Vedic Metre in its Historical Development c7.s3: 87. D. Words Characteristic of the Popular Rigveda and the Atharvaveda

Vedic Metre in its Historical Development c7.s3

Language: English

87. D. Words Characteristic of the Popular Rigveda and the Atharvaveda

c7.s3.1

1. Names of the body and its parts: áṅga ‘limb,’ with *áṅgia, cátur-, vīlú-, *sarva- and su-áṅga; asthán ‘bone,’ with *anasthá, *anasthán, *asthanvát, and *aṣṭhivát ‘knee’; ūrú ‘thigh’; cákṣus ‘eye,’ with *ághora-, *víśvátaḥ-, *hradé-cakṣus, and *cákṣuṣmat; párus ‘limb’; *pṛṣtí ‘rib,’ with *pṛṣtí-āmayin; majján ‘marrow’; múkha ‘mouth,’ with viśvátomukha; śárīra ‘body,’ with bṛhaccharīra; *śrótra ‘ear.’

c7.s3.2

2. Names of other objects of common life: *akṣá ‘die’; aghnyá ‘ox, cow’; anádvah ‘waggon’; áśvatthá ‘fig-tree’; *udaká ‘water,’ with *anudaká, ápodaka; ṛṣabhá ‘bull’; odaná ‘broth’; kumbhá ‘jug,’ with *kumbhín; *kṛsí ‘ploughed land,’ with ákṛsīvala; kṣīrá ‘milk,’ with kṣīrapāká; goṣthá ‘stall’; gráma ‘village,’ with áriṣta-, mahā-, śūra-grāma, grāma-jít, *-ṇí, and *grāmiá; carú ‘pot’; jāyā́ ‘wife,’ and *brahmajāyā́; *tṛ́ṇa ‘grass’; *darbhá ‘wisp’; *dundubhí ‘drum,’ nalá ‘reed,’ with nālí; nārī́ ‘woman’; páśa ‘snare,’ with *páśadyumna, pāśín, and bhūripāśa; púṃs (púmāṃs) ‘man’; pṛ́dāku ‘serpent’ in pṛdākusānu; vaśā ‘cow,’ with vaśánna; śván ‘dog,’ with śvápada, *śváyātu, and śúneṣita; *sarpá ‘serpent’; skambhá ‘post,’ with skambhādeṣṇa; strī ‘woman,’ with *straīṇa; sphātī ‘fattening.’

c7.s3.3

3. Verbs of common life: compounds of ad ‘eat,’ *āmád, *ūrjád, karambhád, *kravyád, *pūruṣád, *madhu-ád, yavasád, *yavád, viśvád, suhutád, *sūyavasád, *somád, *havirád, havyád; an ‘breathe,’ with ávyanant, ānā, prāṇá, apiprāṇa, prāṇana; aś ‘eat,’ with *ánaśnant, áśna, prāśú, prāśávya, and *śāsánānaśaná; īks ‘see,’ with īkṣeṇia; khan ‘dig,’ with *khanitár, *khanítra, khanìtrima; *gup ‘watch’; *gopāy ‘tend’; ghas (jakṣ) ‘swallow,’ with *ghásī, jagdhá, *jagdhváya; crt ‘knot,’ with vicŕt and samcŕt; chid ‘break,’ with áchidyamāna, áchinnapatra, ukháchid, *chidrá (but áchidra and its compounds are established earlier); jīv ‘live’ (but jīváse is earlier); duṣ ‘pollute’; dviṣ ‘hate’; nart (nṛt) ‘dance,’ with nṛtí, nṛtú; naś ‘be lost,’ with *ánaṣṭapaśu, -vedas, and manánáś; nah ‘sew’; pac ‘cook’; pad ‘go,’ with *anipádyamāna; bandh ‘bind’ (but baddhá is earlier); ádhi brū ‘comfort’; mar (mṛ) ‘die’; muh ‘be bewildered’; vad ‘speak’; sam vidáná ‘possessed of’; vyadh ‘wound,’ with *ánāviddha and *hṛdayávidh; śap ‘curse,’ with *śapátha, *śapathía; śar, śir ‘break’; śiṣ ‘remain over’; *śuṣ ‘be dry’; sarp ‘creep’; sumanasy ‘be kind’; hīms ‘hurt,’ with áhīmsat, áhīmsāna, áhīmsyamāna, and *hīmsrá.

c7.s3.4

4. Words connected with disease, magic, and popular belief: -áñjana ‘salve,’ in abhi-, *ā-, vi-áñjana, and *áñjanagandhi; apsarás ‘water-sprite’; aranyānī ‘forest-sprite’; ásura (hostile deity), with asurahán and *ásurá; kṛtyá ‘witchcraft’; gandharvá (proper name), with gandharví, gāndharvá; jarás, jarā ‘age,’ with jaráyu, jyótir-jaráyu; devajáná ‘troop of devas’; nírṛti ‘destruction’; piśāci ‘will o’ the wisp’; bráhmaṇā ‘by magic’; bheṣajá ‘medicine,’ with jálāṣa-, *víśvā-bheṣaja; *mṛtyú ‘death,’ with ámṛtyu and mṛtyu-bándhu; yákṣma ‘disease,’ with ayakṣmá, *ajñātayakṣmá, *rājayakṣmá; yamá (proper name), with *yamí and *yamárājan; yātudhána ‘wizard,’ with *yātudhānī; -rogá ‘disease,’ in *hṛdrogá; viśá ‘drug,’ with aviśá, *viśávant.

c7.s3.5

5. Technical terms chiefly of ritual and philosophy: ásat, ásat ‘non-existent’; ásu ‘existence,’ with *asutŕp, ásunīti, *gatásu; ájya ‘sacrificial butter,’ with pṛsadājyá; ātmán ‘soul,’ with *ātmadá, ātmanvánt, śatátman; áśā ‘zone’; gárhapatya ‘householdership,’ with sugārhapatyá; gāyatrí (the metre); *brahmacārín ‘student,’ with *vratacārín; cittá ‘thought’; chándas ‘hymn’; -jñānā ‘knowledge’ in *sam-, *suvi-jñānā; tápas ‘penance,’ with tápasvat; téjas ‘vital force’; díś and pradíś ‘region’; devátā ‘divinity’; devayána ‘directed to the devas’; dhátár ‘creator,’ with vidhátár; pāpá ‘sinful’ (but pāpatvá ‘feebleness’ is earlier); pitáraḥ ‘ancestors,’ with *pitr-yajñá, -yāna, and -vittá); prajápati (proper name); bráhmaṇá ‘Brahmin,’ with bráhmaṇa; bhávya ‘future’; bhágadhéya ‘portion’; bhūtá ‘past’; yájus ‘rite’; *rathamtará (a metre?); várcas ‘energy’; *viráj (a metre); viśvákarman ‘first cause’; viśvárūpa (proper name) and *viśvárūpī; śraddhá ‘faith’; sapta-ṛṣáyaḥ ‘seven singers’; sabhá ‘meeting,’ with sabhávat, *sabhāsáhā, sabhéya; sukṛtám ‘good work’; *svargá ‘heaven’; sváhā ‘amen,’ with sváhākṛta, sváhākṛti.

c7.s3.6

6. *ādhipati* ‘lord,’ in *ādhipatya*. Cf. B 103.
7. *ánumati* ‘reflection.’
8. *áyana* ‘going,’ in *\*ā-, ud-, upa-, \*nir-, \*ni-, \*parā-, \*vi-, suprā-, sūpa-ayana*.
9. *áranya* ‘strange,’ and *āraṇyá*.
10. *\*ákūti* ‘attention.’
11. *iṣu* ‘arrow,’ with *iṣu-kṛt, -dhí, \*-bala, -mat, \*-hasta; \*āsann-, kṣiprá-, \*tigmá-, and su-iṣú*; and in *\*aniṣavyá*. The group *iṣudhy, iṣudhyá, iṣudhyú* is earlier.
12. *óṣadhi* ‘herb,’ except in the form *óṣadhīṣu*. Cf. B 4.
13. *\*kaśyápa* (proper name).
14. *kīrtí* ‘glory.’ But *sukīrtí* belongs to the Rigveda.
15. *\*gandhá* ‘smell’: with *\*áñjana-, \*dhūmá-gandhi, sugándhi* and *sugandhí*.
16. *candrámās* ‘moon.’
17. *\*tarh* ‘destroy,’ with *\*tárhaṇa* and *dasyutárhaṇa*.
18. *\*tīkṣṇá* ‘sharp,’ with *\*tīkṣṇáśṛṅga*.
19. *abhī dās* ‘plot.’
20. The phrase *\*náma(ḥ) astu* ‘worship be done.’
21. *\*nāth* ‘need,’ and *\*anāthá*.
22. *páyasvant* ‘rich in milk.’
23. *paridhí* ‘enclosure.’
24. *\*púṇya* ‘fragrant,’ with *\*púṇyagandha*.
25. *prajá* ‘family.’ The compounds are common in the Rigveda. Cf. B 36.
26. *pratiṣṭhá* ‘rule, standard.’
27. *bhūtí* ‘subsistence.’
28. *bhrātṛvya* ‘clanship’ in *abhrātṛvyá*.
29. *maní* ‘jewel,’ and *maṇigrīvá*.
30. *\*rājanía* ‘of royal blood.’
31. *rātrī* ‘night,’ with *\*ati-, \*aho- rātrá*.
32. *rāṣṭrá* ‘royalty,’ with *\*abhīrāṣṭra*.
33. *rudh, rundh* ‘hinder.’
34. *-vatsará* ‘year’ in *pari-, sam-vatsará*; *pari-, sam-vatsarīṇa*.
35. *várman* ‘shield,’ with *vármanvat* and *varmín*.
36. *varṣá* ‘rain,’ with *varṣá-nirṇij, \*varṣía*.
37. *vaśín* ‘ruler.’
38. *vásas* ‘robe’: one or two compounds are earlier.
39. *vīrúdh* ‘herb.’
40. *vṛkṣá* ‘tree,’ with *vṛkṣákeśa*.
41. *\*śvásura* ‘father in law,’ with *\*śvaśrú*.
42. *ṣáṣ* ‘six.’
43. *sajátá* ‘related.’

c7.s3.7

44. *sapátna* ‘rival,’ with *asapatná*, sapatnahán, and sapátnī.
45. *sámiti* ‘meeting.’
46. *sam srj* ‘provide with,’ with *samsṛj*, *samsṛṣṭajít*, and *sám-sraṣṭar*.
47. *sénā* ‘army,’ with *áyuddha-*, *indra-*, *citrá-*, *deva-*, *mahá-*, *vṛddhá-*, *sárva-senā*, and *senānī*.
48. *stanayitnú* ‘thunder.’
49. *syoná* (*sioná*) ‘soft’: and *siona-kṛt*, *-śī*.
50. *svápna* ‘sleep,’ with *jāgratsvapná*.
51. 1 *háras* ‘heat,’ with *vilúharas*, *hárasvant*.
52. *hetí* ‘lance,’ with *tigmáheti*.