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A History of the Canonical Literature of the Jainas c3: Analysis

A History of the Canonical Literature of the Jainas c3

Language
English

Analysis

c3.1

I Origin and utility of the authoritative works, impossibility of furnishing a complete list of names and details of all the schools of thought, continuities and extinctions of some of the *Jaina* scriptures, establishment of the *Jaina tirtha*, 3 questions by Indrabhūti to Lord Mahāvīra and his replies - *tripadī*, 15 *niṣadyās*, similarity of some of the *dvādaśāṅgīs* even in words, explanations about the differences of opinion regarding the order of the composition of the 12 *Aṅgas* and that of the 5 sections of the 12th *Aṅga*, contents of *Aṇuoga*, four *anuyogas* and their relative importance, various meanings of the word ‘scripture’, 2 definitions of *sammasuya* and *micchāsuya*, enumeration of the *Jaina* scriptures, 300 *Śrutakevalins* and their compositions, works of Bhadrabāhusvāmin, the 10 *Nijjuttis* and the works associated with them, works of *Daśapūrvadharas* and *Pratyekabuddhas*, classifications of some of the *Āgamas* as *Mūlasūtras*, *Chedasūtras*, *Upāṅgas* and *Prakīrṇakas* and 147 *adhyayanas* recited by Lord Mahāvīra.

c3.2

(Attribution of superhuman nature, *kālacakra* and its sub-divisions, 7 extinctions of the *Jaina* scriptures and the corroborative evidences pertaining to them, names of the 24 *Tīrthaṅkaras* of the present age, delivery of the sermon by Lord Mahāvīra, names of his 11 *Gaṇadharas*, definitions of *niṣadyā*, *sat* and *nitva*, mention of *tripadī* and *mātṛkāpadas*, formation of 9 *gaṇas*, names of the five sections of *Diṭṭhivāya*, orders pertaining to the composition and arrangement of the 12 *Aṅgas*, synonyms of *Aṇuoga*, an example of synecdoche, and description of the contents of *Aṇuoga*, three interpretations for *Mūlapadhamāṇuoga*, description of *Ciṭṭantaragaṇḍiyā*, references about the 4 *anuyogas*, a reason for mentioning only *kāliyasuya*, *Diṭṭhivāya*, the fountain-head of scriptures, meanings of Apocrypha, a list of non-*Jaina* works, 3 varieties of the authoritative *sūtra*, the date of Bhadrabāhusvāmin, comparison of the designations of *Gaṇadhara* and *Śrutakevalin*, names of the 10 *Nijjuttis*, those of 6 *Cheyasuttas*, and those of the 10 *Daśapūrvadharas* and the number of the *Prakīrṇakas* in a *tirtha*).

c3.3

II Five kinds of *jñāna* (knowledge), definition of *śrutajñāna*, 12 limbs of *śrutaburuṣa*, various definitions of *aṅgapaviṭṭha* and *aṅgabāhira*, a tabular representation of the main classes and sub-classes of *śrutajñāna*, definitions of *kāliyasuya* and *ukkāliyasuya* and a list of works grouped under these heads, 3 meanings of *kāliyasuya*, 6 popular groups of the *Āgamas*, the usage of the word ‘Aṅga’ in *Jaina* and non-*Jaina* schools, references about the names of the 12 *Aṅgas*, 6 *Vedāṅgas* and their 4 *Upāṅgas*, a list of the 12 *Uvaṅgas*, differences of opinion regarding the association of some of the Uvaṅgas with Aṅgas and their sequence, the earliest references about the words Uvaṅga and Upaṅga, classifications of the Uvaṅgas as kāliyasuya and ukkāliyasuya, 16 points about the Uvaṅgas, 2 interpretations of Cheyasutta, the oldest reference about Cheyasutta, modern and ancient views about the number of the Cheyasuttas, the date of the loss of Pañcakappa, its substitution by Jiyakappa, the dates of Pañcakappa and its two Bhāsas, Prof. Winternitz' view about the dates of Dasā, Kappa and Vavahāra, interdependence of Nisītha on Vavahāra, and the 1st 2 Cūlās of Ayāra, different interpretations of the word Mūlasutta, origin of the two Cūlās of Dasaveyāliya, authorship of Avassaya and Uttarajjhayaṇa, the number and order of Mūlasuttas, Piṇḍanijjutti, an off-shoot of Dasaveyāliya and Ohaṇijjutti, that of Avassaya, origin of the two Cūlās of Dasaveyāliya, the authorship of Avassaya and Uttarajjhayaṇa, references about Paṇṇaga and Prakīrṇaka, and the synonyms of the former, the no. of Paṇṇagas, different lists of Paṇṇagas and their authorship, 2 Cūliyāsuttas, various groupings of Āgamas, the corresponding standpoints being aṇuyoga, the no. of their titles, a common ending and prefixes like culla etc., the Digambara classifications of the Āgamas and their substitute canon viz. the 4 Vedas, and 45 and 84 Āgamas.

c3.4

(5 kinds of nāṇa, 14 and 20 varieties of suyaṇāṇa, gaṇipiḍaga, a synonym of Aṅga, the meaning of Śrutasthavira and that of pauruṣī, the dates of the origins of the Sthānakavāsin and Terāpanthin schools, the Saṃskṛta names for the 11 Aṅgas and 12 Uvaṅgas, the date of Siddhasena Gaṇi, works of Jinabhadra Gaṇi Kṣamāśramaṇa, names of the 3 different sets of Paṇṇagas, the date of Jinavallabha Gaṇi, a reference to 36 Nigamas, 10 names of Diṭṭhivāya, 10 ajjhayaṇas of Dihadasā and the names of 10 Dasās).

c3.5

III Transmission of learning in olden days, 18 lipis taught to Brāhmī by Lord Ṛṣabha, her father, reasons for no. writing the Vedas etc. in ancient times, the main object of Jaina saints for not reducing their sacred literature to writing, penalties for violation, an irony of fate, 12-year famines in the times of Skandila Sūri and Nāgārjuna Sūri, councils summoned at Mathurā and Valabhī by these Sūris, the redaction of the Jaina canon under the presidentship of Devarddhi Gaṇi Kṣamāśramaṇa, differences of opinion regarding its date, 9 important features of this redaction, codification and composition of the Jaina canon as different entities, allegations of some of the Digambaras in connection with the Śvetāmbara canonical literature, and their refutations and the non-development of its exegesis at the hands of the Digambaras.

c3.6

(References to 12-year famines in the times of Bhadrabāhusvāmin, Ārya Suhastin and Vajrasvāmin, the Hāthigumphā inscription of the Emperor Khāravela, council at Pāṭaliputra, the 3 Bauddha councils, mention of the Nāgārjuniyas, vaṇṇan and peyyālam, artifices employed while writing Mss., the code of Jainism, and the 3 periods pertaining to the history of Zoroastrianism).

c3.7

IV An infinite no. of the Tīrthaṅkaras, loss of more than infinite dvādaśāṅgis and Paṇṇagas, oblivion of Diṭṭhivāya during the famine, approach to Bhadrabāhusvāmin, the gradual dissipation of the 14 Puvvas, mention of some of the Pūrvadharas, the complete extinction of Diṭṭhivāya in Vīra Saṃvat 1000, the Digambara view about the loss of 14 Puvvas and that of 11 Aṅgas, the Digambara list of persons conversant with 14 Puvvas, 10 Puvvas, 5 Puvvas, 11 Aṅgas and 1 Aṅga, reasons assigned for the loss of Puvvas by Professors Weber, Jacobi, Schubring, L. Alsodolf and others, Vīra Saṃvat 683, the Digambara date of the complete loss of the holy canon, extinction of Mahāpariṇṇā (i. e. Āyāra, I, 7) and its date, constituents of Āyāra, (II), loss of a major portion of the 6th Aṅga and probably that of Aṅgas 7 to 11, too, striking differences between the extant Paṇhāvāgaraṇa and one described in Nandi, a doubt about the genuineness of the available Caṇḍapaṇṇatti, restoration of Mahānisīha, extinction of several Nijjuttis, Bhāsas and Cuṇṇis on Pañcamangalasuyakkhandha and its incorporation in a Mūlasutta, loss of two vacanas of Mahānisīha and that of Paṇcahappa as well, extinction of 17 kāliya works, 14 ukkāliya ones, Uṭṭhāṇapariyāvaṇiya, Thimūṇabhāvaṇa, Dogiddhidosa and 117 adhyayanas recited by Lord Mahāvīra, 9 reasons for the unique position of Diṭṭhivāya, 7 varieties of Parihamma and their 83 sub-varieties, nayas and the 7 Parihammas, 22 Suttas and 4 view-points such as chinnacchedanaya, ucchinnacchedanaya etc., names, contents, padas and extent of the 14 Puvvas, quotations and works extracted from the Puvvas, the language and study of the Puvvas, 225 Vatthus, 84 Pāhuḍas attributed to Kundakunda, 14 Pāhuḍas of the Śvetāmbaras along with their references etc., extracts from the Aṇuoga, 34 Cūliyas, the order in which the 5 sections of Diṭṭhivāya were studied and became extinct, description of about 37 extinct works and that of 10 Dasas, untraceability of about 70 gāthās quoted from Āgamas in the extant ones, extinction of some of the Nijjuttis, the reasons for the loss of some of the ajjhayaṇas etc. and the survival of only 4 Āgamas till the end of this ara and in the end, their extinction.

c3.8

(The sacred suttas of a period prior to the date of omniscience of Lord Mahāvīra, no reference to āyāgapaṭa in the extant literature, Diṭṭhivāya and Bhadrabāhusvāmin, periods of 7 vācanās, date of Āryarakṣita Sūri and his knowledge of Puvvas, 54 uttama-puruṣas, the 9 ajjhayaṇas of Āyāra, and their subject-matter, definition of pada, restoration of Mahānisīha, a curriculum noted in Vavahāra, the meanings of nijjuhaṇā etc., references to Mahāprāṇa, definition of antarmuhūrta, inability to count 46 mauyapayas of Diṭṭhivāya, Mātikās of the Buddhas, references about labdhis and names of the ajjhayaṇas of Antagaḍadasā and Pupphacūlā).

c3.9

V 9+16 *ajjhayaṇas* of *Āyāra*, contents of *Āyāra* (I) and those of its 4 *Cūḷās* forming *Āyāra* (II), the authorship of *Cūḷās* III and IV, a controversy about the interpretation of *Āyāra* (II, 1, 10, 6), metres of verses in *Āyāra*, *Dhammapada* and *Suttanipāta* and their consequent dates, 23 significant *ajjhayaṇas* of *Sūyagaḍa*, the antiquity of its language, titles of its *ajjhayaṇas* II and IV, metres of the verses of *Sūyagaḍa*, 10 *ajjhayaṇas* of *Ṭhāṇa* and its contents, the subject-matter of *Samavāya*, 41 *suas* of *Viāhapaṇṇatti*, the translation of its s. 557 and its refutations, names of the *Āgamas* alluded to in this *Aṅga* V, contents of this *Aṅga*, 29 sections and contents of *Nayādhammakahā*, elegical stanzas, graphic descriptions of a bed-chamber etc., 10 *ajjhayaṇas* of *Uvāsagadasa* and their subject-matter, presentation of the social life, descriptions of Piśāca, an elephant and a serpent, 8 *vaggas* of *Aṅga* VIII and 3 of IX, 10 *ajjhayaṇas* of *Aṅga* X, 2 *suyakkhandhas* of *Aṅga* XI and the social life described therein, description of Campā, Puṇṇabhadda etc., given in *Oravaṇya*, contents of *Uvaṅgas* I and II, 9 *paḍipattis* of *Jīvājīvābhigama*, 36 *payas* of *Paṇṇavaṇā*, 20 *pahuḍas* of *Sūriyapaṇṇatti*, 7 *vakkhāḷkāras* of *Jambuddīva-paṇṇatti*, contents of *Uvaṅgas* VIII-XII, 20 *uddesas* of *Nisīha*, 6 *ajjhayaṇas* of *Mahānisīha* and their contents, 10 *uddesagas* of *Vavahāra*, 10 sections of *Dasasuyakkhandha* and their subject-matter, 3 *vaggas* of *Pajjosavaṇakappa* and their contents, 9 *vacanas*, *vyākhyāṇas* or *sogas* and public reading of this work, 6 *uddesagas* of *Kappa* and their contents, the subject-matter of *Jīyakappa*, names of the 36 *ajjhayaṇas* of *Uttarajjhayaṇa*, misunderstanding about Ugghāya etc., contents of *Uttarajjhayaṇa*, discussion about the title *Dasaveyāliya*, contents of the 10 *ajjhayaṇas* of this *Mūlasutta* and their comparison with those of *Āyāra* etc., *Avassaga-suttas* treated by Haribhadra Sūri, contents of *Ohaṇijjutti* and *Piṇḍanijjutti*, eulogy of 27 saints in *Nandi*, non-Jaina works noted in *Aṇuogaddāra* and their identification, Prof. A. B. Dhuva’s misunderstanding, contents of *Pakkhiyasutta* and 17 *Paṇṇas*, significance of the title *Isibhasiya*, and topics treated in *Saṃsattanijjutti*.

c3.10

(English renderings of *suyakkhandha*, *ajjhayaṇa*, *uddesaga*, *hole* and *gole*, 16 diseases, an example of a *gama* and 8 interpretations of “सुयं मे आउसं भगवया एवमक्खायं”, Prof. Jacobi’s view criticized by Prof. K. H. Dhruva, *anārya* tribes, kinds of jewels and vessels, transference of the embryo, a list of commentaries on *Pajjosavaṇakappa*, Kṛṣṇa and his relatives, 10 conditions of a living being, and names of the 45 *ajjhayaṇas* of *Isibhasiya*).

c3.11

V1 Two groups of the canonical literature, origin of exegesis, extinction of the exposition co-eval with Lord Mahāvīra, occasional admixture of the verses of *Bhāsa* with those of the *Nijjutti* and the impossibility of separating them, definitions of *Nijjutti* and *Bhāsa*, a tabular representation of the 4 redactions of *Avassayanijjutti*, 2 sections of Samaiyanijjutti and 9 sub-sections of the 1st thereof, 5 sub-sections of Padikkamanaijjutti, contents of Pahiṇā etc., the subject-matter of Dasaveyāliyanijjutti and those of other available Nijjuttis, the question of the identity of Pañcalappa with Pañcalappanijjutti, 6 sub-sections of the 7th section of Mūlāyāra, the order of the 10 Nijjuttis, explanation of the word Nijjutti, the main constituents of Nijjutti and its three-fold nature, distinguishing features of Bhāsa and Cuṇṇi, Bhāsas of 11 Āgamas, a bird's-eye-view of Visesa and other Bhāsas, Cuṇṇis of 20 Āgamas, contents of Nisīsahacuṇṇi, date of Nandicuṇṇi, contents etc. of Cuṇṇis on Aṇuogaddāra, Avassaya, Uttarajjhayaṇa, Kappa, Vavahāra, Dasasuya-khandha and Jiyakappa. Bhāsas and Cuṇṇis on some of the non-canonical works, the Saṃskṛta commentaries on Āgamas and their dates, a tentative list of the extinct commentaries, synonyms of tīkā, super-commentaries, date of Koṭyācārya and the question of his identity with Śīlāṅka, date of the tīkās, ṭabā and its synonyms, Gujarātī commentaries of Āgamas, loss of 3 anuyogas pertaining to scriptures, and Saṅgahaṇī.

c3.12

(A reference to Pravacanasiddhi, definition of sutta, the extent of Pañcalappa, a curious order of the composition of Nijjuttis, examples of bhāṣāśleṣa, information about Pādalipta Sūri, extinction of Dvisaptatiprabandha, some details about 3 Kālaka Sūris, criticism about the identity of Tattvāditya and Tattvācārya, information about Abhayadeva Sūri. Prof. H. D. Velankar's view about Koṭyācārya's period examined, some of the writers of svopajña commentaries, the period when the Jainas settled in Gujarat, and names of the Āgamas translated into English).

c3.13

VII A clarion call of Prof. Winternitz, the Jaina contributions in the linguistic field and their evalution, intonation, versified commentaries, synonyms, nikkheva, nirutti, grammatical information, poetics, sutta, its significance, characteristics and equivalents, allegations about the use of the word sutta, gatapratyāgatasūtras, probably a peculiarity of the Jaina canon, origin of the praśnottara-paddhatti, ethics, maxims, metaphysics, logic, syādvada, saptabhaṅgī, parallels in non-Jaina literature, the ascetic literature of ancient India, the Jaina literature, a wonderful store-house for stories, tales, fables, anecdotes, parables etc., folk-lore, music, staging of dramas, erotic, mathematics, alchemy, the science of medicine, modern branches of knowledge and their nucleus as embodied in the canonical literature, paleographic and educational data furnished by the canonical literature, ethnology, foot-wear and outfit, nautical, water, stick, and lullaby.

c3.14

(Evaluations of Jaina literature by occidental scholars from 1876-1903, the word sūtra used in various senses in olden days, Prof. Charpentier's view about the use of the word sūtra by the Jainas and the Bauddhas, articles on Jaina ethics, varieties of pramāṇa, jñāta and vivāda, references about Samaṇa and Bambhaṇa, the legend about Sagara's sons and the descent of the Ganges, kinds of serpents, and 29 types of pāpaśruta).

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