities . . . . . 668

v2.c9.54

Wan Baochang . . . . . 668 Cao Miaoda . . . . . 668 Sujiva . . . . . 668 Cui Lingqin . . . . . 669 Nan Zhuo . . . . . 670 Duan Anjie . . . . . 671 Mei Lanfang . . . . . 671 Zhang Jun . . . . . 674 Uday Shankar . . . . . 676 Ravi Shankar . . . . . 677 Kamala Lakshman . . . . . 680

v2.c9.55

C. Types of Songs and Dances . . . . . 680

v2.c9.56

Lion Dance . . . . . 680 Triumphant March of Prince of Qin . . . . . 681 Nishangyuyi Melody . . . . . 683 Brahman Sangeet . . . . . 684 Natyashastra . . . . . 685

v2.c9.57

D. Painting • Sculpture . . . . . 686

v2.c9.58

Concepts and Schools* . . . . . 686

v2.c9.59

Chinese Painting . . . . . 686 Cao Zhongda Technique . . . . . 688 Iron Line Drawing . . . . . 688 Ancient Indian painting Technique . . . . . 689 Gandhara Art . . . . . 690 Gupta Art . . . . . 691 Nimnonnata . . . . . 694

v2.c9.60

Architecture* . . . . . 695

v2.c9.61

Dunhuang Caves . . . . . 695 Binglingsi Caves . . . . . 696 Yungang Caves . . . . . 697 Qizil Caves . . . . . 699 Dayan Stupa . . . . . 699 Ajanta Caves . . . . . 700 Great Stupa of Kanishka . . . . . 701 Sanchi Stupa . . . . . 702

v2.c9.62

Personalities* . . . . . 702

v2.c9.63

Gu Kaizhi . . . . . 702 Dai Kui . . . . . 703 Zhang Sengyou . . . . . 704 Cao Zhongda . . . . . 704 Wu Daozi . . . . . 705 Yuchi Yiseng . . . . . 706 Yang Huizhi . . . . . 706 Zhang Yanyuan . . . . . 706 Qi Baishi . . . . . 707 Xu Beihong . . . . . 707 Zhang Daqian . . . . . 709 Ye Qianyu . . . . . 709 M F Hussain . . . . . 710 Abanindranath Tagore . . . . . 711 Nandalal Bose . . . . . 712

v2.c9.64

E. Films . . . . . 712

v2.c9.65

Chinese Films in India . . . . . 712 Indian Films in China . . . . . 713

v2.c9.66

Personalities . . . . . 717

v2.c9.67

Bruce Lee . . . . . 717 Zhang Yimou . . . . . 718 Jackie Chan . . . . . 718 Sachindranath Sengupta . . . . . 719 Satyajit Ray . . . . . 719 Raj Kapoor . . . . . 720

v2.c9.68

Works . . . . . 721

v2.c9.69

Awara . . . . . 721 Do Bigha Zamin . . . . . 721

v2.c9.70

Jhansi Ki Rani . . . . . 722 Karwan . . . . . 723 3 Idiots . . . . . 723

v2.c9.71

SECTION IX

v2.c9.72

FOLK CUSTOMS, HEALTH & FITNESS ........... 725

v2.c9.73

Overview: Folk Customs . . . . . 728

v2.c9.74

Buddhism and Chinese Popular Beliefs ......... 733 Buddhism and Chinese Popular Festivals ...... 737 sa ga zla ba Festival . . . . . 742 zho ston Festival . . . . . 742 bcu bavi Inga mchod Festival . . . . . 742

v2.c9.75

Overview: Health & Fitness . . . . . 743

v2.c9.76

Concept & Terms . . . . . 749 Qigong . . . . . 749 Wushu . . . . . 750 Indian-style Massage . . . . . 751 Yoga . . . . . 751 Kalaripayattu . . . . . 757

v2.c9.77

Works . . . . . 758

v2.c9.78

Tendon-strengthening Sutra . . . . . 758

v2.c9.79

SECTION X

v2.c9.80

COMMUNICATIONS LINKS AND SITES OF INTERACTION . . . . . 761

v2.c9.81

Overview . . . . . 764 Silk Road . . . . . 771 India-China Transport and Communication Lines During World War II . . . . . 775

v2.c9.82

A. Names of Places . . . . . 776

v2.c9.83

China . . . . . 776 Chang’an . . . . . 776 Luoyang . . . . . 777 Kashgar . . . . . 778 Yarkand . . . . . 779 Turfan . . . . . 779 Shanghai . . . . . 780 Hong kong . . . . . 781 India . . . . . 782 Magadha . . . . . 783 Takshasila . . . . . 783 Pataliputra . . . . . 784 Kalinga . . . . . 784 Gandhara . . . . . 785 Kashmir . . . . . 786 Chola . . . . . 786 Tamralipta (now Tamluk) . . . . . 787 Uddiyana . . . . . 788 Kamarupa . . . . . 788 Kanchipuram . . . . . 789 Purushapura (now Peshawar) . . . . . 789 Kollam (Quilon) . . . . . 790 Bengala . . . . . 791 Kochi . . . . . 792 Varanasi . . . . . 792 Madras (now Chennai) . . . . . 794 Ladakh . . . . . 795 Bombay (now Mumbai) . . . . . 796 Calcutta (now Kolkata) . . . . . 797 Assam . . . . . 798

v2.c9.84

B. Personalities and People . . . . . 799

v2.c9.85

Zhang Qian . . . . . 799 Wang Dayuan . . . . . 800 Yang Dazhao (Atchew) . . . . . 801 Chinese Community in India . . . . . 801

v2.c9.86

C. Works . . . . . 803

v2.c9.87

Records of the Western Regions of the Great Tang . . . . . 803

v2.c9.88

SECTION XI

v2.c9.89

DIPLOMATIC EXCHANGES . . . . . 807

v2.c9.90

Overview . . . . . 810

v2.c9.91

A. Concepts . . . . . 817

v2.c9.92

Panchsheel (Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence) . . . . . 817 Hindi Chini Bhai Bhai . . . . . 817

v2.c9.93

B. Events . . . . . 818

v2.c9.94

Visit of Chiang Kai-shek and his wife to India . . . . . 818 Chinese Army in India 1942-1945 . . . . . 819 Establishment of India-China Diplomatic Relations . . . . . 819 Visit of Indian Leaders to China Since the Establishment of Diplomatic Relations .......... 820 Visit of Chinese Leaders to India Since the Establishment of India-China Diplomatic relations . . . . . 822 Rajiv Gandhi’s Visit to China in 1988 . . . . . 825 Chinese Cultural Delegation’s Visit to India in 1954 . . . . . 825

v2.c9.95

C. Organisations, Institutions, Delegations . . . . . 826

v2.c9.96

China-India Friendship Association . . . . . 826 India-China Goodwill Mission . . . . . 827 Indian Residents Association, Tianjin . . . . . 827 The Ghadar Party . . . . . 828 Indian National Association of China . . . . . 828 Indian Youth League . . . . . 829 Indian Independence League . . . . . 829 India-China Friendship Society . . . . . 830 Indian Women’s Society for India-China Friendship . . . . . 831 Indian Medical Mission . . . . . 831 All India Dr Kotnis Memorial Committee ..... 832

v2.c9.97

D. Personalities . . . . . 832

v2.c9.98

Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty . . . . . 832 Emperor Taiwu of Northern Wei Dynasty .... 834 Emperor Taizong of Tang Dynasty . . . . . 835 Emperor Gaozong of Tang Dynasty . . . . . 837 Empress Wu Zetian . . . . . 838 Wang Xuance . . . . . 840 Li Yibiao . . . . . 842 Kublai Khan . . . . . 843 Yang Tingbi . . . . . 845 Emperor Chengzu of Ming Dynasty . . . . . 845 Zheng He . . . . . 846 Huang Maocai . . . . . 847 Ma Jianzhong . . . . . 848 Wu Guangpei . . . . . 849 Soong Ching-ling . . . . . 850 Mao Zedong . . . . . 851 Zhou Enlai . . . . . 852 Deng Xiaoping . . . . . 853 Gupta King . . . . . 854 King Harsavardhana (Siladitya) . . . . . 854

v2.c9.99

Narasimhavarman II Rajasimha . . . . . 858 Chandrapida . . . . . 858 Luo Haoxin . . . . . 859 Rajendra Chola . . . . . 859 Devakara . . . . . 860 Tie Ge . . . . . 860 Qasar Qaya . . . . . 860 Ibrahim Sharqi . . . . . 861 Saifuddin Hamza Shah . . . . . 861 Jalaluddin . . . . . 863 Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi . . . . . 863 Raja Mahendra Pratap . . . . . 868 M N Roy . . . . . 868 Benoy Kumar Sarkar . . . . . 869 Jawaharlal Nehru . . . . . 870 Subhash Chandra Bose . . . . . 871 Dr M Ramachandra Cholkar . . . . . 872 Dr Madan Mohanlal Atal . . . . . 872 Dr Dwarkanath Shantaram Kotnis . . . . . 873 Dr Bejoy Kumar Basu . . . . . 875 Dr Deben Mukherji . . . . . 875 K P S Menon . . . . . 876 K M Panikkar . . . . . 876 Bishambhar Nath Pande . . . . . 877 Bhakti Bhushan Mandal . . . . . 877

v2.c9.100

SECTION XII

v2.c9.101

MODERN ACADEMIC EXCHANGES . . . . . 879

v2.c9.102

Overview . . . . . 882 India Studies in China . . . . . 884 China Studies in India . . . . . 887

v2.c9.103

A. Organisations, Institutions . . . . . 890

v2.c9.104

Peiping Lecture Association . . . . . 890 Sino-Indian Cultural Society . . . . . 890

v2.c9.105

B. Personalities . . . . . 891

v2.c9.106

Xu Chonghao . . . . . 891 Feng Chengjun . . . . . 892 Taixu . . . . . 892 Huang Chanhua . . . . . 894 Tao Xingzhi . . . . . 894 Hu shi . . . . . 896 Tang Yongtong . . . . . 897 Liang Shuming . . . . . 898 Lü Cheng . . . . . 899 Chen Hansheng . . . . . 900 Su Xuelin . . . . . 901 Wen Yiduo . . . . . 903 Zhou Shujia . . . . . 904 Xiang Da . . . . . 905 Shanti Tseng . . . . . 906 Chang Renxia (Chang Jen-hsieh) . . . . . 907 Fa-fang . . . . . 908 Chen Hongjin . . . . . 909 Dongchu . . . . . 909 Xu Fancheng . . . . . 910 Mi Wenkai . . . . . 911 Yu Yu . . . . . 912 Fang Hao . . . . . 912 Ji Xianlin . . . . . 913 Jin Kemu . . . . . 916 Wei Fengjiang . . . . . 918 Zhu Jieqin . . . . . 919 Yang Yunyuan . . . . . 919 Wei Guisun . . . . . 920 Jao Tsung-I (Rao Zongyi) . . . . . 920 Wu Yan . . . . . 921 W Pachow (Bazhou) . . . . . 921 Wu Baihui . . . . . 922 Yang Ruilin . . . . . 923 Wu Juncai . . . . . 923 Ran Yun-hua . . . . . 924 Yin Hongyuan . . . . . 924 Sun Peijun . . . . . 925 Huang Xinchuan . . . . . 926 Shih Shu-lu . . . . . 927 Li Zhifu . . . . . 928 Liu Anwu . . . . . 928 Jin Dinghan . . . . . 929 Liu Guonan . . . . . 930 Wang Huaiting . . . . . 930 Zhang Mantao . . . . . 931 Shan Yun . . . . . 931 Li Yuanshan . . . . . 932 Jiang Zhongxin . . . . . 932 Zhao Guohua . . . . . 933 Zhou Dafu . . . . . 934 Kshitimohan Sen . . . . . 934 Kalidas Nag . . . . . 935 Rahul Sankritiyayana . . . . . 935 Tan Yun-shan . . . . . 936 Prabodh Chandra Bagchi . . . . . 939 Dr Raghuvira . . . . . 940 Sujit Kumar Mukherji . . . . . 941 Pandit N Aiyaswami Sastri . . . . . 941 Prahlad Pradhan . . . . . 941 K Venkataramanan . . . . . 942 Amitendranath Tagore . . . . . 942 Vidya Prakash Dutt . . . . . 942 V V Paranjpe . . . . . 943 Lokesh Chandra . . . . . 943 Narayan Chandra Sen . . . . . 944 Rajesh Saran . . . . . 944 Tan Chung . . . . . 944 Biswadev Mukherjee . . . . . 946 Vimla Saran . . . . . 946 Haraprasad Ray . . . . . 946 Mira Sinha-Bhattacharjea . . . . . 947 Giridhar Dattatrey Deshingkar . . . . . 948 Govind Purushottam Deshpande . . . . . 948 Haridas Mitra . . . . . 949 Krishna Kinkar Sinha . . . . . 949 Satiranjan Sen . . . . . 949