Public Administration in Ancient India c25: Index

Public Administration in Ancient India c25

Language: English

Index

c25.1

ABDICATIONS of Kings, 90 & *n.* 3 Abettors of Crime, punishment of, 167 Abul Fazl, on Hindu Polity and Law, 13 *et alibi* Absolutism in State-sovereignty, never attained, 40 Accounts Department, Officials of, 121-2, 184-5 Administration, under Monarchic rule, 47-52 Size of Territory in relation to, 30-1 Administrative Law Courts, 146 Systems, sources of information on, 2 *et sqq.*, *passim* Adulteration, State action as to, 272 Agni Purāṇa, the, on Politics, 5 *et alibi* Agreements, Invalidation of, 166 Agriculture, State relations with, 257-8 Superintendents of, 124, 257-8 Aindra Mahābhisheka sacrifice, 90, 93 Ajanta caves, 249 Paintings in, 86 *n.* 3 Ajātasatru, of Magadha, 48, 59, 95 Ayeen-i-Akbery, of Abul Fazl, on Hindu Politics, &c., 13, *passim* Alexander the Great Fleet of, 270 Indian campaigns of, 7, 31, 44, 45, 235, 236, 240 Difficulties met, at Forts, 217 Historians of, on Indian Politics, 7 *et alibi* Political divisions at date of, 57-8 Results on Administration, 47

c25.2

Alliances, 190-1 Treaties making, 192-3 Almsgiving, State, 282, 283 Almshouses, establishment of, 282, 283-4 Ambashthas, the, democracy of, 44 Ambassadors Functions of, 193 Interchange of, 186-7 Qualifications desirable in, 194-5 Sanctity of Person of, 194 Ambhi, of Taxila, and Alexander, 236 *n.* 2 Kingdom of, 57 Ānanda, 95 Andra Kingdom, Army of, 196 Country, and Fortified towns of, 57 Suzerainty of, 60 Anga, and Capital, 55 Angas, the, as Sources of Law, 132 Anus, the, 54, 55 *n.* Appeal, Courts of, 145, 149 Right of, 149, 168 Arab Invasions, 238 Arbitrators, functions of, 147-8 Architecture, Hindu, 246 *et sqq.* Aristocratic Governments, 45 Aristotle, contemporary with Chānakya, 10 Arjuna, 230 Armour, 204, 206 Armoury, the, 206 Superintendent of, 123-4 Armies, see also Military Organisation Best kind, according to Chānakya, 198 Sections of, 197 *et sqq.* Subdivisions of, 200-1 Sizes of, instances of, 166-7

c25.3

Arsakas, Country and Capital of, 56 Arthasāstra, the, of Chānakya, on Public Administration, 8 *et sqq.*, *et alibi* Authenticity, origin &c., of, 9 *n.* 1 Books apparently based on, 12-14 Meaning of the title, 8-9 Political doctrines of, 9 *et sqq.* Āryan States, primitive, 38-9 Increase of, 54 Sizes of, 30-1 Āryas, the, Conquest of, and rule in India, 2 *et sqq.*, 219-20, *et alibi* Social distinctions among, growth of, 16, 17 *et sqq.* Tribes of, in Punjab, 15 & *n.* Aryāvarta, Source of Laws, 135 Asia, Central, Buddhism in, 278 Asoka, King, Buildings by, 246, 247- Conquests of, 222- Dominions of, extent of, 59-60- Edicts and Inscriptions of, 49, 84 *nn.* 2 & 3, 222, 247, 276, 277, 282 *n.* 1 Foreign relations of, 186-7 Government by, 40, 49, 50-1 Irrigation works of, 253 Ministerial responsibility under, 116 Position of the State under, 40 Provinces of, 49 Religious ascendancy of, 79 *n.* 2, 276-9, 282 Training of, 89-90 Virtues of, 83-4 Āsrama-dharma System, the, 23 Assakenoi, the, and other nations mentioned by Megasthenes, 57 Assam, fleet of, 200 Assemblies (*see also* Councils, Public Assemblies, & Village Assemblies), 94-7 Moksa Mahāparishat, described, 280 Two kinds of, 95 Vedas on, 97 Assyria, maritime trade with, 267 Asvamedha sacrifice, the, 90, 92-3 Attack, in Battle, 213-4

c25.4

Audit of Public Accounts, 122, 185 Avanti, and its Capital, 56 Avantivarman, King of Kasmir, and Irrigation work, 254 Rule of, 87 Ayodhyā, city of, 240

c25.5

BALANCE of Power, Chānakya, &c., on, 195 Balances and Weights, State Control of, 292 Superintendent of, 124 Bali, Hindu architecture in, 255, 256 Barbarikon, seaport, 268 Barygaza, trade of, 268 Battle-array, various kinds of, 210 *et sqq.* Battle-fields, choice of, 209-10, 230 Benevolences, 179 Bengal, Pāla Kings of, territories of, 61 & *n.* 2 Universities of, 287 Berar, University in, 286 Betting, Fines on, 175 Bharata, first Monarch to bring all India under Āryan influence, 48 Bhāsa, poems of, 6 Bhāskara, of Nilantha, the, 13 Bhilsa Topes, the, 248 Bhīma, 230 Bhoja, King of Dhara, 13 *n.* 1 Bimbisāra, of Magadha, 59 Birth, not original ground for Caste-grouping, 19 Births and Deaths, Enquiries into, 296-7 Bodh-Gaya, Asoka’s Temple at, 247 Bows, 204, 205, 207-8 Brahmana Caste or Brahmanas, Architecture of, in extra-Indian lands, 254-5 Ascendancy of, 21 Duties of, 20 Exemption of, from Taxation, 178 Immunity of, from certain forms of Punishment, 171 Judges generally of, 144, 171-2

c25.6

Brahmana Caste Kings of, 70 Origin of, 18 Religious domination of, 276 Custom, force of, as Law, 135 Brahmanism, recrudescence of, 280-1 Right conduct, enforced by, 282 Brahmāvarta, Customs of, as Laws, 133 Brewing, State control of, 262 Bridges, 252 Cambodian, 255-6 ‘Brihaspati Sūtra,’ the, 11 n. 2 Broach, seaport, 268 Bucklers and Shields, 206, 208, 209 Buddha, the, in praise of Popular Assemblies, 95-6 Buddhism, in Ceylon, 79 n. 2, 278 Reforms introduced by Various Kings, 281 Decline of, 280-1 Education encouraged by, 285 Spread of, by Missionaries, 277-9 Buddhist Age, attitude to Brahmanas during, 282-3 Chief Tribes at rise of, 44 n. 4 Forms of Government common in, 43 Religion and the State in, 276 et sqq. Architecture &c., in Ceylon &c., 254-5 Art, objects of, 248 Great Councils, 277, 279 Religious books, on Indian Politics, 2, 6 Building-regulations, 245-6 Buildings, Taxes on, 175 Bureaucracy, the, Training, Qualifications, &c., 128-9

c25.7

CABINET, the, functions &c., of, 113, 114, 115, 185 Calingae, the, Capital of, 57 Cambodia (see also Kāmboja), conquest of, 224 Public Works in, 255 Roads and Bridges, 255-6 Camps, Choice of Sites for, 209, 210

c25.8

Canals, 252-5 as Trade-routes, 266 Capital Cities, descriptions of, 240 et sqq. Local government of, 296-7 Revenues derived from, 175-6 Caste Associations, 97 Caste-privileges, 151, 170-1, 274 Caste-system, origin of, 16, 17 & n. 1, 18 & n. Political effects of, 69-70, 97, 276 Castes, duties of, 20 Cattle-breeding by the State, 258 Cavalry, 196, 197 in Action, 208 Value of, 199 Cave-dwellings, 250 Cave-temples, 249, 250 Censors of the Law of Poetry, 277 Ceremonial, Asoka’s views on, 282 Cession of Territory, 234-5, 237 Ceylon, Administration of Justice in, 146 n. 4, 147 Buddhism in, 79 n. 2, 278, 281 Conquests of, Chola, &c., 61, 224 Councils in, 104, 105 Inscriptions in, 69 n. 3, 104, 295 Value of, 8 Irrigation-works in, 255 Kings of, as Heads of the Church, 79 n. 2, 281 Public Works in, 255 Queens of, Regnant and Consort, 69 & n. 3 Village government in, 295 Chaityas (Buddhist Temples), 248, 249 Chakravarti, see Suzerain Chālukya Empire, 61 Chānakya or Kautilya, alternative names of, 9 Famous book by, on politics, 8-9 Minister and “maker” of Chandragupta, 8 n. 3, 10 n. 1, 59, 116, 118, 237 Political aim of, 222, 237 Chandragupta Maurya, 7 Administrative machinery devised by, 49 Cavalry of, value of, 199

c25.9

Chandragupta Maurya Chānakya's relations with, 8 *n.* 3, 10 *n.* 1, 59, 116, 118, 237 Conquests of, 222, 237 Empire of, 31, 47, 48, 59 Cities in, 240 Financial system under, 175 *et sqq.* Greek contemporaries of, 10 Irrigation-works of, 253 Megasthenes' Embassy to, 186 Naval Department of, 200 Sūdra descent of, 70 & *n.* 1 Chandragupta Vikramāditya, Empire of, 60 Chargés-d'affaires, 193 Chariots of War, 106, 199 Men carried by, 204 Superintendent of, 125 Charitable Establishments, 284 Works, of Kings and others, 282-4 Charities, Superintendents of, 125 Chedis, the, Country of, 56 Chief Judge, the, 114 Qualifications of, 144 *n.* 3 Chief Justice, the, 142-3 Chief Superintendents of Public Finance, 122, 184-5 China, Buddhism in, 278 Imports from, 270 Relations with, 187 Chinese Pilgrims' accounts of India, 7-8 *et alibi* Chola Empire, 61 Buddhism in, 278 Circles of States, 189, 195 of Villages, administration of, 294 City officials, in Chānakya's day, Titles and Duties of, 297-8 Cities, Chief Buildings in, 244 Construction and adornment of, 240 *et sqq.* Civil and Criminal Cases, how dealt with, 145-6, 152, 166-7 "Civil List," ancient view of, 73, 179 & *n.* 2 Clan, evolution of, into Tribe, 38 Clan and Vassal system of Rajput Government, 52 Clans, confederate, 54, 55 Class Distinctions, absent in Early Vedic Times, 16 Early Āryan, see also Caste system, Evolution of, 18 *et sqq.* Climate as Factor in Conditions of States, and Character of Peoples, 30-3 Coastal Trading, 267 Coinage, 272 Collective Responsibility of Police, 125-6 Villagers, 27, 252, 292, 293, 295-6 Collector General, the, 113, 183, 294 Salary of, 129 Colour-line, the, as Basis of Caste-system, 17 & *n.* 1 Commander-in-Chief, the, 114, 202 Salary of, 129 Subordinates of, 202-3 King as, 78 Commerce External, 266 *et sqq.* Internal, 264-6 Interior centres of, 268 Principal seaports for, 268-9 State Department of, 264, 270-2 Superintendent of, 123 Commissariat, Department of, 203 Committees of Departments, 127 Military Affairs, 203 Municipal Boards, 296-7 Conduct, Right, chief arm of ‘Dharma,’ 275, 282 Prominence of, in Buddhism, 282 Conquered Territory Acquirement of, 222 Treatment of, 136 Laws maintained, 231-2 Conquerors, Chānakya's advice to, 50 *n.* 1 Conquest, delight in, of ancient Kings, 220-1 Conquests, external and internal, 224

c25.10

Corporal Punishment, rarity of, 166-7 Councils, in Ceylon, 104-5 Domestic, of Rajput Chiefs, 53 Great, or Royal Assembly, 79, 97 Functions, &c., of, 97-100 of Ministers, see Privy Council North Indian, 96 *et sqq.* South Indian, 103-4 Town, 53 Village, 53, 96 *n.* 3, 291-2, 295 Counter-suits, 157 Courts of Law and Justice Administrative, 146 Appeal, 145, 149 Chief, 142-3, 145-9 Local, 145-7 Movable and Stationary, 141-2 Principal and Lower, Jurisdiction of, 145-7 Relations between different kinds of, 148-9 Village, 53, 146-7, 292, 295 Cows, Superintendent of, 124-5 Credit, essential to Agriculture, 257 Instruments of, 273 Criminal cases, 145-6, 152 Punishments given, 166-7 Crown Lands, Revenues from, 180 Crown Princes, Training of, 89-90 Cultivators, Loans to, 257 Culture-State level, reached under Asoka, 40 Custom, as Basis of Law, the Sishtas as authorities on, 133, 134-5 Validity of, divergent views on, 136-7 Custom (Customary Law), 150, 151

c25.11

DAIRY-FARMING, State, 238 Dasa class, the, 26-7, 170 Dasaratha, states ruled by, 58 Dasyus, the, 16 *n.* 3 Aryan conflicts with, 219-20 Death-sentences, rarity of, 166 Debts, recovery of, 166 Deccan, struggles for, of Chālukyas and Rāshṭrakūṭas, 61 Defence, weapons of, 206, 208

c25.12

Defendant, the, in Lawsuits, 156 *et sqq.* Departmental Officials, 121 *et sqq.* Despotism, foreign to Aryan peoples, 74 Devānampiya Tissa, Head of Buddhism in Ceylon, 281 Dhanya Kataka, University of, 286 Dharma, definitions of, 275 & *n.* Two sides of Credal, 275, 276 *et sqq.* Social, 257, 281 *et sqq.* Dharma-śāstras, the, dates of, 4 & *n.* 1 Meaning of, 9 Origin of, 134 Sources of Law, 133 Dharma-sūtras, the, 4, 34 Dates of, 4 *n.* 1 Diamonds, 123, 260, 265 Didda, Queen of Kasmir, 69 Dilīpa, type of a Virtuous King, 83 Dīpavamsa, the, date and historical value of, 6 & *n.* 1 Diplomatic Agents, classes and powers of, 193-5 Direction of Military Affairs, organisation of, 202-3 Distance-Pillars on roads, 251 Divine origin of the State, theory of, 35-6 & *nn.* Division or District, composition of, 294 Documentary Evidence, 161 Domestic Councils of Rajput Chiefs, 53 Dravidians, the, 17 & *n.* 2 Village government by, 288-9 Druhyus, the, 54, 55 *n.*

c25.13

EDICTS (see also Epigraphs) of Asoka, 49, 276, 277 *et alibi* Royal, Legal force of, 78, 139-40, 150 Education, spread of, under Buddhism, 285 State support of, 285 Egypt, Buddhism in, 278 Indian relations with, 186, 187 Elective Kingship, 64-8

c25.14

Elephants, as Kingly mounts, 86 n. 3 Military use of, 195, 196, 197 Equipment, 208 Men carried by, 204 Value of, 199-200 Superintendent of, 124-5 Ellora caves, the, 249 Engineering, in Asoka’s day, 247 Envoys, 193 Epics, Hindu, 2, 3 Dates of, 4 n. 1 Epigraph Records, on Politics, &c., 8, 84 & nn. 2-4, 105, 146, 147, 222, 223, 247, 282 n. 1, 283, 284, 295 Evidence, in Lawsuits, 158-9, 161, 162-3 Excise Duties, 175 Expenditure, Public, allocation of Funds for, 181 Heads of, 181-2 Exports, the chief, 269

c25.15

FA-HIAN, and other Chinese Pilgrims, on Indian Life, &c., 7-8 et alibi Family, the, 23 as Basis of State-organisation, 38 Position in, of Father, 24-5 Other members, 25 Slaves, 25-6 as Social unit, 24 Famine, unknown in India, in Megasthenes’ day, 32 Female Guards of Kings, 81 n. 2 Feudalism, and the Rājput system, 52 Fighting from Heights, 214 Finance, Public, Minister of, see Treasurer-General Authorities on, 5, 173 et sqq. Circumstances affecting, 182-3 Expenditure, heads of, and allocation of Funds, 181-2 Officials controlling, 183 et sqq. Revenue, sources of, 173 et sqq. Fines, Legal, 166, 175 Fire-arms, 206-7 Fiscal Minister, see Collector-General Fleet of Alexander the Great, 270

c25.16

Food Adulteration, State check on, 272 Forced Raising of Revenue, 178-9 Foreign Commerce, 266 et sqq. Countries, relations with, 186 et sqq. Invasions, instances of, 235 et sqq. Policy, main consideration in, 190 Rulers, classification of, by Chānakya, 187-9 Forest Revenue, the, 177 Forestry, State control of, 258-9 Forests, Superintendent of, 123 Forts, 215 et sqq. “Frightfulness” in War, Elephants as Instruments of, 199 Not imposed on Non-combatants, 230-1 Functions of the State, differentiation of, 40

c25.17

GAMBLING, Fines on, 175 Game Laws, 259 Gandhāra (Kandahar) and its Capital, 56 Kings of, caste of, 70 Gangaridae, the, 57 Army of, 196 Elephants in, 196, 197 Gange, seaport, 269 Gangetic nations, temp. Alexander the Great, 57 Gardens, Groves, and Flowers in Cities, 241, 242, 243 Gautama Buddha, caste of, 23 Gems found in India, 260, 265 Gold, Silver, &c., sources of, 260, 265 Golden Age, the, and its decline, 34-5 Gopas, City Officials, 298 Government Officials Classes and Duties of, 121 et sqq. Pay, 129-30 Pensions, 130 Selection, 128 Supervision, 127-8, 129 Governmental Systems, 42 et sqq. Governors of Provinces, titles of, 49 Grand Assembly, the, 100

c25.18

Grants to Religious Teachers and Learned men, 282-5 Grazing Dues, 177 Great Buddhist Councils, 277, 279 Council, or Royal Assembly, functions of, 97-100 Great Council or Royal Assembly, 97-100 Countries, 6th century B.C., 55-7 Greco-Indian Provinces, cession of, 234-5, 237 Greece, Political relations with, 186, 187 Greek lands accepting Buddhism, 278 Monarchs, Ambassadors to and from, 186-7 Travellers, on Indian Politics, &c., 7 et alibi Group-government of Villages, 290 Guilds, 97 Buildings of, 250 Charitable Establishments of, 284 of Producers, State-controlled, 263 Classes, procedure, and value of, 263-4 Gujrat, Saka conquest of, 238 Gunpowder, and similar compounds, 206-7 Gupta Empire, rise and fall of, 59-60, 238 Inscriptions, 8 Period of Architecture, 250-1

c25.19

HAIR-CROPPING, as Legal Punishment, 167 Harbours, 267 Harshavardhana, King, army of, 197 Conquests of, 223 Defeat due to Elephants, 199-200 Empire of, 60-1 Government as exercised by, 50-1 Great Assembly, quinquennial, held by, 280 Hospices built by, 284 Misrule of, 87 Nomination of, by Ministry, 68 Support of, to Buddhism, 279-80 Treaty of, with the King of Kamarūpa, 191 Virtues of, 83, 84-5 & nn.

c25.20

Headmen of Villages, duties, powers, and status of, 53, 289, 290, 291, 292-3, 295 Officers over, 294 Hereditary Kingship, 64, 65 Departures from, 67-8 Soldiers, 198 High and Low Justice, among Rājpūts, 52-3 High Priest, see Purohita Hill-fort, old, structure of, 217-18 Hill-tribes, aboriginal, 38 Hindu Art, at Home and Abroad, 240 et sqq., 254-6 Temples, splendour, of, 250 Hiram, trade of, with India, 267 Historical Literature of India, 6-7 Hiuen Tsiang, on the bases of Indian Monarchical Government, 52 Horse-sacrifice, performed by Kings, 90, 92-3 Horses, Superintendents of, 124-5 Hospitals for Men and Animals, set up by Asoka and others, 283, 284 Hun Incursions, 60, 90, 238 Hunters as Forest guards, 259 & n. 1

c25.21

IMPERIAL Unity, object of and difficulties impeding, 47, 48-9, 62, 236, 239 Imports, chief, 269-70 Income of the State, sources of, 173 et sqq. India, Conquests of Kings generally limited to, 224 Indian people, characteristics of, 171, 172, 227-8 Individual, the, status of, 19, 20, 39, 41 Stages in life of, 23 Indus Valley peoples, temp. Alexander the Great, 235-6 Industries, 257 et sqq. Infantry, in Action, 208-9 Classes of, 197-8 Equipment and weapons, 207-9 Inland Navigation, 266 Inscriptions, see also Epigraphs Ceylonese, on Councils, 104-5 Historical value of, 8

c25.22

Inspecting Officers, 127-8 Institutes of the Sacred Law, 132 Intelligence Department, the, 126-7 Intercaste Marriages, in early times, 18-19 Interest on Loans, 273-4 Inter-relations of Government, from Village to Central Administration, 294 Inter-state Jealousies in regard to Foreign Invasion, 236, 239 Intervention by unauthorized Persons, in Courts of Law, 144 Invaders, Chānakya on, 233 Invasion, Lessons of, 235 Policy of the Invaded, 232-3 Iron Pillar near Delhi, the, 261-2 Irrigation, 252-5 Officers of, 253, 254 Superintendent of, 124

c25.23

JAINAS, cave-dwellings of, 250 Religion of, books of, on Indian Politics, 2, 6 Growth of, 281 Japan, Buddhism in, 278 Jārasandha, King of Magadha, conquests of, 220 Struggles of, for Suzerainty, 48 Jātakas, the, on Politics, 6 Java, conquest of, 224 Hindu architecture in, 255, 256 Javelins, 208, 209 Jayagangā Canal, the, 255 Judgment, delivery of, 165 Judges, duties of, 162-3, 168 et sqq Numbers essential to form a Court, 143 Punishments of, for unrighteousness, 169-70 Qualifications of, 144 n. 3 Uprightness of, 171-2 Usually Brāhmanas, 144, 171-2 Various Classes of, 142 Kings as, ex officio, 77-8, 81-2, 141, 142-3 of Principal Courts, 145 the Chief, 114 Qualifications of, 144 n. 3

c25.24

Judicial Functions of Village Assemblies, 295 Investigation, 164 Procedure, 5, 149 et sqq. System, Vedic and Post-Vedic, 141 et sqq. Jury System, 143-4 Unofficial interveners, 144 Justice, administration of, in Vedic times, and after, 141 by Rajputs, 52-3 by Village Assemblies, 245 Brāhmanas, as roots of, 141 n. 2 Efficiency of, factors of, 171 Evolution of, 141 King as fountain of, 141 Open to all residents, 170 Justices, Itinerant, 147

c25.25

KĀLIDĀSA, poems of, 6 Kalinga, army of, 196 Asoka's conquest of, 222 Chola conquest of, 61 Kāmandaki-nīti, the, 12 Kāmboja, and its Capital, 56 Kambojas, Kshatriya clan, occupations of, 46 Kanauj, City of, described, 243-4 as Suzerain State, 60-1 Kāñchī, University of, 287 Kanishka, conversion of, to Buddhism, 278, 279 Kānva Kings, caste of, 70 Kāra-ganga river, altered course of, 255 Kārli caves, the, 249 Kashmir, or Kasmir, conquests in, 238 Irrigation in, 253-4 Kings of, history of, 6 Queens-regnant of, 69 & n. 2 Kasis, the, 54 Country and Capital, 55 Kassapa IV., of Ceylon, Buddhist Reforms of, 288 Kāsyapa Mātanga, Buddhist missionary to China, 278 Kautilya, see Chānakya Kauravas, the, battle-array of, 210-11 Partition between, and the Pāndavas, 69

c25.26

Keeper of the Royal Seal, the, 114 Kerala State, South India, Assemblies of, 103-4 Khāndavaprastha, City of, described, 241 Pāndava palace at, 241 King, the, Actions of, Ministerial responsibility for, 116 Authority of, limitations on, 39, 40, 48, 50, 103, 104, 113 Bad, instances of, 87-8 as Commander-in-Chief, 78 Conquering, instances of, 220-1 Daily routine of, 81 *et sqq.* Difficulties of, 87 Duties of, 3, 5, 63 *et sqq.*, 102 Functions of, 77-9, 81 *n.* 2, 90 *et sqq.* Good, instances of, 83-5 & *nn.*, 87 Graded ranks of, 88 as Head of Society, 79 Insecurity of, 88, 116, 117 Insignia of State of, 86 & *n.* 3 as Judge, 77-8, 81 *n.* 2, 141, 142-3, 149 as Legislator, 78, 139-40, 150 Oaths of, 74, 75 Qualities desirable in, 79-81 Relations of, with Brāhmanas, 22 Land of the State, 73, 179 & *n.* 2 Ministers, 68, 74, 75, 77, 106 *et sqq.*, 113, 117-18 Religion, 39, 78, 79, 276 *et sqq.* Revenues allocated to, considered as Payment, 73, 179 & *n.* 2 Succession of, 64-8 Support given by, to Buddhism, 279-81 Training of, 89-90 King's Court of Justice, Procedure of, 142-3 Jurisdiction of Appellate, 145, 149 Original, 145 Kingdoms, 54 Partitions of, 68-9 Kingly Office, ancient writings on, 45 *et sqq.*, 63, 64, 70 *et sqq.* Kingly Office Ceremonies connected with, 90 *et sqq.* Origin of, 70 Legends of, 71 King-making and deposing by Ministers (*see also* Chānakya), 68, 116, 117 Kingship, divine origin ascribed to, 70 Distinction between, and the "divine right of Kings," 72 Nature of, in India, 72 *et sqq.* Kings of Ceylon, relations with Buddhism, 281 Knowledge, four branches of, 1 Kolarians, the, 17 & *n.* 2 Village government of, 288-9 Korat-Mekong Road, Cambodia, 255-6 Kosalas, the, 54 Country and Capital, 55 State of, rise and fall of, 57 Krishna as Oligarch, 43 & *n.* 1 as Plenipotentiary, 193 Kshatriya caste, best armies chiefly composed of, 198 Duties of, 20 Kings usually belonging to, 69 Occupations of, 46 Origin of, 18 Reformers belonging to, 23 Kshudrakas, the, opposition of, to Alexander, 236 Kukuras, oligarchy of, 46 Kumārugupta, stone inscription of, 284 Kumāra-rāja, 280 Kurus, the, alliance with the Pānchālas, 54, 55 Country and Capital of, 56, 58 Oligarchy of, 46 Kushān conquests, 238 Kutsa, 48

c25.27

LABOUR, Payment by, of Taxes, 178 Lakes, artificial, 252, 253, 255 Lalitāditya, achievements of, 87 Lances, 208, 209

c25.28

Land, the, not owned by Kings, 179 Land and Water Trade-routes, 264 et sqq. Land-holding, of Villagers, 27 Land-Taxes, 176 Importance of, 179 Lands, Grants of, to Officials, 130 Religious teachers and the Learned, 282-3, 285, 286 Law, above the King, 74 & n. 2 Ancient idea on, 131 (Beyhar), Abul Fazl’s summary of, 13 Civil and Criminal, 5 Origin ascribed to, 132 Sources of, Vedas, &c., 132 et sqq. Sacred, 131, 132, 133, 150, 151 Secular, 131, 150-1 Evolution of, 132 Law-Member of Council, 140 Lawsuits, Causes giving rise to, 152-3 & n. 3 Different kinds of, 153 Rules concerning, 151-3 Legal Remedies, 166 Representation, when allowed, 165 Legislation Direct, impossible, 131, 137 Indirect, 137 et sqq. Legislative Assemblies, see Parishats Power, not owned by early Kings, 78 Libraries containing books on Chānakya’s doctrines, 13 Lichchhavis, the, Country, Confederacy, and Capital of, 55 Oligarchic rule among, 44, 46 Life, Individual, Stages in, 23 Līlāvatī, Queen of Ceylon, 69 Elected and Deposed by Ministers, 117 Slab Inscription of, on her Council, 105 Loans, Interest and Usury, 273-4 to Cultivators, 257

c25.29

Local Administration, Ministerial Control of, 244 Courts of Justice, 145-7 Government by Central Officials, and Minister, 49, 294 Local Rulers, 50 Rajput, 52-3

c25.30

MACHIAVELLI, comparison of, with Chānakya, 11 n. 1 Madrakas, oligarchy among, 46 Madras, Chānakya-sūtra found at, 13 Magadha, Empire of Army of, 196 Capitals of, 55 Rise and fall of, 57, 59, 60, 238 States included in, 47 Magical weapons, 206 Mahābhārata, the, date of, 4 n. 1 Cited on Aryan life and Indian politics, 3 & n. Duties of each caste, and common to all, 20 & n. 4 Origin of the State, 34-5 List given in, of Nations in, or near, India, 58-9 Mahāpadma Nanda, of Magadha, 48, 59 Sūdra caste of, 69-70 Mahāsammata, tradition of, 66 & n. 4 Mahāvamsa, the, date of, 6 n. 1 Value as Chronicles, 6 Māhmūd of Ghaznī, invasion of, 243 Māhmūd, Sultan, invasion by, 238 Mahomedan conquest, political results of, 62 Empire, political conditions rendering possible, 238-9 Mālava (Avantī), and its Capital, 56 Mallakas, oligarchy of, 46 Mallas, the, Clans and Country of, 55 Malloi, the, and other Democratic Tribes of the Punjab, 45 Country of, 57 Opposition shown by, to Alexander, 236 Man, in relation to Society, as organised by Caste, 20

c25.31

Mandavya-durga, hill-fort, structure of, 217-18 Manu, Code of (passim), date and origin of, 4 n. 1 on Duties of different castes, 26 on the State as Divine in origin, 36 Maritime Trade, 266 et sqq. Taxes on, 267 Marriages, Inter-caste, in early times, 18-19 nn. Masalipatam, seaport, 268 Matipura, Sūdra King of, 70 Matsya, country, 56 Maurya rulers, 7 Centralisation of authority under, 290-1 Maya, Dānava architect, 241 Mazaga, fortifications of, 217 maze array of Kauravas in Battle, 210 Megasthenes as Ambassador, 186 on India affairs, 7, et alibi, passim Mercenary Soldiers, 197, 198 Merchants, Foreign, privileges accorded to, 270-1 Metallurgy, State control of, 261 Hindu skill in, 261-2 Metals, &c., Superintendent of, 123 Meteorology in regard to Agriculture, 258 & n. 2 Milinda Panha, the, on Politics, 6 Military Organisation, 196 et sqq. Directing Body and Sub-Committees, 203-4 Equipment of Soldiers, 207-9 Methods of Fighting, 208-9 Training of Soldiers, 202 Mimamsā, as source of Law, 133, 137 Mines and Mining, revenues derived from, 176, 269 State control of, 259-60 Superintendent of, 122-3 Mining, in warfare, 214 Ministers, Chief and other, Ranks, Titles, and Offices of, 111 et sqq. Duties of, 110 Good and Bad, 119-20 King's relations with, 68, 74, 75, 77, 106 et sqq.

c25.32

Ministers Number of, 110-12 Powers of, 116-19 Qualifications desirable in, 106-7 et sqq. Responsibility of, 68, 114-15, 117 Stories illustrating, 115-16 Usually Brahmanas, 108 Mints, Royal, 272 Superintendent of, 123 Missionary work of Asoka, 277-8 Later activities in, 278-9 Mitra and Varuna, legend of, 21-2 Mokṣa Mahāparishat Assembly, described, 280 Monarchy, 45-6 Constitutional, 51 Growth of, 46-7 Limited, nature of, 50-1 Vedic, Elective, and Hereditary, 64, 65, 66, 67 Monasteries, Buddhist, 248 Architecture of, 249 Royal support to, 279 Money-lending, 273-4 Mount Abu, mines beyond, 269 Mudrā-Rākshasa, the, and other books elucidating Politics, 6-7 Muhammad Ghori, conquest by, and establishment of Mahomedan rule, 238 Muhammad Kāsim's invasion of Sindh, 238 Municipal Boards of Capital cities, Duties of Committees of, 296-7 Murjari, seaport, 268

c25.33

NĀGARAKA, Chief City official, 297 Nālanda Monastery, honourable title of, 284 University of, 286 Studies at, 286-7 Nations, Lists of, at various dates, 54 et sqq. Naval Affairs, Department of, 200, 203 Nelkunda, seaport, 268 Nepal, partition of, 69

c25.34

Nītisāra, of Kāmandaki, date, &c., 12 & n. 1 Sukracharya, date, &c., 12 & n. 1 Nītimayūkha, the, 13 Nītiprakāsikā, the, weapons referred to, in, 13 Nītivakyāmrita, the, of Somadevi Sūri, 12, 14 Non-Combatants, uninjured by Troops, 230-1 Non-tax Revenue, 177-8 Nyāya, authority on Laws, 133, 137 Nysa, form of Government at, 43

c25.35

OATHS of Kings, 74, 75 Witnesses, 161, 163 Octroi or Tolls, 124, 175-6 Odantapuri, University of, 287 Offence, weapons of, 204-5, 206-9 Officers of the Army, 201, 202-3 of Religion, under Asoka, 276, 277 Official Buildings, 244 Officials, Families of, Subsistence Allowances to, 130 District, titles of, 49 Village (see also Headman), 289, 290, 291, 293 Principal, see Ministers Subordinate, 121 et sqq. Olgarchic Governments, 42-6 Ordeal, the, in Criminal Cases, 163-4 Ores, the principal, 260, 265 Orissa, Hindu temples in, 250 Overseers, or Inspectors, 49

c25.36

PAITHĀNA, commerce of, 268 Palaces, 244, 246-7 Pāla Kings of Bengal Territories of, 61 & 2 n Universities of, 287 Pāli Pitakas, the, list of great Countries in, 55-7 Palimbothra, city of, described, 241 Pānchālas, the, connection of, with Kurus, 54, 55 Country and Capital of, 56 Oligarchy of, 46 Panchatantra, the, and other tales, elucidating Politics, 7

c25.37

Pāndavas, battle-arrays of, 210 City of, 241 and Jarāsandha, 220 Pāndyans or Pāndyas, army of, 197 n. 1 Buddhism among, 278 Women-rulers of, 69 n. 3 Parākrama Bāhu, King of Ceylon, Buddhist reforms of, 281 Public works of, 255 Parasu-Rāma, 21 Parishats, see also Moka Mahapari-shat Composition and functions of, 133, 137-9 Parthian conquest of Sindh, &c., 238 Passports, Superintendent of, 125 Patala, seaport, 268 Two-King Rule at, 45-6 Pātaliputra, city of, 24 Asoka's Palace at, 246-7 Peace-making; various forms of Agreement, 233-5 Pearls, 123, 260, 265 Pensions 130 Perjury, punishment of, 161 Persia, political relations with, 107 Physical surroundings of the State, 29 et sqq. Piety, Law of, Asoka's action and views as to, 277-8, 282 Pigeons, official and military use of, 201, 259 n. 1 Pilots, 267 Plaintiffs, share of, in Trials, 155 et sqq. Plato, possibly contemporaneous with Chānakya, 10 Plenipotentiaries, 193 Poetical Works, giving light on Indian Politics, 6-7 Police, the, duties of, 125-6 Efficiency of, 171, 172 Chief of, Salary of, 129 Police-State character, of early Indian State, 39-40 Policy of Indian Ruler toward Foreign Rulers, Six Sorts of, 189-90 et sqq.

c25.38

Political Divisions at different periods, 54 *et sqq.* Theorists, criticised by Chāṇakya, 11 Politics, as an Art, 1 Sources of Information on, 2 *et sqq.*, *passim* and Religion, gradual separation of, 274, 275 Position in, of Brāhmaṇas, 21 Science of, origin of, myth on, 3 *n.* 1 Polity (Rajneet), 13 Poros, King, 236 *n.* 2 Armour of, 206 Army of, 196 Disposition in battle, 214 Kingdom of, 57 Power, Balance of, 195 Prasii, the, Megasthenes on, 57 Pre-Aryan races, origin of, 17 Status of, at Aryan conquest, 17, 38 Prices, State regulation of, 271-2 Priests, *see also* Purohita Buddhist, relations with Ceylonese Kings, 281 Harshavardhana, 279-80 Prime Minister, the, powers, duties, and responsibilities, 68, 112-13, 117-18, 119 *n.* 2 Salary of, 129 Prisoners, liberation of, on great occasions, 232 & *n.* 1 Privilege, before the Law, according to Caste, 151, 170-1, 274 Prince-ruled States, 42 Privy Council or Council of Ministers, 97, 100, 101 *n.* 2 *et sqq.* Members of, Salaries of, 129 Law member, 140 Promissory Notes, 273 Property, restoration of, by the Courts, 166 Provinces, government of, 49 Public Assemblies, 43 & *n.* 4, 45 Decline of, 97 Public Works, building and care of, 240 *et sqq.* Revenue derived from, 177

c25.39

Publicity of Trials, 151 Punjab, the, Alexander’s successes in, 31, 44, 45, 235, 236, 240 Āryas of, tribal division of, 15 & *n.* 1, 54, 55 *n.* 1 Chief nations of, in Brāhmanic period, 54-5 & *n.* 1 Cities of, conquered by Alexander, 240 Climate, soil, and inhabitants, Megasthenes on, 31-2 Democracies in, 44-5 Purāṇas, the, dates of, 4 *n.* 1, 5 & *n.* 1 on Politics, 2, 5 Sources of Law, 132, 133 Value of, 5 Purohita, or Chief Priest Importance of, 112-13 Salary of, 129 Pūrus, the, 54, 55 *n.*

c25.40

QUEENS, regnant, and consort, 69 & *nn.* 2, 3

c25.41

RAILS (buildings), 248 Rainfall, official observation of, 258 *n.* 2 Forests in relation to, 259 Rājā, title, meaning of, 44 Rājanyas, *see* Kshatriyas Rājās, local, status of, 50 Rājasthān, 62 Rājasūya sacrifice, the, 90-2 Rājatarangiṇī, the, of Kalhaṇa, historical value of, 6 Rajendra Chola, conquests of, 61 Rājpūt conquests, 61-2 Mode of Government, 5-23 Rājyavardhana, assassination of, 68, 116 Prowess of, 90 Rākshasa, fidelity of, 119 *n.* 2 Rāma, type of a Virtuous King, 83 Rāmāyaṇa, the, cited on Āryan life and politics, 3 *et passim* Date of, 4 *n.* 1 Rāshtrakūṭa nation, conflicts of, 61 Reforms of Buddhist Kings of Ceylon, 281

c25.42

Regiments, distinctions of, 201 Religion, 275 *et sqq.* State connection with, 276 *et sqq.* Asoka’s officers of, 276, 277 Religious Associations, 97 Edifices, Buddhist, 248 Asoka’s, 247 Institutions, Superintendents of, 125 Remedies, legal, 166 Republics, 42, 43-4 Reservoirs (Tanks, Lakes, &c.), 252, 253, 255 Responsibilites of Judges, 168 *et sqq.* Ministers, 68, 116, 117 Police, 125-6 Villages, 27, 252, 292, 293, 295-6 Rest Houses, 251, 283 Re-trial of Cases (*see also* Appeals), 168 Revenues, sources and administration of, 173 *et sqq.* Classification of, by Chānakya, 175 *et sqq.* Rig-Veda, the, on Āryan Conquest and Rule, 2 Rings, or Combines, of Merchants, State interference with, 271 Rites (*see also* Sacrifices), private and public, 5 Rivers as Trade-routes, 266 Roads, 251 Cambodian, 255-6 Rock-cut Caves, 249, 250 Royal Assembly, *see* Great Council Royal Family, Salaries of, 129 Royal Progresses, 85 *n.*, 277 Royal Revenues, regarded as Pay for Kingly Duties, 73, 179 *& n.* 2 Ruler of State, evolution of, from Head of Family, 38 Rules of Conduct, two classes of, sanction for, 131-2

c25.43

SABARCAE and other tribes, Democracy of, 44 Sabhā form of Assembly, 95 Sabuktagin, invasion by, 238

c25.44

Sachivatantra system of Government, 51 *& n.* 3 Sacred Law, the, 131, 132, 133, 150, 151 Sacrifices performed by Kings, 90 *et sqq.* Saka conquest of Sindh, 237-8 Sākiyas, government of, 43 *& n.* 4 Salaries of various Officials, and of Royal and other Persons, 129-30 Salt, Government control of, 262 Samiti form of Assembly, 95 Samudragupta, the Conqueror, King of Magadha, conquests of, 93, 222-3 Empire of, 60 Nomination as King, by his father, 68 Sanchi Topes, the, 247, 248 Sānghārāmas, *see* Monasteries Sankaravarman, exactions of, 87 Sanskrit Alphabet, transliteration of, 299 Sasiguptas, and Alexander, 236 *n.* 2 Sāstras, the, as rules for Kings, 51, 74 Saurasenas, the, Cities of, 57 Saurāshtras, the, Country and cities of, 58 King of, and his army, 196-7 Sculpture, Buddhist, 247 Seamanship, temp. Alexander the Great, 267, 270 Seaports, 267-9 Secular Law, 131, 150 Evolution of, 132 Seleukos Nikator, ambassador of, to Chandragupta, 186 Defeat of, by that King, 31, 237 Self-help, as Extra-judicial remedy, 167-8 Self-satisfaction, as a Source of Law, 133, 136-7 Sentences, Legal, 165 Servants, Legal Protection of, 26-7, 170 Shipbuilding, 270 Shipping, Superintendent of, 124 Siam, Conquest of, 224 Hindu architecture in, 255

c25.45

Siege-warfare, 214-15, 225 Signalling, military, 201 Silver, see Gold, Silver, &c. Sindh, Conquests and invasions of, by Alexander the Great, 235 Muhammad Kasim, 238 Parthian power, 238 Saka race, 237-8 Sishtas, the, Sources of Law, 133, 134-5 Size of States, advantages and the reverse, of, 31, 46-7 Slaughter-houses, Superintendent of, 125 Slavery, Indian form of, 25-7 Slings as weapons of war, 209 Smritis, the, dates of, 4 n. 1 on Politics, 2, 4-5 Sources of Law, 133-4 Social environment of the State, 15 et sqq., 55 n. 1 Life and Customs, authorities on, 3 et sqq. Society, Good of, the aim of ‘Dharma,’ 275 Subordinate to Law, 131 in Vedic age Structure of, 16 Gradual changes in, 16 Origin of caste-system, 16-18 & nn. Soil as affecting Character of Peoples, 31-3 Conditions of States, 31-3 Solomon, trade of, with India, 267 South India, Temples of, 250 Village government in, 295 Spies, 126-7, 194 Spirituous Liquors, Superintendent of, 125 Stambhas, 248 State, the, origin of, various views on, 34 et sqq. Theocratic organisation of, frequent, 39 Indian Activities of, in Right Conduct, 282 et sqq. Character of, 39 Functions of, 40 Power of, Extent of, 39, 40

c25.46

State, the (cont.) Character of Rights in, of Individuals, 39, 41 Seven Limbs or Elements of, 63 & n. 2 Size of, as affecting Administration and Strength, 31, cf. 42 et sqq. Sphere of action, 39-40 Sthānikas, or City Divisional Officers, 294, 297-8 Stone Architecture, 246-7 Story-Books, light given by, on Politics, 7 Stūpas, 247, 248 Subjects, duties and rights of, 3 Relation of, to Kings, 64-8, 172 et sqq., passim Subordinate Officials, 121 et sqq. Subsistence Allowances, 130 Sudarsana (artificial) Lake, 253 Sūdra caste, duties of, 20 Kings belonging to, 70 Manu’s views on, 26 n. Origin of, 18 Sugandhā, Queen of Kasmir, 69 n. 2 Sukranīti, the, 12 Sumatra, conquest of, 224 Hindu architecture in, 255, 256 Sunga Kings, caste of, 70 Superintendents of Cities, 296 of Departments, 121 et sqq. Salaries of, 129-30 Supply Services, military, 201 Surasenas, Country and Capital of, 56 Surāshtras; Kshatriya clan; occupations of, 46 Surat (Surashtra), seaport, 268 Sureties, 167 Surrender, rules of, 228-30 Sūryamatī, Queen, rule of, in Ceylon, 69 Suyya, irrigation-works of, 254 Suzerain rule, 47-9 Swords, 204, 208, 209 Syria, Buddhism in, 279 Relations with, 186, 187 TAKSHA-SILĀ, University of, 285 Tamil works on Politics, 7

c25.47

Tāmralipti, seaport, importance of, 269 Tangara, commerce of, 268 Tanks, &c., 252, 253, 255 Tārāpīda, cruelty of, 87 Tārīkh-i-Hind, of Alberuni, on India before Moslem conquest, 8 *et alibi* Taxes and Taxation, 173 *et sqq.* Classes exempt from, 178 Principles regulating, 180-1 Remission of, in furtherance of Foreign Trade, 270 Revenue from, 177 Territorial expansion Causes, 46-7 Commencement of, and steady progress, 59 Territory Cession of, by the Vanquished, 234-5, 237 as Material Basis of the State, 29 Climate, Size, and Soil, in regard to, 30-3 Views on, of Chānakya, and others, 29-31 Theft, Responsibility as to, of Police, 125-6 Village communities, 292, 293 Rarity of, 172 Theocratic character of early States, 39 Tibet, Buddhism in, 278 Titles of Kings, according to grades, 88 Tolls Levied on Goods entering cities, 124, 175, 176 Land-routes, and Water-ways, 177 Superintendent of, 124 Topes, 247, 248 Tours of Piety, made by Asoka, 277 Town Councils, 53 Town-planning, 244-5 Towns, classes of, 244-5 Trade Mediums of, 272-4 Municipal control of, 297 and Trade-routes, 264 *et sqq.* Trade Unions, 97

c25.48

Tradition, as given in the Smritis, as Basis of Law, 133-4 Trans-Hyphasis region, aristocratic rule in, 45 Transliteration of the Sanskrit Alphabet, 299 Transport Service, military, 201 Trasadasyu, the first Emperor, 48 Treasurer-General, the, 113-14 Duties of, 183-4 Salary of, 129 Treasury, the, conditions favourable to, and the reverse, 182-3 Superintendent of, 122 Treaties Alliances made by, 192-3 Nature of, defined by Chānakya, 192 of Peace, various forms of, 233-5 Tree-planting by Roads, 251, 283 Trench-warfare, 214 Trials, Publicity of, 151 Stages in, and procedure, 154 *et sqq.* Tribal evolution, 38 Tribes of the Punjab, in Vedic times, 54, 55 *n.* Troops, arrangement of, in battle, 210 *et sqq.* Classes of, 197 Equipment of, *see* Weapons Sections of, 197 Turvasas, the, 54, 55 *n.*

c25.49

UJAYINĪ, city of, described, 242-3 Universities, famous, 285-7 University and other Libraries, containing books on Chānakya's doctrine, 13 Usury, condemnation of, 273-4

c25.50

VAISAMPĀYANA, the Nitiprakāsikā attributed to, 13 Vaisya caste, duties of, 20 Kings of, 70 Vaivasvata Manu, the first King, 37 Vājapeya sacrifice, the, 90, 92 Vajjians, the, Assemblies of, 95-6 Country and Clans of, 55 Vārānasi, University of, 287 Vardhamāna Mahāvīra, caste of, 23

c25.51

Vatsa, and its capital, 56 Vedas, the, dates of, 4 *n.* 1 Cited, *passim*, on Elective Kingship, 64-5 Indian Politics, 2-3 Public Assemblies, 94 Famous Kings named in, 63 *n.* 1 as Sources of Law, 132, 133 Vedic Age, Social structure in, 16 States, sizes of, 30, 31, 42 Warfare, organisation of, 204 & *n.* 2 Videhas, the, Country, Confederacy and Capital of, 55 Village Assemblies, powers and duties of, 53, 96 *n.* 3, 291-2, 295 Courts, 53, 146-7, 292, 295 Government Aryan, 289 *et sqq.* Ceylonese, 295 Dravidian, 288-9 Kolarian, 288-9 South Indian, 295 Officials (see also Headman), 289, 290, 291, 293 System, 27-8 Villages, Circles of, administration of, 294 Classification of, 245, 291 Collective duties of, 27, 252, 292, 293 Vihāras, 279, 286 Vikramāditya, King of Srāvastī, and his Ministers, 115-16 Vikrama-sīla, University of, 287 Virajas, Ruler of the World, 35 Vrijji, Country, Clan-Confederacy and Capitals of, 55 Oligarchic rule of, 46 Vrishnis, the, oligarchic government of, 43

c25.52

WAGERS, in relation to Lawsuits, 154

c25.53

War, legendary origin of, 220 *n.* 1 and Peace, Minister for, 114 Warfare, essentials of Success in, 224 Laws of, 228 *et sqq.* Preliminary considerations, 224-5 Speeches to Soldiers, 225-7 Three kinds of, Chānakya on, 224-5 Variant views on, 221-2 Water, provision of, Merit acquired by, 252-3, 255, 283 Water-storage, 252-5 Waterways, main, 266 Weapons of War, Authorities on, 13 Classification and Lists of, 204 *et sqq.* Weaving, State Control of, 262-3 Superintendent of, 124 Weights and Measures, Superintendents of, 124 Wells, provision of, 252, 283 Witnesses in Law Cases, 159-61 Women Sovereigns, 69 & *nn.* 2, 3 Word of Honour, Treaties made by, 192 Works of Mercy, 282 *et sqq.*

c25.54

YADUS, the, 54, 55 *n.* Yasodharman, King of Malava, conquests of, 223 Empire of, 60 & *n.* 2 Yona, and other settlers in Asoka's realm, Buddhism of, 278 Yudishthira, King, 230, 257 Abdication of, 90 Conquests of, 48, 220-1 Elected by the People, 68 Grand Assembly held by, 100 Type of Virtuous King, 83 Yue-chi conquests, 238 Yuktikalpataru, the, of King Bhoja, date of, 13 & *n.* 1