[Pramāṇa](https://indike.org/pramana/) › [Studies](https://indike.org/pramana/ins) › [Polity, law and society](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity) › [The Position of Women in Hindu Civilisation, from Prehistoric Times to the Present Day](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938) › c19.s1 # The Position of Women in Hindu Civilisation, from Prehistoric Times to the Present Day c19.s1: Index I. Subject Index The Position of Women in Hindu Civilisation, from Prehistoric Times to the Present Day c19.s1 - **Language:** English ### Index I. Subject Index ### [c19.s1.2](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s1.2) Administration, women's part in, as regnant queens, 218-9; as queen regents, 220-2; as queens and officers, 223-4; part of ordinary women in, 224-5; recent progress, 225-8. ### [c19.s1.3](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s1.3) Adoption, prejudice against, 169, 174, 281. ### [c19.s1.4](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s1.4) Adultery, in men, 374-5; in women, 375-77, 435, 443. ### [c19.s1.5](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s1.5) Age of marriage, about 16 before \*c.\* 400 B. C., 58-62, 411; 14 or 15 during 400 B. C. to 100 A.D., 62-4; before puberty after \*c.\* 200 A. D., 66-8, 419-20; but not among Kshatriyas, 69; curses on post-puberty marriages, 67; age lowered to 7 or 8, 68, 70, 429-30; why lowering of age accepted, 71-2, 419-20; developments during the last 50 years, 73-5. ### [c19.s1.6](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s1.6) Akabar, on child marriage, 72; on Satī, 155, 158-9. ### [c19.s1.7](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s1.7) Ancestor worship, 5. ### [c19.s1.8](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s1.8) \*Ārsha\* marriage, 52-3. ### [c19.s1.9](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s1.9) Aryasamaj on \*Niyoga\*, 126; permits women to sacrifice, 249-50. ### [c19.s1.10](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s1.10) \*Asaudāyika strīdhana\*, 266-7. ### [c19.s1.11](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s1.11) Ascetic ideals, effects and influence of, 147, 174, 176, 180, 185-6; see also 414, 424-6, 432-3. ### [c19.s1.12](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s1.12) Assemblies, political, and women, 224-5. ### [c19.s1.13](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s1.13) Astrology in marriage, 85-6. ### [c19.s1.14](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s1.14) \*Āsura\* marriage, 46-50. ### [c19.s1.15](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s1.15) B ### [c19.s1.16](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s1.16) Bāṇa on Satī custom, 145-6. ### [c19.s1.17](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s1.17) Betrothal, 93-4. ### [c19.s1.18](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s1.18) Blouse, 353-5. ### [c19.s1.19](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s1.19) Bodice, 352-6. ### [c19.s1.20](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s1.20) \*Brahmacharya\* discipline for girls, 237-8. ### [c19.s1.21](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s1.21) \*Brāhma\* marriage, 44, 55-7. ### [c19.s1.22](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s1.22) Brahmana widows and Satī, 150-2, 433. ### [c19.s1.23](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s1.23) \*Brahmavādinīs\*, 13, 237. ### [c19.s1.24](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s1.24) \*Brahmayajña\*, lady scholars mentioned in, 12. ### [c19.s1.25](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s1.25) Breast-band, 355. ### [c19.s1.26](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s1.26) Bride, qualifications of, 86-92; age of, see under Age of marriage; why conceived as a gift in marriage, 55-7; treatment of, 106-9; see also under Maiden and Wife. ### [c19.s1.27](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s1.27) Bridegroom, qualifications of, 86-92; see also under Husband. ### [c19.s1.28](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s1.28) Bride-price, 4, 46-50, 52-3, 259-60. ### [c19.s1.29](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s1.29) Buddhism and nuns, 15, 38, 210, 246-8. ### [c19.s1.30](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s1.30) Business and women, 213. ### [c19.s1.31](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s1.31) Busts, female, why uncovered in some sculptures and paintings, 339-46. ### [c19.s1.32](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s1.32) C ### [c19.s1.33](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s1.33) Captive women, 369-72, 377-9. ### [c19.s1.34](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s1.34) Careers for women, teaching and medical lines, 212; business, 213; music, 213-7. ### [c19.s1.35](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s1.35) Caste and marriage, 88-92. \*Chaṇḍātaka\*, 352. \*Chaturthīkarman\*, 61. Child marriage, 67-71; advantages of, 71-2; see also under Age of marriage. Christianity, and marriage, 102, 110; and women's seclusion, 209-10; and women preachers, 247, and tutelage theory, 399. Civilisation and women, 1-2. Cloth, varieties of, 355. Co-education, 16, 30-2. Coiffure, fashions of, 360-1. Concerts, 17, 214. Congress, Indian Women's, 226-7. Conjugal life, ideals of, 113-7; in reality, 121-9. Conqueror and captive women, 377-9. Consummation of marriage, 59, 95-6. Contract, marriage as a, 57. Criminal assault, 369-72, 443-4. Cynical attitude, 23, 385, 410. ### [c19.s1.36](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s1.36) D ### [c19.s1.37](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s1.37) \*Dahara\*, 62, 352. \*Daiva\* marriage, 53-4. Dancing, as a subject of study, 17. Dancing girls, 214-7. Daughter, less welcome than sons, 3-4; anxiety for the birth of, 4; almost equal to a son, 280-1; causes of greater unpopularity of, 5-7, 408; tendency to deprecate, condemned, 7-8; infanticide of, 8-10; general solicitude for, 10-1; functions in parents' house of, 17; marriage age of, see under Age of marriage; proprietary rights of: when without brothers, can inherit patrimony, 280-5; when with brothers and unmarried, an heir to patrimony in Vedic age, 286; share to a married daughter with brothers allowed only by Śukra, 288, but by no others, 287-90; extent of marriage portion allowed to, 290-2; should we allow a share now? 293-9. Daughter-in-law, treatment of, 106-9; property rights of, 325-7. Death duties, 310. Desertion of wives, 103-4, 296. Dharma on social reform, 446-8. Dīrghatamas on women's marriage, 39. Discipline, for women students, 236-8; for nuns, 247-8. Divorce, once permitted, 98-101, 411; later prohibited, 101-2; should it be now made legal? 102-5, 442-3, 467; in England, 102-104. Dowry system, 82-5. Dramas, 17, 214. \*Drāpi\*, 334, 351. Dravidian dress, 342-4. Dress, in Vedic and epic times, 324-6; as disclosed by literature, 336-8; causes of insufficient dress in sculptures and paintings, 339-47 was it shown partly by colouring in sculptures? 340-1; Dravidian, 342-4; different fashions of, 347-50; in Muslim period, 356; in modern times, 357-8. \*Dvirāgamana\*, 96. Dyarchy at home, 109-10. ### [c19.s1.38](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s1.38) E ### [c19.s1.39](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s1.39) Earning capacity of women, 26-7, 31, 211-3, 440-1. Education of girls; literary, 11-2, 27-8, 29-30, 408-410; in fine arts, 23, 28; in military exercises, 24-5; in useful arts, 26-7; how affected by marriage age, 18-9, 29, 66, 67, 75; discipline during, 235-7; suggested improvements in, 30-3; as key to women's progress, 439-40. ### [c19.s1.40](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s1.40) Epigraphical evidence, 42-5, 289, 317-8. ### [c19.s1.41](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s1.41) F ### [c19.s1.42](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s1.42) Family life, ideal of, 112-20; and modern women, 227-8. ### [c19.s1.43](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s1.43) Female infanticide, 8-10. ### [c19.s1.44](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s1.44) Franchise for women, 227. ### [c19.s1.45](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s1.45) G ### [c19.s1.46](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s1.46) Gambling, 254, 408. ### [c19.s1.47](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s1.47) Games, 17-8. ### [c19.s1.48](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s1.48) \*Gāndharva\* marriage, 42, 50-2. 79-81. ### [c19.s1.49](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s1.49) \*Garbhādhāna\*, 96. ### [c19.s1.50](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s1.50) Girls, birth of, unwelcome, 3-4; things somewhat different in early times, 4-5; infanticide of, 8-11; as objects of good omen, 11; scholars, two types of, 13; subjects studied by, 13-5, 23-4, 25, 28; recreations of, 17-8; nature of proper education for, 30-2; see also Education, Maiden and Age of marriage. ### [c19.s1.51](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s1.51) \*Gotra\* and marriage, 48-9, 87-88. 97. ### [c19.s1.52](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s1.52) \*Gotraja Sapiṇḍa\* widows, 324-5. ### [c19.s1.53](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s1.53) H ### [c19.s1.54](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s1.54) Harems, 427-8. ### [c19.s1.55](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s1.55) \*Harikari\*, 149. ### [c19.s1.56](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s1.56) Head-dress, 335-6. ### [c19.s1.57](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s1.57) Householder, 36-7. ### [c19.s1.58](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s1.58) Husband, status of, according to marriage ritual, 109-10; acquires greater dominence over wife, 111-2, 127-8, 254, 422; as \*guru\* and god to the wife, 111-2, 431; code of marital conduct recommended to, 111-7; less solicitous to follow it, 121-6, 431; ill treatment of wife by, 127-9, 422; as owner of wife, 253-5; must maintain wife, 256; rights of, over Stridhana, 266-7; divine husbands, 68. ### [c19.s1.59](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s1.59) I ### [c19.s1.60](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s1.60) Infanticide of girls, 8-10. ### [c19.s1.61](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s1.61) Inheritance, rights of; of the daughter, 280-299; of the widow, 299-323; of the mother, 323-4; of the grandmother, 324; of Gotraja widows, 324-5; of the widowed daughter-in-law, 325-7; see under Daughter and Widow for details. ### [c19.s1.62](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s1.62) Iranian civilisation, ancient, 4, 36, 37, 40, 58, 109, 110, 230, 234, 236. ### [c19.s1.63](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s1.63) J ### [c19.s1.64](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s1.64) Jacket, 353-5. ### [c19.s1.65](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s1.65) Jainism and nuns, 15, 38, 212, 246-9. ### [c19.s1.66](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s1.66) Joint coinage, 219-20. ### [c19.s1.67](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s1.67) Joint family system, 71-2, 255-8, 268-9, 271, 310-3. ### [c19.s1.68](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s1.68) Joint ownership, 109, 255-8, 409. ### [c19.s1.69](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s1.69) K ### [c19.s1.70](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s1.70) Kadva Kunbis, 42. ### [c19.s1.71](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s1.71) Karma theory, 143, 146-7. ### [c19.s1.72](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s1.72) Karve D. K., 440. ### [c19.s1.73](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s1.73) Katha tribe and Satī, 143. ### [c19.s1.74](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s1.74) Ketius, wife of, becomes Satī, 142. ### [c19.s1.75](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s1.75) Kṛṣhṇa on \*Kshātra\* marriage, 44-5. ### [c19.s1.76](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s1.76) \*Kshātra\* marriage, 44-46. ### [c19.s1.77](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s1.77) Kshatriyas, Satī custom among, 137, 142-3, 150-1, 432-3; post-puberty marriages among, 21, 69, 430. Kumārapāla sanctions widow's right of inheritance, 309-10. \*Kumkuma\*, 362. ### [c19.s1.78](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s1.78) L ### [c19.s1.79](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s1.79) \*Lahaṅgā\*, 356. Landed property, 258, 267, 270, 292, 409-10. Leva Kunbis, 42. Levirate, See under \*Niyoga\*. Lip paints, 361-2. Literacy, value of, 437; see under Education also. Love marriages, 42, 50-2, 79-81. ### [c19.s1.80](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s1.80) M ### [c19.s1.81](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s1.81) Maiden, as embodiment of Lakshmī, 11; part in coronation of, 11; voice of, in marriage settlement, 77-82, 421; children of, 59; see also under Daughter and Girl. Maintenance, 104, 128, 256, 264, 301-3, 307. Maṇḍanamiśra's wife, 21. Marriage, importance of, 34; evolution of, 34-6; as a religious necessity in Vedic period, 36-7, 408-9; but exceptions allowed, 37-8; not viewed as a contract, 57; equated to \*upanayana\*, 39, 240, 429, and made obligatory in Hinduism for women but not for men, 39-40; not so in Buddhism and Jainism, 248; effects of this step on property law, 289-90, 331; bride as a gift in, 56-7, 84; different forms of, 41-57; see also under each form; astrology in, 85-6; rituals in, 93-7; when complete, 96-7; children as aim of, 118. Masaga, queen of, 220. Medical line and women, 21, 212. Megasthenes on marraiage age, 65-6; on queens, 219; on Satī, 140. Menstruation period, impurity during, 229-31. Mother, reverence for, 119-20; as an heir, 323-4; at partition, 328-30. Mother-in-law, 106-9. Muslim influence and rule, 27, 72, 155-6, 206-7, 288, 350-1, 356, 362-4, 371-4, 378-79. ### [c19.s1.82](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s1.82) N ### [c19.s1.83](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s1.83) Nagar Brahmanas and monogamy, 103, 441. \*Nagnikā\*, 61. Nair women, 27. Naojot ceremony, 236. \*Niyoga\*, the custom elsewhere, 168-9; why favoured, 169-70; conditions of, 170-1; number of sons from, 171-2; opposition to, 172-3; restrictions on, 173-4; stamped out, 174-6; see also, 280, 422, 425-7. Non-Aryan women, marriages with, 417-9. Non-cooperation movement, 211, 226. Nose-ring, a non-Hindu ornament, 358-60. Nudity in pre-Muslim period, 339-40. ### [c19.s1.84](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s1.84) O ### [c19.s1.85](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s1.85) Obedience and wife, 110. Ointments, 361-2. Ornaments, 358-60, nose-ring, 362-4; economic value of, 364-5. ### [c19.s1.86](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s1.86) P ### [c19.s1.87](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s1.87) \*Paiśācha\* marriage, 42-3. \*Paridhānam\*, 334-5. \*Pārināhaya\*, 260. Parks, 208. Partition and mother, 119, 328-30; and grandmother, 328; and wife, 327-8. Pauranic religion and women, 244-5, 434. Philosophy and women, 14-5, 246-51. Physical punishment for the wife, 111; in the west, 111-2. Poetesses, 12, 19-21, 408. Polyandry, 132-4. Polygamy, 103, 122-6, 423, 438, 441-442, 467. Post-puberty marriages, 58-64, curses on, 67, in recent years, 74-5, dangers of, 75-6, among Kshatriyas, 21, 69, 430. \*Prājāpatya\* marriage, 54-5. Preachers, women as, 212, in Christianity, 247. Privy Council, 270, 322. Progeny, as aim of marriage, 118. Promiscuity, 34-5. Proprietary rights of women, in early times elsewhere, 252-3; in India, 253, why recognised, 426-7; improvements suggested in, 285, 293-7, 330-4, 397-8, 426-7, 440-5; see also under Inheritance, Daughter, Wife and Widow. Public life and women, careers open to, 212-7; part in administration of, 217-25; recent developments, 225-8, 446. Purda system, not known upto c. 100 B. C., 197-8, 408; in pre-Muslim period, 200-5; within family, 206; becomes general in Muslim period, 206-8; in Europe, 209-11; see also 423, 434-5. \*Putrikā\*, 281-2. ### [c19.s1.88](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s1.88) Q ### [c19.s1.89](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s1.89) Queens, 223-4. Queen regents, 220-2. Queen regnants, 218-9. ### [c19.s1.90](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s1.90) R ### [c19.s1.91](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s1.91) Raja Rama Mohan Roy and Satī, 166. Rajputana, princesses in, 25, 27; dowry system in, 84; Satī custom in, 153-5, 166-7; princesses of, in Muslim harems, 372-3, literacy in, 27, late marriages in, 69. \*Rākshasa\* marriage, 44-6. Rāma, his attitude towards Sītā, 367-9. Rationalism, 245-6, 434. Religion, privileges of, how important, 229; enjoins marriages as a religious necessity, 232-3, 414-5; allows women to participate in sacrifices in early times, 231-2, 234-5, withdraws the permission later, 241-3; helps women, 5, 231-3, 414, retards their progress, 5, 240-2, 419; allows reform, 446-8; see also under Asceticism. Remarriage of men, 130-2, 426. Remarriage of women, in Vedic age, 177-8; permitted by Sūtras, 179; of child widows, 181-2; prohibition of, 182-3, 422, 425-6; consequences of the prohibition of, 183-4; modern agitation for, 186-8; see also 432, 438, 444. Restitution of conjugal rights, 296. ### [c19.s1.92](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s1.92) S ### [c19.s1.93](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s1.93) Sacrifices, by women alone, 232, 234-5, 411; jointly with husband, 233; place of the wife of a lower caste in, 236; formal association of women in, 239, growing complexity, the cause, 239-40, 418-9 prohibited to women, why, 242-3. ### [c19.s1.94](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s1.94) \*Sadyodvāhās\*, 13. ### [c19.s1.95](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s1.95) Sagotra marriages, 87-8. ### [c19.s1.96](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s1.96) Śaka rule, nature of, 424. ### [c19.s1.97](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s1.97) \*Sakachha sari\*, 347-9. ### [c19.s1.98](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s1.98) Salvation, eligibility of women for, 246. ### [c19.s1.99](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s1.99) Śalya on bride-price, 48. ### [c19.s1.100](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s1.100) Sāmaveda, chanting of, by women, 23, 233. ### [c19.s1.101](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s1.101) \*Saṁnyāsa\*, hostility to, 232-3, 424; followers of, unsympathetic to women, 384-92, 424; prohibited to women, 38, 249. ### [c19.s1.102](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s1.102) \*Śāmulya\*, 351. ### [c19.s1.103](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s1.103) \*Sandhyā\* and women, 13, 234. ### [c19.s1.104](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s1.104) Śaṅkarāchārya, 21. ### [c19.s1.105](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s1.105) \*Saptapadī\*, 95, 97. ### [c19.s1.106](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s1.106) \*Sari\*, 335, how worn, 337-42, modes of wearing, 347-50. ### [c19.s1.107](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s1.107) Satī custom, effect of, on child marriage, 71; causes of, 135-7; prevalence of, elsewhere, 136; not in Vedic and epic periods, 138-40, 409, 411; early references to, 141; epics and Purāṇas, 141-2; during 300 B. C. to 400 A. D., 142-3; opposition to, 145-7, 165; and Scythian influence, 147; supported by later Smṛitis, 147-8; in Kashmir, 149; not followed by Brahmanas in the beginning, 151; in northern India, 152-3; in Karnatak, 153 and south India, 154, 163; in Rajputana, 154; among the Sikhs, 154-5, and Marathas, 155; attitude of Muslim government to, 155-6; Satī procedure, 156-8; was force exercised on widows? 158-62; made illegal in British India and Indian states, 166-7; see also 426, 432-3. ### [c19.s1.108](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s1.108) \*Saudāyika Strīdhana\*, 266-7. ### [c19.s1.109](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s1.109) Schools, 17. ### [c19.s1.110](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s1.110) Sculptural evidence about Purda, 211-2; about dress, 338-47. ### [c19.s1.111](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s1.111) Semi-nudity in works of art, 339-346. ### [c19.s1.112](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s1.112) Separation from joint family, 269, 310-2, 327-30. ### [c19.s1.113](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s1.113) Sex morality, 34-6, 374-6, 431, 442. ### [c19.s1.114](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s1.114) Sewing, antiquity of, 350-2. ### [c19.s1.115](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s1.115) Shorts, 351-2. ### [c19.s1.116](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s1.116) \*Sindhūra\*, 362. ### [c19.s1.117](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s1.117) Singing girls, 213-7, 431-2. ### [c19.s1.118](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s1.118) Sītā, age at marriage of, 62-3; starts for forest, 198; treatment of, by Rāma, 367-9. ### [c19.s1.119](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s1.119) Smṛitis sympathetic to women, 255, 369-71, 435, 443; unsympathetic to women, 125-9, 243, 422-3. ### [c19.s1.120](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s1.120) Spinning and women, 26-7. ### [c19.s1.121](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s1.121) Spinsters, 37-8. ### [c19.s1.122](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s1.122) Spiritual lineage, 40-1. ### [c19.s1.123](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s1.123) Stitching, antiquity of, 350-2. ### [c19.s1.124](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s1.124) Strīdhana, origin of, 259-60; powers of women over, 245, 261, 266-72; scope of, 262-4; differences among jurists about, 265-6; inheritance to, 272-5; general survey of, 275-6; future development of, 277-8, 298. ### [c19.s1.125](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s1.125) Śūdra, status of, and women, 12, 19, 237, 241-3, 381, 393, 429, 433, 436. ### [c19.s1.126](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s1.126) Supersession, 125-6, 256-7, 327. ### [c19.s1.127](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s1.127) Svayaṁvara, 78-81, 421. ### [c19.s1.128](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s1.128) Śvetaketu on marriage, 35. ### [c19.s1.129](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s1.129) T ### [c19.s1.130](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s1.130) Teaching and women, 15, 41. Temples and singing girls, 213-7. Tonsure of widows, unknown in early times, 188-9; when and why introduced, 22, 189-91; now disappearing, 191; see also 411, 413. Tutelage of women, origin of the theory, 394-5; its meaning, 395-6; how far real, 396-8, 427; in the West, 398-401. ### [c19.s1.131](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s1.131) U ### [c19.s1.132](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s1.132) Unchastity, 128, 272, 308, 374-377. Under-garment, 334. \*Upanayana\* of girls, 11, 19, 38, 236-8, 240-1, 243, 250; consequences of the prohibition of, 241-2; see also 415, 421, 429. Upper garment, 330, 337, 339, 342. ### [c19.s1.133](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s1.133) V ### [c19.s1.134](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s1.134) Varāhamihira on women, 386-8. Vedas, study of, by women, 11-2, 238, 421; hymns in, by women, 12, 238; women permitted to chant Sāma hymns, 23; effects of the increase in the volume of, 238-9. \*Vikachchha sari\*, 347-9. \*Vratas\* and women, 245. ### [c19.s1.135](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s1.135) W ### [c19.s1.136](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s1.136) Wages and Strīdhana, 263, 277. Weber on female infanticide, 8. Western civilisation and women: husband's right to beat the wife, 111-2; to sell her, 252-3; to demand obedience, 110; custom of levirate, 168-9; custom of seclusion, 209-11; preaching prohibited to women, 247; proprietary rights not recognised, 252-3, 276; tutelage theory, 398-401, 407. Widow, dress of, 355-6; general condition of, 134, 168, 191-5; not an heir to husband in early times: why, 299-301; allowed maintenance only, 301-2; recognised as an heir by some at \*c.\* 200 A. D., p. 303; opposition to this step, 303-4; compromise proposals, 304-5; her champions' arguments, 305-7; an heir in the Deccan first, p. 308, and then in northern India, 309-10; an heir under Dāyabhāga even in an undivided family, 310-2; not so under Mitāksharā, 311-2; now an heir even in undivided families, 322-3; her powers over her inheritance, 313-322. For widows and Satī, tonsure, levirate and remarriage, see under Satī, Tonsure, Niyoga and Remarriage respectively. ### [c19.s1.137](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s1.137) Wife, her treatment of, in husband's house, 106-9; relations with husband of, 109-117; and household management, 116; as husband's pupil, 111-2; to revere him as god, 431; deterioration in the position of, 125-30; supersession of, 125-6, 256-7, 327; behaviour in husband's absence of, 204-5; how long to wait for husband, 178-9; as husband's property, 253-5; can own no property, 261; as joint owner with husband, 255-8; consent for transfer of property of, 258, 445; and Strīdhana, see under Strīdhana. ### [c19.s1.138](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s1.138) Women; general condition in Vedic period, 406-10; in the age of the Brāhmaṇas and Upanishads, 410-2; during \*c.\* 500 B. C. to \*c.\* 500 A. D., 420-8; during 500-1800 A. D., 428-35; why the position was better in earlier times, 412-5; why it deteriorated later, 392-3, 415-21; deprecatory passages about: partly views of disappointed men, 383-5, 410; partly merely cynical, 385; and partly deliberately written to blacken women's character, 385-6; their fallacy exposed, 385-8; patronising attitude towards, causes of, 401-3, 438; why treatment and attitude must change, 438-9; women as chattel in India and West, 252-4; as religiously impure during menses, 229-31; deterioration in the character of, causes, 392-3; women as embodiment of good fortune, 382; not an impediment in religion, 232-3; not to be killed, 380-2; good treatment recommended of, 382-3; as custodians of culture and religion, 28-9, 244-6, 250-1, 434, 436-7; and Śūdra status, 12, 19, 234, 241-3, 381, 393, 429, 433, 436, attitude towards captured or ravished women, 367-74; towards women going astray, 375-7, 435, 443; some grievances of, common with men, 437; some extenuating circumstances, 392-3, 436; in primitive society, 406-7; treatment of, as a test of civilisation, 1-2; careers for, 15, 212-3; and spinning, 26-7; economic position of, \*see\* under Proprietary rights; as poetesses, authors, teachers and doctors, 12, 15-6, 19-21. --- Source: [https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s1](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s1) · Pramāṇa