Hindu Administrative Institutions c16: Index

Hindu Administrative Institutions c16

Language: English

Index

Abdication, theory of, 70. *Abhaya*, 61, 62. *Abhiṣechanam*, 87, 107. *Abhiṣeka*, 82. Accounts, how presented, 207. *Aḍanḍya*, 85. *Adhikārikan* or judge, 266. *Adhikārnika* (judge), 248. *Adhirāja*, 79. *Adhyakṣa*, 108. *Ādi Kāvya*, 331. Administration of villages, by Committees, 325. Affidavit before the registration officer, 257. Agriculture, importance of, 369, 370. *Aimperumkuḷu*, 158, 162, 358. Aiyangar, S. K., 364. Aiyangar, K. V. R., 227*n*, 256. Aiyar, K. S., 39. *Ākranda*, 271. *Akṣapaṭala*, 204. *Akṣauhiṇi*, 296. *Akṣavāpa*, 134. Allowances, travelling and halting, 210. *Amātyas*, 125. Ambulance corps, 285. Anderson, G., 329. *Aṅgariṣṭa Rāja*, 29. *Anīkini*, a military divison, 296. *Antapāla*, collector of road cess, 171. *Anuśatika*, 311. *Anvīkṣiki*, 2. *Āpastamba*, 325. *Araiyaolai*, 372. *Arājaka*, 19, 21, 23. Arbitration Board, 326. Archæological discoveries, 382. Arjuna, 34, 103. Arms and armour, 277. Arrian, 293, 366. Arsenal department, 276. *Artha*, 3, 33, 34, 168. *Arthaśāstra*, definition of, 2.

c16.3

Assembly, 139; majority opinion, 139*n*; unanimous decision, 140; in Tamil literature, 161. Aśoka, 73, 77, 80, 145, 252. *Āśramas*, 15, 43, 46. *Aṣṭakulaka*, 350. *Aśvamedha*, 91-3. *Aśvapālasvarāt*, 323. *Aśvatthāmā*, 112. *Āṭaviki*, 111. Atharva Veda, 65, 66. *Atibala*, 14. *Ātmakāśitam*, 242. Auditing Accounts, 207. Autocracy humbled, 250. *Ayudhajivisaṃgha*, 356. *Ayudhika*, 311.

c16.4

c16.5

*Bāhuḍantaka*, 13. Balance of power, 271. Bali, 115. Banishment, for Brahman culprits, 241. Bannerjee, P. N., 61, 72*n*. Barnett, L. D., 49*n*. Battlefield, choice of, 302. Baudhāyana, 64, 254. Bench clerk, 225. Bhadrasena, 96. *Bhājana*, 210. *Bhāga*, 178, 365, 366. *Bhakti*, a measure, 371. Bhandarkar, D.R., 73, 74. *Bhaṇḍi*, 158. Bharadvāja 13, 111. Bharata 68, 69. Bharatas, 9. Bhāskaravarman, 169. *Bhaṭṭa*, 370. Bhīṣma 11-12, 13, 44, 46. *Bhoga*, 178. Bhoja, 15. Birdwood, Sir George, 49. Brahman; definition of, 118. *Brāhmaṇaka*, 118. Brahmadeya, 370. Bṛhaspati, 6, 8, 9, 252-53, Bryce, Viscount, on failure of Democracy, 328. Budget, Balancing of, 194; Agastya on surplus budget, 195; Śukra's budget, 196, Budget season, 206.

c16.6

C Camps, ground for, 301. Capital punishments, 236. Castes, advantages of, 338; based on profession, 336, 337. Caste organization for industry, 329. Cattle, 372; Improvement of, 373; officers attached to, 374. Census clerk, 379, 380. Census Report of 1891, 336. Ceylon inscriptions, 151. Chakra-Pālita, 145. Chamu, an army division, 296. Chāṇakya, 7n. Chandeśvara, 252. Chandragupta, 73. Chārudattā, 248. Chaturvarga, 37. Chera, 37. Chola, 37. Chukti, a province, 357n. Civil causes, according to previous postings, 267; lawyers for, 268. Class division in the West, 338. Clauswitz, 286. Co-operation, not communistic, but communal, 349. Co-operative guilds, 337. Co-operative undertakings, 233, 327. Commander-in-chief, qualifications, 308; a permanent officer (?) 309. Commissariat, 294. Communalism, principle of, 149n. Compensation price, Vārya, Vanadeya, 250. Contracts of different kinds, 229. Coomaraswami, A. K., 48, 329. Cotton, Sir Henry, 49. Counter-petition, rules of, 257. Court offences, 258. Criminal cases, admitted at any time, 267; no lawyers for, 268. Cross-examination, 238. Crown lands, 165. Crown lands and private lands, 365. Crown Prince, 97; disobedience to king, 106; consecration of, 107; education of, 107; murder of, 111; misbehaviour of, 110; allowance of, 113. Cunningham, Sir Alexander, 382.

c16.7

D Dakṣaprajāpati, 112. Dānastutis, 120. Daṇḍa, 10 11. Daṇḍadhara, 21. Dāṇḍika, 12. Daṇḍanīti, 1, 2, 6. Daṇḍapāruṣyam, 232. Dāṇḍkya, 100. Daśabandha, 258n. Dāyabhāga, 332n. Death of a warrior, South Indian custom, 280. Decentralization, principle of, 384. Defalcation, three ways of, 213. Democracy of the ideal type, 24; economic, 49. Department of Accounts, 204. Department of Local Government, functions of, 325. Department of Navy, 294-6. Deposits, two kinds of, 231. Deśa, 316. Devabhāga Śrautarṣi, 119. Devadattaka, 353. Devala, 278. Devolution and distribution of powers, 328. Dharma, 28, 33. Dharmādhikaraṇas, 168. Dharmādhikārin, 224. Dharmasthīya, a common law court, 227; list of cases to, 228-9. Dharmapāla, 22. Dhaumya, 115. Dhṛtarāṣṭra, 68, 109. Dhruva, 371. Digvijaya, 77, 78. Diodorus, 366. Diplomatic Theories, 272-4. Diplomatic means, four, 275, 278. Discrimination in equity, 263; justice, 262. Division of villages, geographical and political, 359. Draupadī, 70, 247; appeal to court as to the validity of Yudhiṣṭhira's action, 247. Droṇa-mukha, 315; officer-in-charge of, 320. Durnaya, 37. Dvāras, 320.

c16.8

E Economic democracy, 335. Edwardes, S. M., 72, 243.

c16.9

Eggeling, J., 89, 91, 116. Eighteen guilds in the Jātakas, 340. Ekabhoga, 370. Ekarāja, 79. Election in village assemblies, 359 ; qualifications of members, 359 ; disqualified, 359-60 ; deliberation in assemblies, 360. Elphinstone, Mountstuart, 329. Embezzlement, forty forms, 208-9. Emigration, 380. Epidemics and state, 377. Essence of democracy, 355. Ethics of war, 231, 282; Megasthenes' evidence, 283; in Tamil literature, 284-286. Equity, 218, 256. Exchequer, 202. Excise, regulations of, 174. Executioner, sense of justice, 250. Expenditure, items of, 190-191; two kinds of, 191; civil list of Kauṭalya, 192.

c16.10

c16.11

Fick, R., 116, 343. Financial prosperity and adversity, 213. Fleet, 4. Follett, M. P., 36. Foreign intercourse, 270. Forests, kinds of, 374n. Fortresses, different kinds of, in South India, 276, 275 Fourfold force, 293; work of, 299-300. Frazer, Sir James, 57. Functions of sabhā, 361.

c16.12

c16.13

Gambling, regulations of, 175. Gaṇa, a military division, 296; institution of, 347. Gaṇapati Śāstri, 2n, 31. Gaṇāsa, 348. Gandhara, 113, 129, 131. Ganga, 14, 217. Garden cities, 375. Gaurīśiras, 13. Ghoshal, 55n, 57, 60, 61, 123 Gilchrist, 25. Gopa, 317; duties of, 318; not necessarily a member of the Brahman community, 319. Gopāla, 68. Govindarāja, 21, 210. Grāma, the unit of administration, 314; an Ideal village, 314. Grāmadrohins, 155. Grāmaṇi, 154, 317; a military official, 307. Grāmavṛddha, 254. Gṛhasta, 47. Grote, 24. Groups, occupational and neighbourhood, 330. Guilds in the Arthaśāstra, 337. Guilds and banks, 344; guilds and manufactures, 345; guilds of lapidaries, 345. Gulmas, a military division 296; unit of administration, 316.

c16.14

c16.15

Haldane, Lord, 328. Hanumān, 46, 137, 268; on dignity of law and order, 269. Hārīta, 252. Harṣa, 112. Haug, M. 39. Hetuvidhya, 2n. Heroism in South India, 281. Hiḍimbi, 111. Hieun Tsiang, 238. Hillebrandt, 93, 155. Hinasāmanta, Officer of villages less than a hundred, 323. Hindu culture, decay of, 384. Holidays, 211. Hopkins, E. W., 69, 117, 133. Horticulture, 375. Houses, 380.

c16.16

c16.17

Immovable property, regulations regarding, 231. India, 100. Indian physicians, 377. Industries, nationalisation, of 194; no capital class, 194. Information in war, 286-87. Insurance against famine, flood and fire, 380. Intelligence Department, 113. Irrigation, methods of, 368. Items of an account, 206. Itihāsas, 19, 108.

c16.18

J Jahanghir, 110. Janaka, 70. *Jānapadasamgha*, 348. *Jātakas*, 138, 317 Jatāvarman Sundara Pāṇḍya, 363. Jayaswal, K. P., 5, 62, 66, 106*n*. Jeṭṭhaka, institution of, 343. *Jīvagṛh*, 216. Jolly, J, 2*n*., 180. Judges, how appointed, 222, 223 Judicial enquiry, 239 Judicial procedure in the Vedic ages, 220. Jūnagadh Inscription, 145. Jury system, 239. Jury of the court, 246; not a permanent institution, composition of, 246.

c16.19

K Kālidāsa, 37, 251*n*. Kāmandaka, 5, 32. 33, 50, 52, 54*n*. 308. Kāmandaka ṛṣi, 29. Kambanāṭṭār, Tamil poet, 369. Kāmpatha, 114. Kamsa, 96. Kaṇika, minister of Dhṛtarāṣṭra, 145, 273. *Kaṇṭakaśodhana*, 227; cases adjudged by, 234 Kardama, 14. *Karma*, 243. *Kaśika*, 353. Kaśyapa, 93. Kātyāyana, 139, 254. Kauṇapadanta, 112. Kausalya, 96. Kauśika, 112. Kauṭalya, 3; not blind Pandit, 219. Kauṭalya on the *Arthaśāstra* and *daṇḍanīti*, 3; on the origin of the state, 16, 64; on *Trivarga*, 31; on paternal conception, 74; on daily duties, 94; on princes 112; on the council chamber, 136; on tax collecting officials, 186; on the civil list, 192; on forms of embezzlement, 208, 9; on judicial enquiry and torture, 239, 40; on the *maṇḍala*, 271; on the ambassador, 288, 289; on the fourfold army, 299. Kāyasta (scribe), 248. Keith, 39, 83*n*., 120. Kharavela, 56. Kharvāṭika, 315, 320. Khattiya, 18. Kingship, origin of, 14,-17, 58, 60, 62, 63, theory of, 58; a creation of people, 68; no periodcal limits, 69-70; subject to expulsion, 67 titles and gradation of ,78-82. Kings, three kinds, 98; virtues of, 97; safety of, 98, 9; vices of, 99, 100; rights and duties of, 94, 95, 102, 103; writs of, 104. King, servant of people, 155; the sixth taker, 163; appeal to people in times of danger 199, 200; not above the law but under it, 216. Kirtiman, 14. Kośaladeśa, 114. Kṛṣṇa Śāstri, H., 360. Krisna, 112. *Kula*, a measure of land, 323; a rural institution, 338; in the Pāli-canon, 339. Kullūkabhaṭṭa, 21. Kumāragupta, 112. Kumāras, 114. Kumbha, 316. Kunindas, 350. Kurukṣetra, 34, 92, 103. *Kural*, 49, 144. *Kuṭumbi* or joint family in the epics, 330, 331.

c16.20

L Labourers and their wages, 230. Land tenures from inscriptions, 370. Laṅkā, 70. Law, N.N., 57, 79, 81, 116. Law, territorial, 221. Lawyer, qualifications of, 223. Law suit, nature of, how determined, 265. Legal status of the village courts 354. Leave, regulations of, 256; casual leave and sick leave, 211. Līlavatī, 151. Localization of industries, 343. *Lōkāyata*, 2*n*. *Lōkayātra*, 4. Lot on the Athenian model, 361. Lower courts, 252.

c16.21

M Macdonell, A. A., 39. Mādhavagupta, 112.

c16.22

*Madhyama*, 271*n*. *Madhyamasi*, 221. *Magadha*, 14. *Mahābhiṣeka*, 86-88. *Mahāmātras*, 114. *Mahārāja*, 80. *Mahāsammata*, 18, 63. Maine, Sir Henry, 26. *Maitrāyaṇi Saṃhitā*, 153. *Mālava Gaṇa*, 350. *Maṇḍala* or circle of states, 80, 271. *Maṇḍodari*, 160. *Maṇi*, 66. *Maṇṛadivāriyam*, temple committee, 362. Manu, 16, 17; *Svāyambhuva*, 13; *Vaivasvata*, 18*n*. *Mantripariṣad*, 138, 139, 145, 146; council, 135; royal chamber, 136; deliberation in, 141; functions of, 141; members of, 143; *Śūdras*, members of, 148; eligible for consultation, 149. March of an army, 297; season for, 297; preliminaries for, 297; routes of, 208; non-military officials, 300. *Mārgas*, kinds of, 316. *Mārkaṇḍeya*, 21. Marriage, regulations of, 233; divorce and inheritance, 233. *Mathurā*, 113. *Mātsyanyāya*, 11, 19, 21, 22-23. Matthai, J., 333. *Medhādithi*, 21, 340. Medicine and surgery, 377. Metcalfe, Sir Charles, 357. Meteorology, 367. Milestones, 376. Militarism, not an essential feature, 383. *Mīmāṃsa*, 254, 256. *Mitākṣara*, 217, 232. *Mitramiśra*, 352. *Mlechchas*, 14, 137. Monahan, F. J., 204, 208, 245. Monarchy, hereditary, elective, democratic, 71. Money compensation for murder, 220. Money lending, 230; rates of interest, 231. *Mugaveṭṭi*, 372. Mughal India, 245. Municipal administration, 375; public health under, 376; taxes levied, 378; officials of, 378, 379; other regulations, 381. *Muppāl*, 35.

c16.23

c16.24

*Nacchinārkkiniyar*, 189. Nag, K., 97, 106*n*, 256. *Nāgadāsaka*, 67. *Nāgaraka*, 202, 379. *Nagarattar*, 363. *Nahuṣa*, 32, 68, 100. *Naigama* organization, 363. *Nala*, 100. *Nandas*, 67. *Nanda Vardhana*, 383. *Nandivarman Pallavamalla*, 363, 364. *Nārada* sage, 30. *Naradevata*, 61, 62. *Nariṣṭa*, 154. *Nāṭṭukoṭṭai Cheṭṭi* community, 363*n*. *Nayas*, 5. *Nāyaka*, officer of ten villages, 310*n*, 323. *Nedumśeliyan* II, 313. Neighbourhood groups in ancient India, 355. Night watchmen, 320. *Nīlakaṇṭha*, 366*n*. *Nirśāmanta*, 323. *Niṣādas*, 14. *Nītiśāstra*, 7-9. *Numbudris*, 332*n*. Nur Jahan, 110. *Nyāyakarmikas*, adjudicators, 371. *Nyāya Śāstra*, 2*n*.

c16.25

c16.26

Occupational castes in *Rig Veda*, 337. Occupational guilds in South India, 335, 336; five principal artisans, 336. Offences of adultery and sexual intercourse, 237. Office of the monarchy, dignity of, 383. Office of the mint, 173. Officers of the Jail, 225. Officers, transfer of, 211. Officials, permanent and their privileges, 211. Open trial, 248, 252. Ordeal, 238, 251.

c16.27

c16.28

*Paijavana*, 46*n*. *Pākayajña*, 45, 46*n*.

c16.29

Pāla, 22. Paḷanyāyam, 372. Palli, 316. Paṇa, its value, 262n. Pañchabandha, 258n. Pañchayat courts, 329, 333. Pañchamahāpātakam, 360. Pañchamahā Yajña, 47. Pāṇḍavās, 110. Pāṇḍu, 68, 69, 101. Pāṇḍya, 37. Pāṇini, 340, 352, 355 Paraiyan caste, 336. Parāśura, 112. Paraśurāma, 113. Pargiter, F. E., 65. Paribhoga, 370. Parikṣit, 70, 112. Pari Meḷalagar, 35, 37 Pariṣad, 138, 144, 152, 156 ; committee of justice, 326. Parokta, an offence, 259n. Pārṣṇigrāhasāra, 271. Pātāla, kings of, 338. Patti, unit of an army, 296. Pattipāla, 311. Paura Jānapada, 156, 157 ; views of Law and Jayaswal on, 157 ; evidence in Tamil literature, 158. Pension, 212. Piśuna, 251n. Plato, 8. Police officials, 235, 240. Police regulations in the city, 380. Political philosophy of Kauṭalya, 274. Power of appeal to king, 253. Prabhākaravardhana, 112. Prāḍvivāka, 224. Pragraha Sabhā, 157. Prahlādākhyāna, 22. Prakṛti, 51, 65, 157. Prakṛtis or seven elements, basis of diplomacy, 274. Pramātha, 371, surveyor. Praṇaya, 198 ; free gifts, 198 ; war loans, 199. Pratinidhi, 142. Pratīpa, 68. Pratyayas or holdings, 371. Precedent or Samstha, 256. Priest, a misnomer, 117. Private property in land, 164, 165, 332n. Process of devolution, 351. Proper enquiry, 264. Proxy, vote by, 142. Prthu, 151. Pṛtna, an army division, 296.

c16.30

Public Hall of Sacrifice, 249. Pūga, a community of interests, 353, 354. Punishing lower court, 264. Punishments and offences, 225. Puravuvari, 371. Purohita, 114, 115 ; origin of, 116 ; position of, 120 ; in the Arthaśāstra, 123 ; in Tamil polity, 123 ; qualification of, 124 ; importance of, 125 ; in the battlefield, 126, 294 ; in the Jātakas, 128 ; his other duties, 132. Purośu, in Tamil literature, 349. Pūrva Mīmāṃsā, 366n. Pūrṇābhiṣeka, 85. Puruṣamedha, 93. Puruṣārthas, 27, 34, 78. Puruṣa Sūkta, 39. Puṣkalāvati, 113.

c16.31

c16.32

Raghunatha, 22. Raikva, 47. Rāja Dharma, 8. Rājadhirāja, 80. Rājakartāraḥ, 66, 139. Rājakulas, 338. Rājarāja Chola, 290. Rājasūya, 82, 84, 86, 115. Rājatvam, 58n. Rājyam, 55n. Rāma, 68. Rāṣṭra, 157. Rāṣṭragopa, 115. Ratnins, 66. Russel, B., 27. Rāvaṇa, 100. Reclamation of the waste, 368, 372. Record Office, 204. Records, preservation of, 206. Recruitment of army, merits and demerits, 291. Reforms Act of 1919, 314. Regional groups in Tamil literature, 334. Relation of Central Government to Local Government, 324. Retrial of cases, 264. Rig Veda, 65, 80, 120, 140. Roads in the city, 375 ; grand trunk roads, 375. Roth, R., 220. Royal writs, classification of, 204, 205.

c16.33

c16.34

*Sabhā* 252, 358; *Mahāsabha*, 358; composition of, 358. *Sabhā* in South India, 152; in Vedic times, 152; a judicial body, 153; fair sex members of *sabhā*? 153; *sabhāpati*, 154; *sabhācāra* 154; *sabhā sad*, 154; members of *sabhā*, 155. *Sabhā maṇḍapa*, 154; a true *sabhā*, 158; Draupadī legal point, 159; four kinds of *sabhā*, an organism, 160. *Saḍamśavṛtti*, 163. *Saḍangabala* 292. *Saḍguṇyam*, 272n. *Sādhyapāla* (court official), 226. *Saḍvarga*, 12. *Sāhasa*, 232. *Sāhasrika*, 311. *Saibya*, 353. *Śaladhipa*, official in charge of rest houses, 317. Salt, duty on, 176. *Samāharta*, 201; collector-general, duties of, 201, 202. *Sāmanta*, officer of *grāmas*, 100, 110; 323. *Samaya* or decision, 352. *Sambhūyasamuthāna*, 265. *Samiti*, 65, 152, 155. *Samrāṭ*, 78, 79. *Samudragupta*, 76. *Samsthānaka*, 248. *Sangam*, 7n, 123. *Sangrahana*, 315, 320 *Śankara Bhāṣya*, 39. *Śankarārya*, 5n, 32, 50-5?, 155n. *Sannidhata*, 201; minister of finance other duties, 203. *Śantanu*, 69. *Saptānga*, 54. *Sarkar*, B. K., 8, 347. *Sarvamānya*, 370. *Sarvamedha*, 89. *Śāsana*, 104. *Śatakiya*, 353. *Śatānika*, 311. *Sāthavāhana* Hala, 317. *Sattras*, 83. *Sayana*, 152. Seasonal Crops, 367. Secret commissioners in the village, 320; duties of, 321. *Senamukha*. 296. *Senāni*, 307. *Senapati*, 310. Separate courts of the village, 341; in South India, 342.

c16.35

*Setu*, 368. Shah Jahan, 110. *Sīma karmakāras*, 371. *Siṣṭachāra*, 24, 217. *Śiśunaga*, 67. *Sītā*, wife of Rāma, 70; plough, 365-6. *Sita Adhyakṣa*, 365. *Śittalai Śāttanar*, 35. Sixfold policy, 275. *Skandagupta*, 4. Smaller council, 147; functions of, 147; cabinet secrecy, 150. Smith, V. A., 72. *Soma*, 103. *Somadevasuri*, 127. Sources of income, miscellaneous, 176, 177, 179; in Chola inscriptions, 179. Sources of law, subsidiary, 217. Spinning and Weaving, 171; employment of woman for, 171. *Śreṇi*, kinds of, 339. *Śreṇimukhyas*, 342. *Śreṇidharma*, 346. *Śreṣṭin*, head of the guild, 344, 346 provost, 248. *Śrīrangam*, 7n. *Śrotriyas*, exemption of taxes to, 187; duties of, 188, 189. *Śrotriyatvam*, 122. Status of village officials, 323. *Sthāniya*, 315; officer in charge of, 320. *Sthānikas* or sentinels, 379. Storehouse, stock in, 203. Strabo, 366. Stein, O., 253, 376. *Śūdas*, master of circle, 115, 273. *Śudraka*, the dramatist, 242. *Sugriva*, 47. *Sujāta*, 153. *Sumantra*, chief minister, 197. *Sunaschepa*, 93. *Sunga*, 142. *Sūta*, 14, 85, 109, 148n. Summons, 248, 260. *Svadharma*, 36, 40, 41, 50, 59. *Svarṇagiri*, 114. *Svayamvara*, 111.

c16.36

c16.37

*Takṣasila*, 113. Tanjore Inscriptions, 372. Tanjore Temple Inscriptions, 362. Tamil kingdom, division of, 357.

c16.38

*Tarkavidya*, 2. Taxes, one-sixth 163; other rates, 163; graduated taxation, 164; rates in Chola kingdom, 168; tax collector, 168; on commerce, 169; on ocean and river traffic, 172; on land and ocean mines, 173. Taxation, 180; Kauṭalya's recommendation not unscrupulous, 180, 181, 185; principles of, 182; wilful evasion and force, 183; ability and least sacrifice, 185; Remissions of, 186. Temple, an active centre of learning, 362, 363. Thomas, F. W., 9. Time of grace, 207. Tirumaṅgai Ālvar, 35. Tiruvaḷḷuvar, 35, 37. *Tīrthas*, 106, 113. Tolls, 170. Toll houses, 378. Torture in the *Arthaśāstra*, 237; never to doubtful cases, 240. Tosali, 114. *Trayī*, 2*n*. Treaty, three kinds of, 275. Treasury of the Mauryas, 202, 203. *Trivarga*, 11, 28-29, 30, 32-34, 50.

c16.39

c16.40

*Udaṅkūṭṭam*, 372. *Udāsina*, 271. *Ugra*, 216. Ujjain, 114. Uneconomic holdings, 372. *Uparichara*, 13. *Upadhās*, 143*n*, 144. Usage and statutes, 255. *Utsanna*, 91. Uttara, 112. Uttaramallūr Inscription, 359, 360.

c16.41

c16.42

*Vanija*, 14, 84. *Vāhinis*, 296. *Vājapeya*, 82, 86. *Vāka*, 131. *Vākpāruṣyam*, 232. Vālmīki, 107. *Vālakhilya*, 14. Vamadeva, 119. *Vānaprastha*, 47. *Varṇas*, 15, 43. *Varṇāśramadharma*, 38. *Variyilidu*, 372. *Vārtta*, 3. Vasiṣṭha, 22, 118. *Vātabhutā*, 178. *Vatavyādhi*, 274. *Vātsyāyana*, 311. *Varippottakam*, 371. Vasantasena, 249. Vena, 14, 67. Venkatesvara, S. V., 296*n*. *Vetrakīya*, 111. *Vevalakatuja*, 151. *Vivhiṣaṇa*, 137. *Vidaivil* (despatch office), 372. Vidiśa, 113. Vidura, 30. Vijaya, 70. Vijñānesvara 258*n*; 348. *Vijigīṣu* 272. Village communities, importance of, 357. Villages, five classes of, 202; officials of the villlage, 319. Village institutions, communal and territorial, 330; other committees, 327. Virarājendradeva, 371. *Virāj*, 80, 81. *Virājasa*, 14. *Virāta Nagara*, 111. *Viṣaya*, a district, 357*n*. *Viśalākṣa*, 13, 111, 146. *Viśvakarma Bhuvana*, 93. *Viśvāmitra*, 113, 115. *Vrātā*, 355; groups of, 356. *Vṛṣṇis*, 101, 350. *Vṛtti*, 41. *Vṛtra*, 80. Vyāsa, 13, 93, 115, 254, 278. *Vyāsanas*, 513, 147*n*. *Vyavasta*, 372. *Vyavahāra* or judicial procedure, 255. *Vyavahārika Karma*, 241. *Vyūhā* or battle array 302; kinds of, 302-303; formation of, 304.

c16.43

c16.44

War, causes of, 312; in South India, 312, 313; informants of, 288; ambassadors, 288, 289; motives for, 277; *vīrasvarga*, 278; Kṣatriya duty, 279; between equals, 279.

c16.45

Warfare, kinds of, 304, 305; righteous warfare, 305; treacherous, 305, 306; *ākāśayuddha*, 307. War council, 307. War minister, 270. Wages—time and piece wages, 172. Winternitz, M., 128. Witnesses, regulations of, 259; ineligible, 260; to depose on oath, 261. Working year, 206. Writs, royal, 104; officer in charge of, 104, 105.