[Pramāṇa](https://indike.org/pramana/) › [Studies](https://indike.org/pramana/ins) › [Polity, law and society](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity) › [The Position of Women in Hindu Civilisation, from Prehistoric Times to the Present Day](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938) › c19 # The Position of Women in Hindu Civilisation, from Prehistoric Times to the Present Day c19: Indices The Position of Women in Hindu Civilisation, from Prehistoric Times to the Present Day c19 - **Language:** English ## Contents - [c19.s1 Index I. Subject Index](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s1) — 137 parts - [c19.s2 Index II. Index to Proper Names of Women](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s2) — 32 parts - [c19.s3 Index III. Index to Original Authorities Quoted](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s3) — 73 parts ### Indices ### Index I. Subject Index ### [c19.s1.2](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s1.2) Administration, women's part in, as regnant queens, 218-9; as queen regents, 220-2; as queens and officers, 223-4; part of ordinary women in, 224-5; recent progress, 225-8. ### [c19.s1.3](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s1.3) Adoption, prejudice against, 169, 174, 281. ### [c19.s1.4](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s1.4) Adultery, in men, 374-5; in women, 375-77, 435, 443. ### [c19.s1.5](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s1.5) Age of marriage, about 16 before \*c.\* 400 B. C., 58-62, 411; 14 or 15 during 400 B. C. to 100 A.D., 62-4; before puberty after \*c.\* 200 A. D., 66-8, 419-20; but not among Kshatriyas, 69; curses on post-puberty marriages, 67; age lowered to 7 or 8, 68, 70, 429-30; why lowering of age accepted, 71-2, 419-20; developments during the last 50 years, 73-5. ### [c19.s1.6](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s1.6) Akabar, on child marriage, 72; on Satī, 155, 158-9. ### [c19.s1.7](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s1.7) Ancestor worship, 5. ### [c19.s1.8](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s1.8) \*Ārsha\* marriage, 52-3. ### [c19.s1.9](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s1.9) Aryasamaj on \*Niyoga\*, 126; permits women to sacrifice, 249-50. ### [c19.s1.10](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s1.10) \*Asaudāyika strīdhana\*, 266-7. ### [c19.s1.11](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s1.11) Ascetic ideals, effects and influence of, 147, 174, 176, 180, 185-6; see also 414, 424-6, 432-3. ### [c19.s1.12](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s1.12) Assemblies, political, and women, 224-5. ### [c19.s1.13](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s1.13) Astrology in marriage, 85-6. ### [c19.s1.14](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s1.14) \*Āsura\* marriage, 46-50. ### [c19.s1.15](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s1.15) B ### [c19.s1.16](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s1.16) Bāṇa on Satī custom, 145-6. ### [c19.s1.17](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s1.17) Betrothal, 93-4. ### [c19.s1.18](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s1.18) Blouse, 353-5. ### [c19.s1.19](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s1.19) Bodice, 352-6. ### [c19.s1.20](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s1.20) \*Brahmacharya\* discipline for girls, 237-8. ### [c19.s1.21](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s1.21) \*Brāhma\* marriage, 44, 55-7. ### [c19.s1.22](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s1.22) Brahmana widows and Satī, 150-2, 433. ### [c19.s1.23](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s1.23) \*Brahmavādinīs\*, 13, 237. ### [c19.s1.24](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s1.24) \*Brahmayajña\*, lady scholars mentioned in, 12. ### [c19.s1.25](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s1.25) Breast-band, 355. ### [c19.s1.26](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s1.26) Bride, qualifications of, 86-92; age of, see under Age of marriage; why conceived as a gift in marriage, 55-7; treatment of, 106-9; see also under Maiden and Wife. ### [c19.s1.27](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s1.27) Bridegroom, qualifications of, 86-92; see also under Husband. ### [c19.s1.28](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s1.28) Bride-price, 4, 46-50, 52-3, 259-60. ### [c19.s1.29](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s1.29) Buddhism and nuns, 15, 38, 210, 246-8. ### [c19.s1.30](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s1.30) Business and women, 213. ### [c19.s1.31](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s1.31) Busts, female, why uncovered in some sculptures and paintings, 339-46. ### [c19.s1.32](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s1.32) C ### [c19.s1.33](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s1.33) Captive women, 369-72, 377-9. ### [c19.s1.34](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s1.34) Careers for women, teaching and medical lines, 212; business, 213; music, 213-7. ### [c19.s1.35](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s1.35) Caste and marriage, 88-92. \*Chaṇḍātaka\*, 352. \*Chaturthīkarman\*, 61. Child marriage, 67-71; advantages of, 71-2; see also under Age of marriage. Christianity, and marriage, 102, 110; and women's seclusion, 209-10; and women preachers, 247, and tutelage theory, 399. Civilisation and women, 1-2. Cloth, varieties of, 355. Co-education, 16, 30-2. Coiffure, fashions of, 360-1. Concerts, 17, 214. Congress, Indian Women's, 226-7. Conjugal life, ideals of, 113-7; in reality, 121-9. Conqueror and captive women, 377-9. Consummation of marriage, 59, 95-6. Contract, marriage as a, 57. Criminal assault, 369-72, 443-4. Cynical attitude, 23, 385, 410. ### [c19.s1.36](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s1.36) D ### [c19.s1.37](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s1.37) \*Dahara\*, 62, 352. \*Daiva\* marriage, 53-4. Dancing, as a subject of study, 17. Dancing girls, 214-7. Daughter, less welcome than sons, 3-4; anxiety for the birth of, 4; almost equal to a son, 280-1; causes of greater unpopularity of, 5-7, 408; tendency to deprecate, condemned, 7-8; infanticide of, 8-10; general solicitude for, 10-1; functions in parents' house of, 17; marriage age of, see under Age of marriage; proprietary rights of: when without brothers, can inherit patrimony, 280-5; when with brothers and unmarried, an heir to patrimony in Vedic age, 286; share to a married daughter with brothers allowed only by Śukra, 288, but by no others, 287-90; extent of marriage portion allowed to, 290-2; should we allow a share now? 293-9. Daughter-in-law, treatment of, 106-9; property rights of, 325-7. Death duties, 310. Desertion of wives, 103-4, 296. Dharma on social reform, 446-8. Dīrghatamas on women's marriage, 39. Discipline, for women students, 236-8; for nuns, 247-8. Divorce, once permitted, 98-101, 411; later prohibited, 101-2; should it be now made legal? 102-5, 442-3, 467; in England, 102-104. Dowry system, 82-5. Dramas, 17, 214. \*Drāpi\*, 334, 351. Dravidian dress, 342-4. Dress, in Vedic and epic times, 324-6; as disclosed by literature, 336-8; causes of insufficient dress in sculptures and paintings, 339-47 was it shown partly by colouring in sculptures? 340-1; Dravidian, 342-4; different fashions of, 347-50; in Muslim period, 356; in modern times, 357-8. \*Dvirāgamana\*, 96. Dyarchy at home, 109-10. ### [c19.s1.38](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s1.38) E ### [c19.s1.39](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s1.39) Earning capacity of women, 26-7, 31, 211-3, 440-1. Education of girls; literary, 11-2, 27-8, 29-30, 408-410; in fine arts, 23, 28; in military exercises, 24-5; in useful arts, 26-7; how affected by marriage age, 18-9, 29, 66, 67, 75; discipline during, 235-7; suggested improvements in, 30-3; as key to women's progress, 439-40. ### [c19.s1.40](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s1.40) Epigraphical evidence, 42-5, 289, 317-8. ### [c19.s1.41](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s1.41) F ### [c19.s1.42](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s1.42) Family life, ideal of, 112-20; and modern women, 227-8. ### [c19.s1.43](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s1.43) Female infanticide, 8-10. ### [c19.s1.44](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s1.44) Franchise for women, 227. ### [c19.s1.45](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s1.45) G ### [c19.s1.46](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s1.46) Gambling, 254, 408. ### [c19.s1.47](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s1.47) Games, 17-8. ### [c19.s1.48](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s1.48) \*Gāndharva\* marriage, 42, 50-2. 79-81. ### [c19.s1.49](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s1.49) \*Garbhādhāna\*, 96. ### [c19.s1.50](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s1.50) Girls, birth of, unwelcome, 3-4; things somewhat different in early times, 4-5; infanticide of, 8-11; as objects of good omen, 11; scholars, two types of, 13; subjects studied by, 13-5, 23-4, 25, 28; recreations of, 17-8; nature of proper education for, 30-2; see also Education, Maiden and Age of marriage. ### [c19.s1.51](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s1.51) \*Gotra\* and marriage, 48-9, 87-88. 97. ### [c19.s1.52](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s1.52) \*Gotraja Sapiṇḍa\* widows, 324-5. ### [c19.s1.53](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s1.53) H ### [c19.s1.54](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s1.54) Harems, 427-8. ### [c19.s1.55](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s1.55) \*Harikari\*, 149. ### [c19.s1.56](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s1.56) Head-dress, 335-6. ### [c19.s1.57](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s1.57) Householder, 36-7. ### [c19.s1.58](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s1.58) Husband, status of, according to marriage ritual, 109-10; acquires greater dominence over wife, 111-2, 127-8, 254, 422; as \*guru\* and god to the wife, 111-2, 431; code of marital conduct recommended to, 111-7; less solicitous to follow it, 121-6, 431; ill treatment of wife by, 127-9, 422; as owner of wife, 253-5; must maintain wife, 256; rights of, over Stridhana, 266-7; divine husbands, 68. ### [c19.s1.59](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s1.59) I ### [c19.s1.60](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s1.60) Infanticide of girls, 8-10. ### [c19.s1.61](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s1.61) Inheritance, rights of; of the daughter, 280-299; of the widow, 299-323; of the mother, 323-4; of the grandmother, 324; of Gotraja widows, 324-5; of the widowed daughter-in-law, 325-7; see under Daughter and Widow for details. ### [c19.s1.62](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s1.62) Iranian civilisation, ancient, 4, 36, 37, 40, 58, 109, 110, 230, 234, 236. ### [c19.s1.63](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s1.63) J ### [c19.s1.64](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s1.64) Jacket, 353-5. ### [c19.s1.65](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s1.65) Jainism and nuns, 15, 38, 212, 246-9. ### [c19.s1.66](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s1.66) Joint coinage, 219-20. ### [c19.s1.67](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s1.67) Joint family system, 71-2, 255-8, 268-9, 271, 310-3. ### [c19.s1.68](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s1.68) Joint ownership, 109, 255-8, 409. ### [c19.s1.69](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s1.69) K ### [c19.s1.70](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s1.70) Kadva Kunbis, 42. ### [c19.s1.71](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s1.71) Karma theory, 143, 146-7. ### [c19.s1.72](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s1.72) Karve D. K., 440. ### [c19.s1.73](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s1.73) Katha tribe and Satī, 143. ### [c19.s1.74](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s1.74) Ketius, wife of, becomes Satī, 142. ### [c19.s1.75](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s1.75) Kṛṣhṇa on \*Kshātra\* marriage, 44-5. ### [c19.s1.76](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s1.76) \*Kshātra\* marriage, 44-46. ### [c19.s1.77](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s1.77) Kshatriyas, Satī custom among, 137, 142-3, 150-1, 432-3; post-puberty marriages among, 21, 69, 430. Kumārapāla sanctions widow's right of inheritance, 309-10. \*Kumkuma\*, 362. ### [c19.s1.78](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s1.78) L ### [c19.s1.79](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s1.79) \*Lahaṅgā\*, 356. Landed property, 258, 267, 270, 292, 409-10. Leva Kunbis, 42. Levirate, See under \*Niyoga\*. Lip paints, 361-2. Literacy, value of, 437; see under Education also. Love marriages, 42, 50-2, 79-81. ### [c19.s1.80](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s1.80) M ### [c19.s1.81](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s1.81) Maiden, as embodiment of Lakshmī, 11; part in coronation of, 11; voice of, in marriage settlement, 77-82, 421; children of, 59; see also under Daughter and Girl. Maintenance, 104, 128, 256, 264, 301-3, 307. Maṇḍanamiśra's wife, 21. Marriage, importance of, 34; evolution of, 34-6; as a religious necessity in Vedic period, 36-7, 408-9; but exceptions allowed, 37-8; not viewed as a contract, 57; equated to \*upanayana\*, 39, 240, 429, and made obligatory in Hinduism for women but not for men, 39-40; not so in Buddhism and Jainism, 248; effects of this step on property law, 289-90, 331; bride as a gift in, 56-7, 84; different forms of, 41-57; see also under each form; astrology in, 85-6; rituals in, 93-7; when complete, 96-7; children as aim of, 118. Masaga, queen of, 220. Medical line and women, 21, 212. Megasthenes on marraiage age, 65-6; on queens, 219; on Satī, 140. Menstruation period, impurity during, 229-31. Mother, reverence for, 119-20; as an heir, 323-4; at partition, 328-30. Mother-in-law, 106-9. Muslim influence and rule, 27, 72, 155-6, 206-7, 288, 350-1, 356, 362-4, 371-4, 378-79. ### [c19.s1.82](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s1.82) N ### [c19.s1.83](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s1.83) Nagar Brahmanas and monogamy, 103, 441. \*Nagnikā\*, 61. Nair women, 27. Naojot ceremony, 236. \*Niyoga\*, the custom elsewhere, 168-9; why favoured, 169-70; conditions of, 170-1; number of sons from, 171-2; opposition to, 172-3; restrictions on, 173-4; stamped out, 174-6; see also, 280, 422, 425-7. Non-Aryan women, marriages with, 417-9. Non-cooperation movement, 211, 226. Nose-ring, a non-Hindu ornament, 358-60. Nudity in pre-Muslim period, 339-40. ### [c19.s1.84](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s1.84) O ### [c19.s1.85](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s1.85) Obedience and wife, 110. Ointments, 361-2. Ornaments, 358-60, nose-ring, 362-4; economic value of, 364-5. ### [c19.s1.86](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s1.86) P ### [c19.s1.87](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s1.87) \*Paiśācha\* marriage, 42-3. \*Paridhānam\*, 334-5. \*Pārināhaya\*, 260. Parks, 208. Partition and mother, 119, 328-30; and grandmother, 328; and wife, 327-8. Pauranic religion and women, 244-5, 434. Philosophy and women, 14-5, 246-51. Physical punishment for the wife, 111; in the west, 111-2. Poetesses, 12, 19-21, 408. Polyandry, 132-4. Polygamy, 103, 122-6, 423, 438, 441-442, 467. Post-puberty marriages, 58-64, curses on, 67, in recent years, 74-5, dangers of, 75-6, among Kshatriyas, 21, 69, 430. \*Prājāpatya\* marriage, 54-5. Preachers, women as, 212, in Christianity, 247. Privy Council, 270, 322. Progeny, as aim of marriage, 118. Promiscuity, 34-5. Proprietary rights of women, in early times elsewhere, 252-3; in India, 253, why recognised, 426-7; improvements suggested in, 285, 293-7, 330-4, 397-8, 426-7, 440-5; see also under Inheritance, Daughter, Wife and Widow. Public life and women, careers open to, 212-7; part in administration of, 217-25; recent developments, 225-8, 446. Purda system, not known upto c. 100 B. C., 197-8, 408; in pre-Muslim period, 200-5; within family, 206; becomes general in Muslim period, 206-8; in Europe, 209-11; see also 423, 434-5. \*Putrikā\*, 281-2. ### [c19.s1.88](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s1.88) Q ### [c19.s1.89](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s1.89) Queens, 223-4. Queen regents, 220-2. Queen regnants, 218-9. ### [c19.s1.90](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s1.90) R ### [c19.s1.91](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s1.91) Raja Rama Mohan Roy and Satī, 166. Rajputana, princesses in, 25, 27; dowry system in, 84; Satī custom in, 153-5, 166-7; princesses of, in Muslim harems, 372-3, literacy in, 27, late marriages in, 69. \*Rākshasa\* marriage, 44-6. Rāma, his attitude towards Sītā, 367-9. Rationalism, 245-6, 434. Religion, privileges of, how important, 229; enjoins marriages as a religious necessity, 232-3, 414-5; allows women to participate in sacrifices in early times, 231-2, 234-5, withdraws the permission later, 241-3; helps women, 5, 231-3, 414, retards their progress, 5, 240-2, 419; allows reform, 446-8; see also under Asceticism. Remarriage of men, 130-2, 426. Remarriage of women, in Vedic age, 177-8; permitted by Sūtras, 179; of child widows, 181-2; prohibition of, 182-3, 422, 425-6; consequences of the prohibition of, 183-4; modern agitation for, 186-8; see also 432, 438, 444. Restitution of conjugal rights, 296. ### [c19.s1.92](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s1.92) S ### [c19.s1.93](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s1.93) Sacrifices, by women alone, 232, 234-5, 411; jointly with husband, 233; place of the wife of a lower caste in, 236; formal association of women in, 239, growing complexity, the cause, 239-40, 418-9 prohibited to women, why, 242-3. ### [c19.s1.94](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s1.94) \*Sadyodvāhās\*, 13. ### [c19.s1.95](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s1.95) Sagotra marriages, 87-8. ### [c19.s1.96](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s1.96) Śaka rule, nature of, 424. ### [c19.s1.97](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s1.97) \*Sakachha sari\*, 347-9. ### [c19.s1.98](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s1.98) Salvation, eligibility of women for, 246. ### [c19.s1.99](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s1.99) Śalya on bride-price, 48. ### [c19.s1.100](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s1.100) Sāmaveda, chanting of, by women, 23, 233. ### [c19.s1.101](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s1.101) \*Saṁnyāsa\*, hostility to, 232-3, 424; followers of, unsympathetic to women, 384-92, 424; prohibited to women, 38, 249. ### [c19.s1.102](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s1.102) \*Śāmulya\*, 351. ### [c19.s1.103](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s1.103) \*Sandhyā\* and women, 13, 234. ### [c19.s1.104](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s1.104) Śaṅkarāchārya, 21. ### [c19.s1.105](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s1.105) \*Saptapadī\*, 95, 97. ### [c19.s1.106](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s1.106) \*Sari\*, 335, how worn, 337-42, modes of wearing, 347-50. ### [c19.s1.107](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s1.107) Satī custom, effect of, on child marriage, 71; causes of, 135-7; prevalence of, elsewhere, 136; not in Vedic and epic periods, 138-40, 409, 411; early references to, 141; epics and Purāṇas, 141-2; during 300 B. C. to 400 A. D., 142-3; opposition to, 145-7, 165; and Scythian influence, 147; supported by later Smṛitis, 147-8; in Kashmir, 149; not followed by Brahmanas in the beginning, 151; in northern India, 152-3; in Karnatak, 153 and south India, 154, 163; in Rajputana, 154; among the Sikhs, 154-5, and Marathas, 155; attitude of Muslim government to, 155-6; Satī procedure, 156-8; was force exercised on widows? 158-62; made illegal in British India and Indian states, 166-7; see also 426, 432-3. ### [c19.s1.108](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s1.108) \*Saudāyika Strīdhana\*, 266-7. ### [c19.s1.109](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s1.109) Schools, 17. ### [c19.s1.110](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s1.110) Sculptural evidence about Purda, 211-2; about dress, 338-47. ### [c19.s1.111](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s1.111) Semi-nudity in works of art, 339-346. ### [c19.s1.112](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s1.112) Separation from joint family, 269, 310-2, 327-30. ### [c19.s1.113](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s1.113) Sex morality, 34-6, 374-6, 431, 442. ### [c19.s1.114](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s1.114) Sewing, antiquity of, 350-2. ### [c19.s1.115](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s1.115) Shorts, 351-2. ### [c19.s1.116](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s1.116) \*Sindhūra\*, 362. ### [c19.s1.117](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s1.117) Singing girls, 213-7, 431-2. ### [c19.s1.118](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s1.118) Sītā, age at marriage of, 62-3; starts for forest, 198; treatment of, by Rāma, 367-9. ### [c19.s1.119](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s1.119) Smṛitis sympathetic to women, 255, 369-71, 435, 443; unsympathetic to women, 125-9, 243, 422-3. ### [c19.s1.120](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s1.120) Spinning and women, 26-7. ### [c19.s1.121](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s1.121) Spinsters, 37-8. ### [c19.s1.122](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s1.122) Spiritual lineage, 40-1. ### [c19.s1.123](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s1.123) Stitching, antiquity of, 350-2. ### [c19.s1.124](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s1.124) Strīdhana, origin of, 259-60; powers of women over, 245, 261, 266-72; scope of, 262-4; differences among jurists about, 265-6; inheritance to, 272-5; general survey of, 275-6; future development of, 277-8, 298. ### [c19.s1.125](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s1.125) Śūdra, status of, and women, 12, 19, 237, 241-3, 381, 393, 429, 433, 436. ### [c19.s1.126](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s1.126) Supersession, 125-6, 256-7, 327. ### [c19.s1.127](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s1.127) Svayaṁvara, 78-81, 421. ### [c19.s1.128](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s1.128) Śvetaketu on marriage, 35. ### [c19.s1.129](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s1.129) T ### [c19.s1.130](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s1.130) Teaching and women, 15, 41. Temples and singing girls, 213-7. Tonsure of widows, unknown in early times, 188-9; when and why introduced, 22, 189-91; now disappearing, 191; see also 411, 413. Tutelage of women, origin of the theory, 394-5; its meaning, 395-6; how far real, 396-8, 427; in the West, 398-401. ### [c19.s1.131](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s1.131) U ### [c19.s1.132](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s1.132) Unchastity, 128, 272, 308, 374-377. Under-garment, 334. \*Upanayana\* of girls, 11, 19, 38, 236-8, 240-1, 243, 250; consequences of the prohibition of, 241-2; see also 415, 421, 429. Upper garment, 330, 337, 339, 342. ### [c19.s1.133](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s1.133) V ### [c19.s1.134](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s1.134) Varāhamihira on women, 386-8. Vedas, study of, by women, 11-2, 238, 421; hymns in, by women, 12, 238; women permitted to chant Sāma hymns, 23; effects of the increase in the volume of, 238-9. \*Vikachchha sari\*, 347-9. \*Vratas\* and women, 245. ### [c19.s1.135](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s1.135) W ### [c19.s1.136](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s1.136) Wages and Strīdhana, 263, 277. Weber on female infanticide, 8. Western civilisation and women: husband's right to beat the wife, 111-2; to sell her, 252-3; to demand obedience, 110; custom of levirate, 168-9; custom of seclusion, 209-11; preaching prohibited to women, 247; proprietary rights not recognised, 252-3, 276; tutelage theory, 398-401, 407. Widow, dress of, 355-6; general condition of, 134, 168, 191-5; not an heir to husband in early times: why, 299-301; allowed maintenance only, 301-2; recognised as an heir by some at \*c.\* 200 A. D., p. 303; opposition to this step, 303-4; compromise proposals, 304-5; her champions' arguments, 305-7; an heir in the Deccan first, p. 308, and then in northern India, 309-10; an heir under Dāyabhāga even in an undivided family, 310-2; not so under Mitāksharā, 311-2; now an heir even in undivided families, 322-3; her powers over her inheritance, 313-322. For widows and Satī, tonsure, levirate and remarriage, see under Satī, Tonsure, Niyoga and Remarriage respectively. ### [c19.s1.137](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s1.137) Wife, her treatment of, in husband's house, 106-9; relations with husband of, 109-117; and household management, 116; as husband's pupil, 111-2; to revere him as god, 431; deterioration in the position of, 125-30; supersession of, 125-6, 256-7, 327; behaviour in husband's absence of, 204-5; how long to wait for husband, 178-9; as husband's property, 253-5; can own no property, 261; as joint owner with husband, 255-8; consent for transfer of property of, 258, 445; and Strīdhana, see under Strīdhana. ### [c19.s1.138](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s1.138) Women; general condition in Vedic period, 406-10; in the age of the Brāhmaṇas and Upanishads, 410-2; during \*c.\* 500 B. C. to \*c.\* 500 A. D., 420-8; during 500-1800 A. D., 428-35; why the position was better in earlier times, 412-5; why it deteriorated later, 392-3, 415-21; deprecatory passages about: partly views of disappointed men, 383-5, 410; partly merely cynical, 385; and partly deliberately written to blacken women's character, 385-6; their fallacy exposed, 385-8; patronising attitude towards, causes of, 401-3, 438; why treatment and attitude must change, 438-9; women as chattel in India and West, 252-4; as religiously impure during menses, 229-31; deterioration in the character of, causes, 392-3; women as embodiment of good fortune, 382; not an impediment in religion, 232-3; not to be killed, 380-2; good treatment recommended of, 382-3; as custodians of culture and religion, 28-9, 244-6, 250-1, 434, 436-7; and Śūdra status, 12, 19, 234, 241-3, 381, 393, 429, 433, 436, attitude towards captured or ravished women, 367-74; towards women going astray, 375-7, 435, 443; some grievances of, common with men, 437; some extenuating circumstances, 392-3, 436; in primitive society, 406-7; treatment of, as a test of civilisation, 1-2; careers for, 15, 212-3; and spinning, 26-7; economic position of, \*see\* under Proprietary rights; as poetesses, authors, teachers and doctors, 12, 15-6, 19-21. ### Index II. Index to Proper Names of Women ### [c19.s2.2](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s2.2) Abhirūpa-Nandā, 249. Ahalyābai, 221-2. Akkādevī, 224. Ānandībai Joshi, 225. Anasūyā, 128-9. Anopamā, 249. Anubai Ghorpade, 221-2. ### [c19.s2.3](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s2.3) B. ### [c19.s2.4](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s2.4) Bhimabai, 25. Brihannaḍā, 22. ### [c19.s2.5](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s2.5) C. ### [c19.s2.6](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s2.6) Damayantī, 78. ### [c19.s2.7](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s2.7) Devayānī, 11, 79. Diddā, 220. Draupadī, 83, 116, 132-4, 141, 254. 335, 394. ### [c19.s2.8](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s2.8) G. ### [c19.s2.9](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s2.9) Gāndhārī, 47, 121, 199, 223. Gārgī, 12, 14, 15, 248. Gaurī, 219. Ghoshā, 12. Gopā, 201. Guttā, 249. ### [c19.s2.10](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s2.10) H. ### [c19.s2.11](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s2.11) Hiḍimbā, 417. ### [c19.s2.12](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s2.12) I. . ### [c19.s2.13](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s2.13) Indraṇī, 12, 234, 335. Indumatī, 83. ### [c19.s2.14](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s2.14) J. ### [c19.s2.15](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s2.15) Javahirbai, 25, 221. Jayantī, 15, 49. ### [c19.s2.16](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s2.16) K. ### [c19.s2.17](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s2.17) Kādambarī, 203. Kaikayī, 47, 199, 235 384, 394. Kamalābai Scindia, 26. Kāmandakī, 16. Karṇavatī, 221. Kauśalyā, 199, 235. Ketalādevī, 224. Kumāradevī, 219. Kumkumadevī, 221. Kuntī, 7, 17, 18, 119, 171-2, 199, 223. 394, 397. Kūrmadevī, 221. ### [c19.s2.18](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s2.18) L. ### [c19.s2.19](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s2.19) Lakshmīdevī Chālukya, 224. Lakshmībai of Jhansi, 25, 221-2. Lopāmudrā, 8, 12. ### [c19.s2.20](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s2.20) M. ### [c19.s2.21](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s2.21) Mādhavī, 19. Mādrī, 47-8, 140-1. Mahāśvetā, 203. Mailadevī, 224. Maitreyī, 12, 14, 38, 248. ### [c19.s2.22](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s2.22) P. ### [c19.s2.23](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s2.23) Padmāvatī, 200, 204. Padminī, 224. Pahāi, 19. Pandita Ramābai, 5. 22 ### [c19.s2.24](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s2.24) R. ### [c19.s2.25](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s2.25) Radhabai Subbarayan, 467. Rājyaśrī, 203, 378. Ramābai Ranade, 226. Ratnaprabhā, 205, 207. Revā, 19. Rukmiṇī, 45. ### [c19.s2.26](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s2.26) S. ### [c19.s2.27](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s2.27) Śakuntalā, 17, 51. Śāntā, 18. Śarmishṭhā, 35-6. Sarojini Naidu, 226. Śaśiprabhā, 19. Sikatā Nivāvarī, 12. Śīlabhaṭṭārikā, 19. Śīlamahādevī, 223. Sītā, 13, 62-3, 121, 198, 218, 317-9, 384, 394, Sītā-Sāvitrī, 57. Subhadrā, 44, 83. Subhrū, 39. Sulabhā Maitreyī, 12, 14, 38, 248. Sumedhā, 249. ### [c19.s2.28](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s2.28) T. ### [c19.s2.29](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s2.29) Tārābai, 25, 221-2. Tribhuvanadevī, 219. ### [c19.s2.30](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s2.30) U. ### [c19.s2.31](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s2.31) Uḍupī, 417. Uttarā, 83, 141 n. 2. ### [c19.s2.32](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s2.32) V. ### [c19.s2.33](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s2.33) Vaḍavā Prāchiteyī, 12. Vaddhavahī, 19. Vijayabhaṭṭārikā, 223. Vijayālakshmī Pandit, 226. Vijayāṅkā, 20. Viśvavārā, 12. ### Index III. Index to Original Authorities Quoted ### [c19.s3.2](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s3.2) Āditya P., 175, 182. Agni P., 78, 145, 378. Ain-i-Akbari, 72-3. Aitareya Brāhmaṇa, 130, 132, 350. Aitiśāyana, 242, 418. Akbarnāmā, 159. Alberuni, 70, 90, 96, 435. Amarakosha, 351. Amitayurdhyāna S., 119. Aṅgiras, 148. Aṅguttara N., 26, 121, 180, 385. Aparārka, 131, 151, 305, 376. Āpastamba, 10, 112, 125, 172, 255, 283, 300, 375, 424. Aristotle, 398. Arthaśāstra of Kauṭilya, 26, 64, 99, 100, 179, 205, 214, 284, 288, 302, 329, 382, 424. Asahāya, 22. Atharvaveda, 4, 12, 59, 83, 106, 111, 120, 123, 132, 138, 177, 197, 236, 282, 359. Atri, 49, 370. Avesta, 4, 36-7, 40, 58, 109-10, 234. ### [c19.s3.3](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s3.3) B ### [c19.s3.4](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s3.4) Bālarāmāyaṇa, 350. Bāṇa, 145-6, 203. Baudhāyana, 48, 50, 64, 89, 95, 124, 261, 424, 427. Bernier, 158, 160. Bhagavadgītā, 243. Bhāgavata, 15-6. Bhagavatīsūtra, 15. Bhāsa, 122, 144, 200, 204, 220, 337, 441. Bhavishya P., 215. Bhoja, 304. Bible, 110, 168, 399. Brahma P., 70, 78. Brahmavaivarta P., 117, 188, 383 Bṛihadāraṇyaka Upanishad, 4, 14, 15. Bṛihaddaivata, 54, 150. Bṛihadyama 68. Bṛihaspati, 284, 305-6, 315. ### [c19.s3.5](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s3.5) C ### [c19.s3.6](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s3.6) Chaturviṁśatimatam, 376. ### [c19.s3.7](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s3.7) D ### [c19.s3.8](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s3.8) Dāyabhāga, 264, 268, 275, 307, 312-4. Devala, 51, 263-4, 271-2, 291. Dhammapāda, 47, 62, 100, 107. ### [c19.s3.9](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s3.9) G ### [c19.s3.10](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s3.10) Gargasaṁhitā, 424. Gāthāsaptaśatī, 19, 344. Gautama, 114, 169, 282-3, 302. ### [c19.s3.11](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s3.11) H ### [c19.s3.12](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s3.12) Haradatta, 55. Hārīta, 17, 148, 237. Hayagrīvasaṁhitā, 190. ### [c19.s3.13](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s3.13) I ### [c19.s3.14](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s3.14) I-tsing, 351. ### [c19.s3.15](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s3.15) J ### [c19.s3.16](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s3.16) Jaimini, 52-3. Jātakas, 81, 101, 107, 129, 179. ### [c19.s3.17](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s3.17) K ### [c19.s3.18](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s3.18) Kādambarī, 203, 353. Kalhaṇa, 90, 149, 158, 203, 343. ### [c19.s3.19](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s3.19) Kālidāsa, 20, 51, 214, 353, 393. Kāmasūtra, 17, 18, 23, 50, 65, 79-80, 95, 116, 124, 184. Kāśyapa, 182. Kāṭhaka Saṁhitā, 107. Kathāsaritsāgar, 7, 8, 24, 65-6, 81, 90, 123, 136, 149, 205-6. Kātyāyana, 263, 266-7, 272, 284, 304, 314-5, 329. Kātyāyana Śrauta S., 351-2. Kaumudīmahotsava, 20. Kāvyamīmāṁsā, 12, 350. Kullūka, 51-2, 283, 301, 307. Kumārapālapratibodha, 310. Kumārasambhava, 4, 144. Kuṭṭinīmatam, 216. ### [c19.s3.20](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s3.20) L ### [c19.s3.21](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s3.21) Laghu-Aśvalāyana, 182-3. Laghu-Śātātapa, 181. Lalitavistāra, 201. ### [c19.s3.22](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s3.22) M ### [c19.s3.23](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s3.23) Mādhava, 100, 219, 377. Mahābhārata, 6, 11, 18, 34, 36, 38-9, 44-5, 48, 50-1, 61, 67, 79-81, 113-5, 118-20, 125, 133, 141, 170-2, 175, 180-1, 189, 194, 198, 218-9, 254, 284, 305, 314, 335, 355, 375-6, 381, 383, 385-6, 389-90, 394, 420, 425. Mahābhāshya, 14. Mahānirvāṇatantra, 147. Maitrāyaṇīya Saṁhitā, 107, 225, 294, 304. Majhima Nikāya, 100, 219. Mālatīmādhava, 18, 202-3. Manu, 37, 54, 64-5, 87, 93-4, 97-8, 111, 113, 115, 119, 126, 128, 131, 172, 180, 236, 241, 243, 261-2, 266, 274, 301, 323, 329, 365, 378, 381, 390, 391, 395-6, 417, 426, 446-7. Manucci, 73, 158. Mātṛidatta, 61, 117. Matsya P., 370. Megasthenes, 65. Medhātithi, 26, 241, 301, Meghadūta, 203, 214. Milton, 399. Mitāksharā, 256-7, 264-5, 268-7 2, 274, 276, 311-2, 314, 325, 329, 376. Mohaparājaya, 309. Mṛichchhakaṭika, 144. ### [c19.s3.24](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s3.24) N ### [c19.s3.25](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s3.25) Nanda Paṇḍita, 326. Nāṭyaśāstra, 359-61. Nārada, 22, 87, 102, 125, 179, 180, 267, 284, 289, 291, 303, 315, 328. Nirukta, 198, 282, 287, 308. ### [c19.s3.26](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s3.26) P ### [c19.s3.27](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s3.27) Padma P., 49, 113, 151, 156, 215, 386. Pañchatantra, 7, 381. Pāṇinīśikshā, 238. Parāśara, 69, 70, 84, 99, 145, 148, 180, 370, 376. Pāraskara G. S., 235, 239. Prajāpati, 306. Purāṇa, 61. Puraṇāntara, 241. Pūrvamīmānsā, 13, 52-3, 242, 302. ### [c19.s3.28](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s3.28) R ### [c19.s3.29](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s3.29) Raghuvamśa, 83, 114. Rājaśekhara, 20, 90, 328. Rājatarangiṇī, 149, 158, 203, 343. Rāmāyaṇa, 6, 11, 13, 18, 62-3, 115, 142, 194, 198-9, 218, 235, 238, 367-9, 380-1, 383-4. Rigveda, 12, 36, 47, 58-60, 83, 106, 110-1, 123, 132, 138, Tod, 154, 214, 379. ### [c19.s3.30](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s3.30) U ### [c19.s3.31](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s3.31) Uttararāmacharit, 16, 63, 117, 380, 382. ### [c19.s3.32](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19.s3.32) V _First 200 of 246 passages. [Read on](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19)_ --- Source: [https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.altekar-1938.c19) · Pramāṇa