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Vedic Metre in its Historical Development c7.s2: 86. C. Forms Characteristic of the Popular Rigveda and Atharvaveda

Vedic Metre in its Historical Development c7.s2

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86. C. Forms Characteristic of the Popular Rigveda and Atharvaveda

c7.s2.1

1. All words containing the palatal ṭ (except vāṣaṭ, śráuṣaṭ, which are found in use earlier): namely araṭvá, *aghāṭí, iṭátaḥ, *káṭuka, kāṭá, kīkaṭa, kúta, *kúṭa, *kíṛpīta, kévata, bíriṭa, bekanāṭa, *mahāvaṭūrin, *reṇúkakāṭa, *vaṭūrin, *víkaṭa, *śákaṭī.

c7.s2.2

2. Words containing ṇḍ: ākhaṇḍala, āṇḍá, kuṇḍapáyia, kuṇḍṛṇācī, *daṇḍá, *piṇḍa, *puṇḍárīka, *maṇḍúka, *maṇḍúkī, *maṇḍūradhāṇika, mārtāṇḍá, śáṇḍika, śāṇḍá, hiraṇyapiṇḍá.

c7.s2.3

3. Words containing *l*, excepting the following, which are established in use in the Rigveda proper: *uloká*, *kaláśa*, *kīlā*, *kévala*, *jálāṣa*, *nīla*, *palitá*, *phaligá*, *bahulá*, *-miśla*, *valá*, *valg*, *viṣpálā*, *ślóka*. A list of other words containing *l* is given in *Historical Vedic Grammar*, pp. 258, 259: *álarṣi*, *álarti*, and *ávicācali* are to be added to it.

c7.s2.4

4. Duals in *-au* before consonants or at the end of an even *pāda*. To the lists given in Lanman's *Noun-Inflection in the Veda* pp. 340, 341, 342, and 576 are to be added *aṣṭaú*, *kaú*, *dvaú*, *nau*. Before vowels (except *u*)-*āv* is found throughout the Rigveda: but see §§ 128, 129.

c7.s2.5

5. Case-forms in *-yai* (-*iai*), *-yāh* (-*iāh*), *-yām* (-*iām*) from nouns with *-i* stems: *ánumatyāh*, *árātiāh*, *turyaí*, *deváhūtiai*, *nábhyāh*, *nírtyai*, *nírtyāh*, *puṣtyaí*, *pṛśnyāh*, *bhujyaí*, *bhṛtyaí*, *bhṛtyā́m*, *yuvatyā́h*, *yuvatyā́m*, *śrutyaí*, *sámgatyām*. Forms from *bhūmi*, *óṣadhi*, *hetí* are included in 10 and D 12, 52 below.

c7.s2.6

6. The accusative *dívam*.

c7.s2.7

7. The accusative plural *ápah*.

c7.s2.8

8. The locative form *mayí*.

c7.s2.9

9. Nouns adapted to stems in *-a*: (*a*) in *-anta*; *tarantá*, *dánta*, *pánta*, *vasantá*, *vaiśantá*, *sámanta*, *hemantá*; (*b*) compounds in *-akṣá* ‘eye’; *adhi-*, *an-*, *catur-*, *bhūri-*, *ṣad-*, *sam-*, *sahasra-*, *hiraṇya-akṣá*; (*c*) compounds in *-yājá*, *-rājá*; *ati-*, *anu-*, *jīva-*, *pra-yājá*; *adhirājá*, *rājaká*; (*d*) *pāda*, with *nipādá*, *pāñcapāda*, *pādaká*, *pādagṛhyā*; (*e*) *púruṣa*, with *puruṣí*, *paúruṣeya*, *púruṣa*, *púruṣād*, *púruṣaghná*, *apúruṣa*, *āpúruṣaghna* [the forms *puruṣátā*, *puruṣatrá*, *puruṣatvátā*, and *puruṣía* are established in the Rigveda proper, and should either be derived from a stem *púrus-* or treated as the beginnings of the transition]; (*f*) *māṃsá*, with *māṃsabhikṣá*; (*g*) *māsa*; (*h*) *hŕdaya*, with *hŕdayāvídh* and *hŕdayía*. For *svarājá* (conjecturally) see § 151 iii.

c7.s2.10

10. Certain other noun-stems, namely *bhūmi* with *dyāvābhūmī* and *bhūmiá*; *śakúni*, *śakúnti* and *śakuntiká*.

c7.s2.11

11. Forms of the 1st person singular conjunctive (or imperative) in *-āni*: *kárāṇi*, *gámāni*, *gāni*, *carāṇi*, *daviṣāṇi*, *dadhāni*, *náyāni*, *pacāni*, *brávāni*, *bhajāni*, *randhayāni*, *rájāni*, *vahāni*, *sṛjāni*, *stoṣāṇi*, *jaṅghánāni*.

c7.s2.12

12. Subjunctive forms in *-sai*, *-tai*: *yajātai*.

c7.s2.13

13. Imperative forms in *-ām*, *-rām*, *-ratām*: *duhám*.

c7.s2.14

14. *má* with the aorist injunctive middle or passive. For the occurrences see Avery, JAOS. xi pp. 346, 347, 361, and add *má bíbhiṣathāḥ* viii 79 8b.

c7.s2.15

15. Precatives in *-āsam*: *kriyāsma*, *bhūyāsam*.

c7.s2.16

16. Future forms from stems in *-sya*, *-iṣya*, not including the participles, which are established in use (chiefly as desideratives) in the Rigveda proper: *jeṣyá-*, *vaksyá-* (vac), *kariṣyá-*, *janiṣya-*, *dhārayiṣya-*, *bhaviṣya-*, *maniṣyá-*, *vāsayiṣya-*, *saniṣya-*, *staviṣyá-*. Past tenses of this formation must be looked upon as desideratives: such too are *kariṣyáḥ* i 165 9d, iv 30 23b, *kariṣyási* i 1 6b.

c7.s2.17

17. Causatives in -p: arpaya-, kṣepaya-, *glāpaya-, *dhāpaya- (1 dhā), dhāpaya- (2 dhā), *vāpaya- (1 vā), sthāpaya-, snāpaya-, átiṣṭhipa-, *jīhipa-.

c7.s2.18

18. Augmented forms of the imperfect passive: ájāya-, anīya-, apṛcya-, ámucya-, aricya-, *ápaśya-.

c7.s2.19

19. Absolutives in -tvá (-tuā): pítvā, bhittvá, *bhūtvá, mitvá, *mohayitvá, yuktvá, *vṛtvá, śrutvá, *snātvá, hatvá, hitvá.

c7.s2.20

20. The imperfect forms ásīḥ, ásīt.

c7.s2.21

21. All forms from the following verb-stems: *ṛchá-, *kurú-, *kṣiṇá-, *gṛhṇá-, nudá- (active), brávī-, bibhī-, muñcá-, mṛṇā-, hár- (hí-), including with the last the noun 2. háras ‘taking.’

c7.s2.22

22. The pronoun adás, with its adverbs adáḥ, amútaḥ, and amuyá: the form etád, whether neuter singular or adverb: the pronoun ena (the adverb enā is earlier): and the pronominal words ádhara, adhamá, ítara, údac (údaktāt, udaktáḥ, and uccá are earlier: for uccaíḥ see No. 23): távat, tiryác and its derivatives, párāc (for parācaíḥ see No. 23), bahú (bahulá is earlier) with *bahu-anná, *bahutṛá, *bahudhā́, bahupáyia, *bahuprajā́, *bahusū́van: yatará, yátama: yávat with *yāvanmātrám: sárva ‘all’ (but not sárva ‘whole’), with *sarvátaḥ, *sarva-aṅga, *-hút, -híd.

c7.s2.23

23. Adverbs in -aiḥ, namely uccaíḥ, nīcaíḥ, parācaíḥ, prācaíḥ, śánaíḥ, and śanakaíḥ: in -āt, namely apākāt, uttarāt, paścāt (and in ápaścāddaghvan); for adharāt see No. 22: in -taḥ, with the exception of átaḥ, ántitaḥ, abhítaḥ, kútaḥ, yátaḥ, and víśvátaḥ: and also the following: átho (§ 171), antarā́ (and antarābharā́), anyátra, evám, kathám, tátra, táthā, dūrám, vaí, sahá, and sāyám: and †va when required by the metre in place of iva (see below, § 129).

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