Cosmography and Geography in Early Indian Literature c8.s3: III.—Indian Territories in Hiuen-tsang's Si-yu-ki
Cosmography and Geography in Early Indian Literature c8.s3
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III.—Indian Territories in Hiuen-tsang's Si-yu-ki
c8.s3.1
¹² See S. Beal's translation (Calcutta reprint, 1957); also T. Watters, *On Yuan Chwang's Travels in India*, London, 1904. Hiuen-tsang reached India after passing through the following territories—1. 'O-ki-ni (Akni, Agni), 2. K'iu-chi (Kucha), 3. Poh-lu-kia (Bālukā or Aksu), 4. Nu-chih-kien (Nujkind), 5. Che-shi (Chaj or Tashkand), 6. Fei-han (Ferghanah), 7. Su-tu-li-sse-ne (Suṭṛṣṇa), 8. Sa-mo-kien (Samarkand), 9. Mi-mo-ho (Maghian), 10. K'ie-po-ta-na (Kebud), 11. K'iuh-shwang-ni-kia (Kashania), 12. Ho-han (Kuan), 13. Pu-ho (Bokhara), 14. Fa-ti (Betik), 15. Ho-li-shih-mi-kia (Khwarizm, Khiva), 16. Ki-shwang-na (Kesh), 17. Tu-ho-lo (Tukhāra, Oxus valley), 18. Ta-mi (Termed), 19. Ch'i-ngoh-yen-na (Chaghanian or Soghanian), 20. Hwuh-lo-mo (Garma), 21. Su-man (Suman and Kulab), 22. Kio-ho-yen-na (Kubadian), 23. Hu-sha (Wakhsh), 24. Kho-to-lo (Khotl), 25. Kiu-mi-t'o (Kumidha or Gomeda, i.e. Derwaz and Roshan), 26. Fo-kia-lang (Baghlan), 27. Hi-lu-sih-min-kien (Rui-Samangan), 28. Ho-lin (Khulm), 29. Po-ho or Fo-ho-lo (Balkh), 30. Jui-mo-to (Jumadha), 31. Hu-shi-kien (Juzgana), 32. Ta-la-kien (Talikan), 33. Kie-chi (Gachi or Gaz), 34. Fan-yen-na (Bamiyan) and 35. Kia-pi-shi (Kāpiśa, Kāpiśī). The Chinese forms of the names are given somewhat differently by different translators. There is a little difference in the transliteration of a letter in names taken from Beal and from Watters, e.g., 'o=a, kie=ka.
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1. Lan-p'o (Lampāka, Laghman), 2. Na-kie-lo-ho (Nagarāhāra, Jalālābād), 3. Kan-t'o-lo (Gandhāra), capital—Pu-lu-sha-pu-lo (Puruṣapura, Peshawar), 4. Wu-chang-na (Uḍḍiyāna—in the Swat valley), 5. Ta-li-lo (Darel), 6. Po-lu-lo (Bolor), 7. Ta-ch'a-shi-lo (Takṣaśilā), 8. Seng-ha-pu-lo (Simhapura near No. 7 and the Salt Range), 9. Wu-la-shi (Uraśā, Hazara District), 10. Kia-shi-mi-lo (Kaśmīra), 11. Pan-nu-ts'o (Parṇotsa, Punch), 12. Ho-lo-she-pu-lo (Rājapura, Rajaurī), 13. Cheh-ka (Ṭakka), old capital—She-kie-lo (Śākala, Sialkot), 14. Chi-na-p'uh-ti (Chinabhukti—to the east of the Sialkot District), 15. She-lan-ta-lo (Jālandhara), 16. K'ieu-lo-to (Kulūta, Kulu velley in the Kangra District), 17. She-lo-t'u-lu (valley of the Śatadru), 18. Pa-li-ye-ta-lo (Pāriyātra, country named after the Pāriyātra or the Western Vindhyas and the Aravali range), 19. Mo-t'u-lo (Mathurā), 20. Sa-t'a-ni-ssu-fa-lo (Sthāṇvīśvara, Thanesar), 21. Su-lu-k'iu-na (Śrughna—to the north-east of Sthāṇvīśvara, bounded by the Gaṅgā in the east and high mountains in the north and the Yamunā flowing through it), 22. Mo-ti-pu-lo (Matipura—to the east of Śrughna and the Gaṅgā), 23. P'o-lo-hih-mo-pu-lo (Brahmapura—to the south of the Su-fa-la-na-kiu-ta-lo or Suvarṇagotra country in the Himalayas, also known as the Eastern Women's Country),18 24. K'u-pi-shuang-na (Goviṣāṇa—to the south-east of Matipura in the Rampur-Pilibhit region), 25. 'O-hi-chi-ta-lo (Ahicchatra in the Bareilly region), 26. Pi-lo-shan-na (Vīrāsana—to the south-west of Ahicchatra across the Gaṅgā), 27. Kah-pi-t'a (Kapittha, also called Seng-ka-she or Sāṅkāsya, modern Sankisa in the Farrukhābād District), 28. Ka-no-kue-she (Kānyakubja, Kanauj in the Farrukhabad District), 29. A-yu-t'e (Ayodhyā—in the Fyzabad region), 30. A-ye-mu-k'a (Ayomukha or Hayamukha=Aśvamukha—to the east of Ayodhyā), 31. Po-lo-ya-ka (Prayāga—in the Allahabad District), 32. Kiao-shang-mi (Kauśāmbi, modern Kosam in the Allahabad District), 33. P'i-sho-ka (Viśoka or Viśākha—north of Ka-she-pu-lo or Kāśapura lying to the north of the Gaṅgā), 34. Shi-lo-fu-shi-ti (Śrāvasti in the Gonda-Bahraich region), 35. Kie-pi-lo-fo-su-tu (Kapilavastu—in the vicinity of the Rummindei pillar inscription near Padaria in the Nepalese Tarai), 36. Lan-mo (Rāma or Rāma-grāma—to the east of Kapilavastu), 37. Kou-shih-na-ka-lo (Kuśinagara, modern Kasia in the Deoria District), 38. P'o-lo-ni-sse (Vārāṇasī), 39. Chan-chu (about the Ghazipur District), 40. Fei-she-li (Vaiśālī, modern Basarh in the Muzaffarpur District). 41. Fo-li-shi (Vṛji, also called San-fa-chih or Saṃvṛji—to the north-east of Vaiśālī), 42. Ni-p'o-lo (Nepāla), 43. Mo-kie-t'o (Magadha, capital—Po-ch'a-li-tsu-ching or Pāṭaliputra formerly called K'u-su-mo-pu-lo or Kusumapura lying to the south of the Gaṅgā, near modern Patna, the central point of the kingdom of Magadha being the city of Kiu-she-kie-lo-pu-lo or Kuśāgrapura, modern Rajgir, ancient Girivraja and Rājagṛha), 44. I-lan-na-po-fa-to (Hiraṇyaparvata, modern Uren near Kajra in the western part of the Monghyr District), 45. Chan-p'o (Campā near modern Bhagalpur), 46. Ka-chu-wen-k'i-lo (Kajaṅgala near Rajmahal in the Santal Parganas District), 47. Pun-na-fa-tan-na (Puṇyavardhana for Puṇḍravardhana, modern Mahāsthān in the Bogra District), 48. Kia-mo-lu-po (Kāmarūpa in Assam), 49. San-mo-ta-ch'a (Samataṭa—in the Tippera-Noakhali region), 50. Tan-mo-li-ti (Tāmralipti, modern Tamluk in the Midnapur District), 51. Kie-lo-na-su-fa-la-na (Karṇasuvarṇa, situated near the Lo-to-wei-chi or Raktamṛttikā monastery recently unearthed beside the Chiruti railway station near Berhampore in the Murshidabad District), 52. U-ch'a (Oḍra, the Balasore-Cuttack-Puri region of Orissa), 53. Kong-u-t'o (Koṅgoda, the Ganjam District), 54. Kie-ling-kia
c8.s3.3
13. Hiuen-tsang says, "For ages woman has been the ruler, and so it is called 'the kingdom of the women'. The husband of the reigning woman is called king: but he knows nothing about the affairs of the state. The men manage the wars and sow the land, and that is all." See our remarks on Strirājya, above, p. 66.
c8.s3.4
(Kaliṅga—to the south-west of No. 53), 55. Kiao-sa-lo (Kosala, South Kosala in the Raipur-Bilaspur-Sambalpur region to the north-west of No. 54), 56. An-ta-lo (Andhra, capital—Ping-k’i-lo, i.e. Ping-k’i-pu-lo or Veṅgipura near modern Elūru in the West Godavari District), 57. T’o-na-kie-tse-kia (Dānyakaṭaka, modern Dharaṇikoṭa near Amarāvatī in the Guntur District), 58. Chu-li-ye (Coḷiya, the Telugu-Coḍa territory in the Kurnool-Cuddapa region), 59. Ta-lo-pi-ch’a (Drāviḍa, capital—Kan-chih-pu-lo or Kāñcīpura in the Chingleput District), 60. Mo-lo-kiu-ch’a (Malayakūṭa, the Pāṇḍya-Kerala region), 61. Seng-ka-lo (Siṃhala, Ceylon), 62. Kung-kan-na-pu-lo (Koṅkaṇapura, Southern Konkan), 63. Mo-ha-la-ch’a (Mahārāṣṭra, kingdom of the Early Cālukya king Pulakeśin II), 64. Po-lu-kie-ch’e-p’o (Bhṛgukaccha for Bhṛgukaccha or Bharukaccha, modern Bharoch, Broach), 65. Mo-la-p’o (Mālava—situated on the south-east side of the Mo-ha or Mahī river in Gujarat), 66. A-t’o-li (Aṭali or Aḍali—to the north-west of Mālava in Gujarat), 67. Ki-t’a (Kheṭa or Kheṭaka, modern Kheḍā or Kaira in Gujarat), 68. Fa-la-pi (Valabhī, modern Vala or Wala near Bhavnagar in Kathiawar), 69. A-nan-t’o-pu-lo Ānandapura, modern Vaḍnagar in Gujarat), 70. Su-la-ch’a (Surāṣṭra, Kathiawar), 71. Kiu-che-lo (Gurjara, capital—Pi-lo-mo-lo or Bhillamāla, modern Bhinmal in the Jodhpur Division), 72. Wu-she-yen-na (Ujjayinī—in Western Malwa) 73. Chih-chi-t’o (identified by some with Jajhoṭi which had its capital at Khajurāho in Bundelkhand), 74. Mo-hi-ssu-fa-lo-pu-lo (Maheśvarapura—near No. 73), 75. Sin-tu (parts of modern Sind—to the West of the Sin-tu or Indus; capital—P’i-shan-p’o-pu-lo or Viśrambhapura), 76. Mu-lo-san-pu-lo (Mūlasthānapura, modern Multan), 77. Po-fa-to (Parvata—north-east of No. 76), 78. ’O-tien-p’o-chi-lo (Atinavācala, capital—Kie-chi-ssu-fa-lo or Kaccheśvara), 79. Lang-kie-lo (Lāṅgala, capital—Su-t’u-li-ssu-fa-lo or Strīśvara—described as ‘the way to the Western Women’s country’), [ 80. Po-la-sse (Persia; capital—Su-la-sa-t’ang-na or Surasthāna) ], 81. Pi-to-shi-lo (Pītaśilā—in Sind), 82. ’O-fan-ch’a (Avaṇḍa—in Sind), 83. Fa-la-na Varaṇa, modern Bannu), 84. Tsao-ku-t’a (Jāguḍa, capital—Ho-si-na or Ghazna and Ho-sa-lo, i.e. Guzra or Guzaristan on the Helmund), 85. Fu-li-shih-sa-t’ang-na (Varṣasthāna, capital Hu-pi-na or Opian), 86. An-ta-lo-fo (Andarab—part of the old Tu-ho-lo or Tukhāra country), 87. K’woh-si-to (Khost), 88. Hwoh (Kunduz), 89. Mung-kin (Munjan), 90. ’O-li-ni (Ahreng), 91, Ho-lo-hu (Ragh), 92. Ki-li-seh-mo (Kishm); 93. Po-li-ho (Bolor), 94. Hi-mo-ta-lo (Himatāla), 95. Po-lo-chang-na (Badakhshan), 96. In-po-kin (Yamgan), 97. Kiu-lang-na (Kurana), 98. Ta-mo-sih-teh-ti (Termistat), 99. Shi-k’i-ni (Shikhnan), 100. Shang-ni (Sambi), 101. K’ie-p’an-t’o (Kabandha), 102. U-sha (Och), 103. Kie-sha (Kashgarh), 104. Cho-kiu-kia (Yarkiang), and 105. Kiu-sa-ta-na (Kustana or Khotan).