Cosmography and Geography in Early Indian Literature c7.s4: 4. Kurma-vibhāga or Kurma-niveśa

Cosmography and Geography in Early Indian Literature c7.s4

Language: English

4. Kurma-vibhāga or Kurma-niveśa

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The absurd conception of the shape of the Bhārata-varṣa as that of a tortoise (Viṣṇu in the tortoise form), facing the east, and the attempt to locate all the various territories on it are peculiar, among the Purāṇas, to the Mārkaṇḍeya (Ch. 58). It is really the fabrication of the astronomers and astrologers who associated nine divisions of the countries with particular constellations and thought that, when particular planets and constellations are occulted, the territories related to the constellations in question would pass through calamities. The nine limbs of the tortoise are the back, head, right forefoot, right flank, right hindfoot, tail, left hindfoot, left flank and left forefoot. A similar ninefold division of the Bhārata-varṣa is found in Chapter 14 of Varāhamihira’s Bṛhatsaṃhitā while its 10th century commentator Utpala not only quotes the *Samāsasaṃhitā* but also refers to an ancient author named Garga on the same subject and quotes another list of the kind from Parāśara. We quote below the *Mārkaṇḍeya* lists, though some of the names suffer from textual errors and wrong entries. It may be pointed out that the mention of Tilaṅga (Telengana) in Section IV suggests that the *Mārkaṇḍeya* chapter is later than the *Bṛhatsaṃhitā* composed in the 6th century A.D. The mention of Suvarṇabhūmi in Section IX as well as in the works of Parāśara and Varāhamihira is interesting. The divisions are indicated in both a Kūrma-cakra and a Nakṣatra-cakra.

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I. *On the middle (back) of the tortoise (i.e. in the central region) under the influence of the constellations Kṛttikā, Rohiṇī and Saumya (Mṛgaśiras)—*

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1-2. Vedamantra and Vimāṇḍavya (Bhadrāri, Meda and Māṇḍavya, or Bhadra, Arimeda and Māṇḍaya, the second and third inhabiting Medapāṭa and Māṇḍavyapura in Rajasthan), 3. Śālva, 4. Nipa, 5. Śaka, 6. Ujjihāna, 7. Vatsa, 8. Ghoṣa-saṅkhya, 9. Khasa, 10. Sārasvata, 11. Matsya, 12. Śūrasena, 13. people of Mathurā, 14. Dharmāraṇya, 15. Jyotiṣika, 16. Gauragrīva, 17. Guḍa (Pāṇḍuguḍa ; Guḍa=Thānesar according to Al-Bīrūni who also speaks of Kuru=Thānesar), 18. Aśmaka (Aśvattha), 19. Uddehika (near Bazāna or Bayānā in Bharatpur according to Al-Bīrūni), 20. Pañcāla, 21. Saṅketa (Sāketa), 22. Kaṅka, 23. Māruta, 24. Kālakoṭi, 25. Pāṣaṇḍa, 26. Pāripātra, 27. Kapiṅgala (Kapiṣṭhala, modern Kapurthala), 28. Kuru, 29. Bāhya, 30. Udumbara, a1d 31. Gajāhvaya (Hastināpura).¹²

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12. *Cf. Bṛhatsaṃhitā* —Bhadr-Arimeda- Māṇḍavya-Śālva-Nip-Ojjihāna-Saṅkhyātāḥ / Maru-Vatsa-Ghoṣa-Yāmuna-Sārasvata-Matsya-Mādhyamikāḥ // Māthurak-Opajyotiṣa-Dharmāraṇyāni Surasenāś=ca / Gauragriv-Oddehika-Pāṇḍuguḍ-Āśvattha-Pañcālāḥ // Sāketa-Kaṅka-Kuru-Kālakoṭi-Kukurāś=ca Pāriyātranagaḥ / Audumbara-Kāpiṣṭhala-Gajāhvayāś=c=eti madhyam=idam //

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Parāśara—Madhya-deśe Āryāvarta iti ya ākhyāyate tatra janapadāḥ Surasen-Oddehika - Pāṇḍuguḍ - Āśvattha - Nipa-Kāñcana-Kaurav-Ottamajyotiṣa-Bhadr-Arimeda-Mādhyamika-Śālva-Sāketa-Matsya-Kapiṣṭhala-Cakra-Daulepa-Māṇḍavya - Pāṇḍunagara - Gauragrīva-Pāriyātrika-Kukura-rājy-Audumbara-Yāmuna-Gajāhvyay - Ojjihāna-Kālakoṭi-Māthur-ottara-dakṣiṇa-Pañcāla-Kurukṣetra-Ru(Dha)rmāraṇya-Sārasvatāḥ. Parāśara identifies Madhya-deśa and Āryāvarta.

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*Samāsasaṃhitā*—Madhyam=udak=Pañcālā Vaṅga Yamun-āntaram Kurukṣetram/ udag=api ca Pāriyātrāt=param=athav=Ayogya(dhya)-Matsyāś=ca//

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II. On the face (head) of the tortoise (i.e. in the eastern region) under the influence of the constellations Raudrī (Ārdrā), Punarvasu and Puṣyā—

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1. Mt. Vṛṣadhvaja, 2. Mt. Añjana, 3. Mt. Jambu, 4. Mt. Mānav-ācala (Mālyavat), 5. Mt. Sūrpakarṇa, 6. Mt. Vyāghramukha, 7. Mt. Kharmaka, 8. Mt. Karvaṭāśana (Karvaṭa), 9. Candreśvara (Oḍra), 10. Khaśa, 11. Magadha, 12. hills of Mithilā, 13. Pauṇḍra, 14. Vadanadantura (Aśvavadana and Danturaka), 15. Prāgjyotiṣa, 16. Lauhitya, 17. cannibals dwelling on the sea-coast, 18. Mt. Pūrṇotkaṭa, 19. Bhadragaura, 20. Udaya-giri, 21. Kaśāya (Kāśeya=Kāśī), 22. Mekhala (Mekala), 23. Amu(mba)ṣṭha, 24. Tāmalipta, 25. Ekapāda, 26. Vardhamāna, and 27. Kośala.¹⁸

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¹⁸ [Note text missing in original]

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III. On the right forefoot of the tortoise (i.e. in the south-eastern region) under the influence of the constellations Aśleṣā, Paitrya (Maghā) and Pūrvaphalgunī—

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1. Kaliṅga, 2. Vaṅga, 3. Jaṭhara, 4. Kośala, 5. Mṛṣika, 6. Cedi, 7. Ūrdhvakarna. 8. Matsya and other dwellers on Mt. Vindhya, 9. Vidarbha, 10. Nārikela,

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Sārasvata-Yāmuna-Vatsa-Ghoṣa-Saṅkhyāna-Nipa-Māṇḍavyāḥ / Bhadr-Ārimo(me)da-Naimiṣa-Sālv-Opajyotiṣ-Āśvatthāḥ // Audumbaro=’tha Kukur-Ojjihāna-Gajasāhva - Kaṅka - Pāṇḍuguḍāḥ / Mādhyamik - Oddehika - Kālakoṭi-Kāpiṣṭhalāś=c=eti //

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13. Cf. Bṛhatsaṃhitā—atha pūrvasyām=Añjana-Vṛṣabhadhvaja-Padma-Mālyavadgirayaḥ / Vyāghramukha - Suhma - Karvaṭa-Cāndrapurāḥ Sūrpakarṇāś=ca // Khasa-Magadha-Śibira-giri - Mithila-Samataṭ-Oḍr - Āśvavadana - Danturakāḥ / Prāgjyotiṣa - Lauhitya - Kṣīroda - samudra - Puruṣādāḥ // Udayagiri - Bhadra-Gauḍaka-Pauṇḍr-Otkala-Kāśī-Mekal - Ambaṣṭhāḥ / Ekapada - Tāmraliptaka-Kośalakā Vardhamānāś=ca //

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Parāśara—Mālyavac - Chibir-Āñjana-Padma - Vṛṣabhadhvaj - Odaya-śikhari-Danturakāḥ Kāśī-Kośala - Mithila Mekala-Otkala-Puṇḍra - Karvaṭa-Samataṭ-Oḍra - Gauḍaka- Bhadra-Draviḍa-Suhma-Tāmralipta-Prāgjyotiṣa-Vardhamāna-Vājimukh-Āmbaṣṭha-Puruṣāda - Karṇikoṣṭh - Ādhiśrotra-Sauvīra-mahidhar-āvi(dhi)vasan - Aikapād-Oday-ānuvāsinaś=c=eti.

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Samāsasaṃhitā—Ārdr-ādi-Kāśī-Kośala - Mihil - Otkala-Vardhamāna-Pāṇḍy-Oḍrāḥ/ Lauhitya-Magadha-Samataṭa-Mekal-Āmbaṣṭha-Tāmralipt-ākhyāḥ // 11. Dha(ca)rma-dvīpa, 12. Ailika, 13. Vyāghragrīva, 14. Mahāgrīva, 15. the bearded people of Tripurī (or the bearded people and the people of Tripurī), 16. people of Kiṣkindhā, 17. people of Hemakūṭa, 18. Niṣadha, 19. Kaṭakasthala (Kaṇṭakasthala), 20. Daśārṇa, 21. the naked Hārika (Nagna-Śabara ?), 22. Niṣāda, 23. Kākulālaka, and 24. Parṇa-Śabara.14

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IV. *On the right flank of the tortoise (i.e. in the southern region) under the influence of the Uttara-phalgunī, Hastā and Citrā constellations—*

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1. Laṅkā (the cupola of the earth according to Al-Bīrūnī), 2. Kālājina, 3. Śailika (Saurikīrṇa), 4. Nikaṭa (Tālikaṭa), 5-8. dwellers on Mts. Mahendra, Malaya and Dardura and in the Karkoṭaka forest, 9. Bhṛgukaccha, 10. Koṅkaṇa, 11. Sarva, 12. Ābhira, 13. people of the Veṇvā valley, 14. Avanti, 15. Dāsapura (Daśapura), 16. Akaṇin, 17. Mahārāṣṭra, 18. Karṇāṭa, 19. Gonarda, 20. Citrakūṭa, 21. Cola, 22. Kolagira, 23. matted-haired people of Krauñca-dvīpa, 24-25. dwellers of the Kāverī valley and of Mt. R̥ṣyamuka, 26. Nāsikya, 27-28. peoples dwelling on the slopes of Mts. Śaṅkha, Śukti, Vaidūrya, etc., 29. Vāricara, 30. Kola, 31. people of Carmapaṭṭa (Dharma-paṭṭana), 32. Gaṇabāhya (Gaṇa-rājya), 33. Para, 34. inhabitants of Kṛṣṇa-dvīpa, 35. Mt. Sūrya, 36. Mt. Kumuda, 37. Aukhavana, 38. Piśika, 39. Karmanāyaka (Kārmaṇeyaka), 40. Southern Kauruṣa. 41. R̥ṣika, 42. Tāpas-

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14. Cf. Bṛhatsaṃhitā—āgneyyāṃ diśi Kośala - Kaliṅga-Vaṅg-Opavaṅga-Jaṭhar-Āṅgāḥ / Śaulika - Vidarbha - Vats-Āndhra-Cedikāś=c=Ordhvakaṇṭhāś=ca // Vṛṣa-Nālikera-Carma-dvīpā Vindhy-antavāsinas=Tripurī / Śmaśrudhara-Hemakuḍya-Vyālagrīva-Mahāgrīvāḥ // Kiṣkindhā-Kaṇṭakasthala - Niṣāda-rāṣṭrāṇi Purika-Daśārṇāḥ / saha nagna-parṇa-Śabarair=Aśleṣ-ādye trike deśāḥ //

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Parāśara--atha prāg-dakṣiṇasyāṃ Vindhy-āntavāsinaś=Cedi-Vatsa-Daśārṇ-Āṅga-Vaṅg-Opavaṅga-Kaliṅga-Jaṭhara-Puṇḍra-Śūlika-Vidarbha-nagna - parṇa-Śabara-Vindhya-kṣetra-pura-Purika-Kaṇṭakasthala - Vṛṣadvīpa-Kauśal - Aurdhvika-Mā(Kā)mboja-Varmalūta-Kāka-Kāca-Hemakuḍya - Vyālagrīva-Mahāgrīva-Śmaśrudhara-Nālikera-dvīpa-Kiṣkindh-ādhivāsinaḥ.

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Samāsasaṃhitā—Aśleṣ-ādye Tripurī Niṣāda-rāṣṭrāṇi Cedika-Daśārṇāḥ / Śūlika-Vindhy-āntaḥsthā Vats-Āndhra-Vidarbha-Kaliṅgāḥ //

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āśrama, 43. Ṛṣabha, 44. Siṃhala, 45. inhabitants of Kāñcī, 46. Tilaṅga, 47. people of Kuñjaradarī, 48. people of Kaccha, and 49. people of Tāmraparṇi.¹⁵

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¹⁵ Cf. Bṛhatsaṃhitā—atha dakṣiṇena Laṅkā-Kālājina-Saurikīrṇa - Tālikatāḥ / Girinagara-Malaya-Dardura-Mahendra-Mālindya-Bharukacchāḥ // Kaṅkaṭa-Kaṅkaṇa - Vanavāsi - Śibika - Phaṇikāra - Koṅkaṇ - Ābhīrāḥ / Ākara-Veṇ-Āvanta(or rta)ka(Ānartaka) - Daśapura - Gonarda - Keralakāḥ // Karṇāṭa-Mahāṭavī - Citrakūṭa - Nāsikya-Kolla-giri-Colāḥ / Krauñca-dvīpa-Jaṭādhara-Kāveryā Ṛṣyamukaś=ca // Vaidūrya - Śaṅka-Muktā - Trivāricara - Dharmapaṭṭana-dvīpāḥ / Gaṇarājya-Kṛṣṇa-Vellūra-Piśīka-Sūrp-ādri-Kusuma-nagāḥ // Tumbavana - Kārmaṇeyaka - Yāmy - odadhi - Tāpasāśramā Ṛṣikāḥ / Kāñcī-Marucipaṭṭana-Ceryāryaka-Siṃhalā Ṛṣabhāḥ // Baladeva-paṭṭanam Daṇḍakāvana - Timiṅgilāśanā Bhadrāḥ / Kaccho='tha Kuñjaradarī sa-Tāmraparṇ=īti vijñeyāḥ //

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V. On the right hindfoot (i.e. in the south-western region) under the constellations Svātī, Viśākhā and Maitra (Anurādhā)—

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1. Kāmboja, 2. Pahlava, 3. Vaḍavāmukha, 4. Sindhu, 5. Sauvīra, 6. Ānarta, 7. Vanitāmukha(Nārīmukha=Turks according to Al-Bīrūnī), 8. Drāvaṇa, 9. Sār-giga, 10. Śūdra, 11. Karṇaprādheya (Karṇaprāvara), 12. Varvara, 13. Kirāta, 14. Pārada, 15. Pāṇḍya, 16. Pāraśava, 17. Kala, 18. Dhūrtaka, 19. people of the

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Parāśara—Vindhya - Kusumāpīḍa - Dardura-Mahendra-Sūrpa-Vatsa-Malaya-Mālindy-Āvanti - Sāmbavati - Daśapur - Aikakaccha - Bharukacch - ardhi-Vanavās-Opagiri-Bhadra-Girinagara-Daṇḍaka-Gaṇarājya-Trirājya-Karkoṭa - Kañcana-Timiṅgilāhāra-Ṛṣyamuka-Tāpasāśrama-Śaṅka-Muktā-Pravāla-Vaidūry-ākar-Odvaktr-Ātri-Vāricar-Ārṇava-Colaka-Kauvera-Kāverika-Pāśika-Dharmapaṭṭana-Paṭṭikāśa-Kṛṣṇa-Vellūra-Tāmraparṇa-Nārmada-Gonarda-Cā(Kā)ñcīkapaṭṭana - Tālikaṭa -Saurikīrṇa-Sahakārī-Veṇataṭa-Tumbavana-Kālājina- dvīpa-Karṇikāra-Śibi-Koṅkaṇa-Citrakūṭa-Karṇāṭa-Mahāṭavik-Āndhra-Kollagiri-Nāsikya-Kārmaṇeya-Kāvervāruka-Vedhinika-Baladeva - paṭṭana-Krauñca-dvīpa-Siṃhalāḥ Paramata-Durdara-(Dardura)-Malaya-Marici-Trikūṭa-śikhar-ālaṅkṛt-ālaṅkāra-Sūrpa-parvata-Kuñja-radarī-Sambhogavatī-nṛṇām Girisār-āśramāḥ.

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Samāsasaṃhitā—Aryamṇ - ādye Caidika - Koṅkaṇa - Vanavāsi - Kollagiri-Malayāḥ / Ujjayinī-Bharukacchā diśā ca Yāmy-ārnavo yāvat //

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Himagiri, 20-22. Sindhu-Kālaka-Vairata (Raivata), 23. people of Surāṣṭra, 24. Darada, 25. Drāviḍa, and 26. Mahārṇava.¹⁶

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¹⁶ Cf. Bṛhatsaṃhitā—nairṛtyāṃ diśi deśāḥ Palhava-Kāmboja-Sindhu-Sauvīrāḥ / Vaḍavāmukh-Ārav-Ambaṣṭha-Kapila-Nārīmukh-Ānartāḥ // Pheṇagiri-Yavana-Mārgara-Karṇaprāveya(prāvara)-Pārāśava-Śūdrāḥ / Barbara-Kirāta-khaṇḍa-Kravyād - Ābhīra - Cañcukāḥ // Hemagiri-Sindhu-Kālaka-Raivataka-Surāṣṭra-Bādara-Draviḍāḥ / Svāty-ādye, etc. Parāśara—pratyag-dakṣiṇasyāṃ Surāṣṭra-Mahārāṣṭra-Sindhu-Sauvīra-Śūdr-Ābhīra-Draviḍa-Kanaka-khaṇḍa-Sindhu-Kālaka-Pheṇagiri-Raivataka-Nartaka (Raivatak-Ānartaka)-Bāhlīka-Yavana-Pahlava - Mārgar-Ārava-Rathakār-Ambaṣṭha-Kālāja-Karṇapra(prā)vara-Girivāsino=’taḥ paraṃ Mahārṇavo=’rvakopajo=’gnir=Vaḍavāmukha iti. Samāsasaṃhitā—Svāty-ādye Sindhu - Sauvīra - Kapila - Vanitāsya-Mārgar-Ānartāḥ / Varvara-Yavana-Surāṣṭra-Kāmboja-Draviḍa-Raivatakāḥ //

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VI. On the tail of the tortoise (i e. in the western region) under the constellations Aindra (Jyeṣṭhā), Mūla and Pūrv-Āṣāḍhā—

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1. Mt. Maṇimegha, 2. Mt. Kṣur-ādri, 3. Mt. Khañjana, 4. Mt. Asta-giri, 5. people of Aparānta, 6. Haihaya, 7. Śāntika (Sātiya of the Aśokan records, probably living in the South Kanara District), 8. Vipraśastaka (Praśast-ādri), 9. Koṅkaṇa, 10. Pañcanadaka, 11. Vamana, 12. Avara, 13-15. Tārakṣura-Aṅgataka-Śarkara (Tārakṣiti-Jṛṅga-Kanaka-Śaka), 16. Sālmaveśmaka, 17. Gurusvara, 18. Phalgunaka, 19. people of the Veṇumati (Tirmidh according to Al-Bīrūnī) valley, 20. Phalguluka, 21. Ghora, 22. Guruha, 23. Kala, 24. Ekekṣaṇa, 25. Vājikeśa, 26. Dīrghagrīva, 27. Cūlika, and 28. Aśvakeśa.¹⁷

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¹⁷ Cf. Bṛhatsaṃhitā—aparasyāṃ Maṇimān=Meghavān=Vanaughaḥ Kṣurārpaṇo =’stagiriḥ / Aparāntaka-Śāntika-Haihaya-Praśast-ādri-Vokkāṇāḥ // Pañcanada-Ramaṭha-Pārata-Tārakṣiti-Jṛṅga-Vaiśya-Kanaka-Śakāḥ / Nirmaryādā Mlecchāḥ, etc. Parāśara—atha paścimāyāṃ diśi Maṇimān=Kṣurārpaṇo Meghavān=Vanaughaḥ / Cakravad-Astagiri-Praśasta - Maṇḍitāraḥ // Pañcanada - Kāśi-Brahmavasati-Tārakṣiti-Pārata-Śāntika-Śibi-Ramaṭha-Jṛṅgi - Vāyavya - Guḍav-

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VII. *On the left hindfoot of the tortoise (i.e. north-western region) under the constellations Uttar-Āṣāḍhā, Śravaṇa and Dhaniṣṭhā*—

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1. Māṇḍavya, 2. Caṇḍakhāra (Tukhāra), 3. Aśmaka, 4. Lalana, 5. Kunya(lū)ta, 6. Laḍaha, 7. Strībāhya (Strīrājya), 8. Bālika (Bāhlika), 9. Nṛsiṃha of the Veṇumatī valley, 10. dwellers of Valāva, 11. Dharmabaddha, 12. Alūka, and 13.dwellers of Urukarma¹⁸

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¹⁸ [Note text missing from page]

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VIII. *On the left flank of the tortoise (i.e. in the northern region) under the constellations Vāruṇa (Śatabhiṣaj), Pūrva-Bhādrapada and Uttara-Bhādrapada*—

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1. Mt. Kailāsa, 2. Mt. Himavat, 3. Mt. Dhanuṣmat, 4. Mt. Vasumat, 5. Mt. Krauñca, 6. Kuru, 7. Vaka (Vṛka), 8. Kṣudraviṇa (Kṣudra and Mīna), 9. Rasālaya, 10. Kaikeya, 11. Bhogaprastha, 12. people of the upper Yamunā valley (Yāmuna= a kind of Greeks according to Al-Bīrūnī who confused Yāmuna with Yavana), 13. Antar-dvīpa, 14. Trigarta, 15. Agnijya (Agnīdhra), 16. Sārdana, 17. Aśvamukha, 18. Prāpta, 19. The long-haired Civiḍa, 20. Dāseraka (same as Maru). 21. Vāṭadhāna, 22. Śavadhāna, 23. Puṣkala, 24. Adhama-Kairāta, 25. people of Takṣaśilā (Takṣaśilā=Mārīkala, and Puṣkalāvatī=Pūkala, according to Al-Bīrūnī), 26. Ambāla, 27. Mālava, 28. Madra, 29. Vemaka (v. l. Veṇuka), 30. Vadantika, 31. Piṅgala, 32. Mānakalaha, 33. Hūṇa, 34. Kohalaka, 35. Māṇḍavya, 36. Bhūtiyuvaka (Bhūtapura), 37.Sātaka, 38. Hematāraka (Hematālaka), 39. Yaśomatya, 40. Gāndhārā,

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Āsija-Haihaya-Saṭkaṅga - Tājika - Hūṇa - Pārsver - Vetakaka(Pārsika - Ṭakka)-Vokkāṇāḥ /...Mleccha-jātayaḥ //

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Samāsasaṃhitā—Jyeṣṭh-ādito=’parāntaka - Śaka-Haihaya-Jṛṅga-Pañcanada-Katakāḥ / Nirmaryādā Mlecchaḥ Śāntika-Vokkāṇa-Vaiśyāś=ca //

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18. *Cf. Bṛhatsaṃhitā—diśi paścim-ottarasyām Māṇḍavya - Tuṣāra - Tālahala-Madrāḥ / Aśmaka-Kulūta-Halaḍāḥ Strīrājya-Nṛsiṃha-vana-Khasthāḥ(sāḥ) // Veṇumatī Phalgulukā Guluhā Maru-Kucca(Kaccha)-Carmaraṅ-ākhyāḥ / Ekavi-locana-Śūlika-Dīrgha-grīv-āsya-keśāś=ca //*

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*Parāśara—Girimati-Veṇumati-Ralamati-Phalguluka - Māṇḍavy - Aikanetra-Maru-Kucca(Kaccha)-Tuṣāra-Tāla-Malla - Halaḍa - Halātavardi - Lina - Vilīna-Dīrgha-keśa-grīv-any-āṅga-śaraga-viṣa - veṣa - Śūlika - Guluhāḥ param=ataḥ Strīrājyam=iti.*

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*Samāsasaṃhitā—Viśveśvar-ādi-Śūlika-Tāla-Tuṣār - Aikanetra - Māṇḍavyāḥ / Strīrājya-Carmaraṅ-Aśmaka-Laḍah-Āruhaka-Phalgulukāḥ //* 41. Kharasāgararāśi (v. l. Svara-sāgararāśi), 42. Yaudheya, 43. Dāsameya, 44. Rājanya, 45. Śyāmaka, and 46. Kṣemadhūrta.¹⁹

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¹⁹ Cf. Bṛhatsaṃhitā—uttarataḥ Kailāso Himavān=Vasumān=girir=Dhanuṣmāṃś=ca / Krauñco Meruḥ Kuravas=tath=ottarāḥ Kṣudra-Mināś=ca // Kaikaya-Vasāti-Yāmuna - Bhogaprasth - Ārjunāyan-Āgnidhrāḥ / Ādarś-Antardvipi-Trigarta-Turagānanāḥ Śvamukhāḥ (n-Āśva-mukhāḥ) // Keśadhara-Cipiṭanāsika-Dāseraka-Vāṭadhāna-Śaradhānāḥ / Takṣaśila - Puṣkalāvata - Kailāvata-Kaṇṭhadhānāś=ca // Ambara-Madraka-Mālava-Paurava-Kacchāra-Daṇḍapiṅgalakāḥ / Māṇahala-Hūṇa-Kohala-Śitaka-Māṇḍavya-Bhūtapurāḥ // Gāndhāra-Yaśovati-Hematāla-Rājanya-Khacara - Gavyāś=ca / Yaudheya - Dāsameyāḥ Śyāmākāḥ Kṣemadhūrtāś=ca //

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IX. On the north-eastern foot (left forefoot) of the tortoise under the constellations Revatī, Aśvinī and Yāmya (Bharaṇī)—

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1. Yena (Meru), 2. Kinnara, 3. Paśupāla, 4. Kicaka (Kucika), 5. Kāśmīraka, 6. Abhisāra, 7. Darada, 8. Tvaṅgaṇa (Taṅgaṇa), 9. Kulaṭa (Kulūta), 10. Vanarāṣṭra, 11. Sairiṣṭha (Sairīndhra), 12. Brahmapuraka, 13. Vanabāhyaka, 14. Kirāta, 15. Kauśika (dwelling on the Kauśikī), 16. Ānanda or Nanda, 17. Pahlava, 18. Lolana or Locana, 19. Dārva, 20. Dāmaraka or Dāmakara (Dāmaraka), 21. Kuraṭa, 22. Annadāraka, 23. Ekapāda, 24. Khaśa, 25. Ghoṣa, 26. Svargabhauma (Svarṇabhauma, people of Suvarṇabhūmi), 27. Anavadyaka, 28. Yavana

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19. Cf. Bṛhatsaṃhitā—uttarataḥ Kailāso Himavān=Vasumān=girir=Dhanuṣmāṃś=ca / Krauñco Meruḥ Kuravas=tath=ottarāḥ Kṣudra-Mināś=ca // Kaikaya-Vasāti-Yāmuna - Bhogaprasth - Ārjunāyan-Āgnidhrāḥ / Ādarś-Antardvipi-Trigarta-Turagānanāḥ Śvamukhāḥ (n-Āśva-mukhāḥ) // Keśadhara-Cipiṭanāsika-Dāseraka-Vāṭadhāna-Śaradhānāḥ / Takṣaśila - Puṣkalāvata - Kailāvata-Kaṇṭhadhānāś=ca // Ambara-Madraka-Mālava-Paurava-Kacchāra-Daṇḍapiṅgalakāḥ / Māṇahala-Hūṇa-Kohala-Śitaka-Māṇḍavya-Bhūtapurāḥ // Gāndhāra-Yaśovati-Hematāla-Rājanya-Khacara - Gavyāś=ca / Yaudheya - Dāsameyāḥ Śyāmākāḥ Kṣemadhūrtāś=ca //

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Parāśara—Himavān=Krauñco Madhumān=Kailāso Vasumān=uttar-ottarasyāṃ Madra - Paurava - Yaudheya - Mālava-Śūrasena - Rājanya-Ārjunāyana-Traigarta-Kaikaya-Kṣudram - Ācelūka - Matsya - Vasāti - Darbha - Phalāphala-Prasta(stha)la-Kṣemadhūrta-Śākala-Dāśadhāna-Havya - Mura - Daṇḍa - Gavya-Śaradhāna-Dāseraka-Vāṭadhān-Āntardvipi-Gāndhāra - Vavandhi - Ṣu(Su)vāstu-Takṣaśilā-Lavaṇavati - Puṣkalāvati - Yaśovati - Maṇivati - Śyāmāka - Khacara-Kohalaka-Nagaraśara-Bhūtapura-Kairātaka - Ādarśa - Kāntāra - Daṇḍapiṅgala-Māṇḍavya-Yāmuneya-Māṇahala-Hūṇa-Hematāl-Āśvamukhā Himavad - Vasumat-Kailāsa-Krauñcāt param=abhijanā iti.

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Samāsasaṃhitā—Śatabhiṣ-ādye Kekaya-Gāndhār-Ādarśa-Yāmun-Āgnidhrāḥ / Dāseya-Cipiṭanās-Ārjunāyana-Daṇḍapiṅgalakāḥ //

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DS. 14 (Yavana=Greek, and Mleccha=Arab, according to Al-Bīrūnī), 29. Hiṅga (Hinglaj), 30. Cīraprāvaraṇa, 31. Trinetra, 32. Paurava, and 33. Gandharva.²⁰

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²⁰ Cf. Bṛhatsaṃhitā—aiśānyāṃ Meruka - Naṣṭarājya-Paśupāla-Kira-Kāśmīrāḥ / Abhisāra-Darada-Taṅgaṇa - Kulūta - Sairindhra - Vanarāṣṭrāḥ // Brahmapura-Dārva-Dāmara-Vanarājya-Kirāta-Cīna - Kauṇindāḥ / Bhall - Āpalola(Bhallāḥ Paṭola)-Jaṭāsura-Kunaṭa-Khasa-Ghoṣa-Kucik-ākhyāḥ // Ekacaraṇ-Ānuviddhāḥ (or śvāḥ) Suvarṇabhūr=Vasu-va(or dha)naṃ Dviviṣṭhāś=ca / Paurava-Cira-nivāsī-Trinetra-Muñj-ādri-Gandharvāḥ // Parāśara—prāg-uttarasyāṃ Kaulūta-Brahmapura-Kuṇinda-Divādina-Pārata-Naṣṭarājya - Vanarāṣṭra - Vaimak - Aiṇabhalla - Siṃhapura - Cāmara(Dāmara)-Taṅgaṇa-Sāryaka-Parvataka-Kāśmīra-Darada - Dārv - Ābhimu(sā)ra - Jaṭāsura-Paṭola-Sairindhra-Kucintana-Kirāta-Paśupāla - Cīna-Suvarṇabhūmi-devasthala-devodyānāni // Samāsasaṃhitā—Pauṣṇ-ādye Kāśmīra - Trigarta - Darad - Ābhisāra - Cīna-Khasāḥ / Taṅgaṇa-Kirāta-Kira-Brahmapura-Jaṭāsuraś=c=eti //

Linked texts (3)

Mārkaṇḍeyapurāṇa — Vyāsa, Sanskrit
Bṛhatsaṃhitā — Varāhamihira, Sanskrit
Samāsasaṃhitā — Varāhamihira, Sanskrit