A History of Hindu Political Theories from the Earliest Times to the End of the First Quarter of the Seventeenth Century A.D. c16: Index

A History of Hindu Political Theories from the Earliest Times to the End of the First Quarter of the Seventeenth Century A.D. c16

Language: English

Index

c16.1

Ages of the world, king's connection with, 99-100,187-188 and *n*.

Arthaśāstra, early schools and authors of, 68-70 ; antiquity of, 71-72 ; definition of, 72-76 ; its scope and method, 77 and *n*. ; connection of, with monarchic State, 83 *n*. ; general tendency of early Arthaśāstra thought and its importance in the history of political theory, 112-115 ; connection of Arthaśāstra thought with that of the Manusamhitā and the Mahābhārata in respect of the end of the science 166, the category of seven limbs 169, the theory of kingship 180, the position of the Brāhmaṇas 189, the education of the king 190, the rationale of a Civil Service 192, the doctrine of expediency 194, the theory of punishment 195-196, the relation of statecraft to morality 198. Also see under Government, King, Nature, Powers, Punishment, Sciences, Subjects, etc.

c16.3

Aryadeva, a Buddhist author : relation of his theory of kingship to that of the Manusamhitā and the Mahābhārata, 210 ; his view of the relation of statecraft to morality challenges the position of the Brāhmaṇa canonists at every point, 211-212. See also under King, Morality, etc.

c16.4

Atharvaveda. See under King, Brāhmaṇas etc.

c16.5

Banerjea, Pramatha Nath, *Public Administration in Ancient India*, quoted, 65 *n*., 182-183 *n*.

c16.6

Barker, *Political Thought of Plato and Aristotle*, quoted, 80.

c16.7

Bastable, *Public Finance*, quoted, 16.

c16.8

Bhandarkar, *Carmichael Lectures, 1919*, quoted, 66 *n.* 71-72 *n.*, 74 *n.*, 82 *n.*, 127 *n.*, 134 *n.*, 162-163 *n.*, 182-183 *n.*, 204 *n.*

c16.9

Bloomfield, *Religion of the Veda*, quoted, 4.

c16.10

Bottazzi, quoted 137-138, *n.*

c16.11

Brāhmaṇas, position of, in State and society 14 ; doctrine of precedence of, and Kṣatriyas in the Vedic Saṃhitās and the Brāhmaṇas, 44-45 ; doctrine of joint divinity of, and king in the Taittirīya Saṃhitā and the Śatapatha Brāhmaṇa, 46-47 ; theory of mutual relations of, and Kṣatriyas in the Brāhmaṇas 47-50 ; Vedic conception of the divinity of, 52-54 ; conception in the Dharmasūtras of king and, as fulfilling fundamental human needs, 62-63 ; mutual relations of king and, in Dharmasūtras, 66-67 ; Arthaśāstra doctrine of joint lordship of Kṣatriya and, by virtue of divine ordination, 108-110 ; mutual relations of the Brāhmaṇas and the Kṣatriyas in the Arthaśāstra, 110-112 ; in the Manusaṃhitā and the Mahābhārata, 189-190.

c16.12

Brāhmaṇas, a branch of Vedic literature. See under King, Brāhmaṇas etc.

c16.13

Brihaspati Smriti. See under King.

c16.14

Brihaspati Sūtras, 115, 116.

c16.15

Buddhist canon, character of political thought in, 117; relation of Buddhist theory of contract to the idea of kingship in Kauṭilya, 135-136; Mahābhārata theory of kingship a reaction against the tendencies of the Buddhist theory, 172-173; Mahābhārata theory of republics compared with the Buddhist theory 207-208; later history of the Buddhist theory of contract, 210 *n*. See also under Contract, King, Republics.

c16.16

Chanda, Rama Prasad, quoted, 122-123, 129 *n*.

c16.17

Commentators on the Smritis (Medhātithi, Vijñāneśvara, Aparārka) : character of political thought of, 231-232; relation of ideas of rājadharma and daṇḍanīti and of theory of kingship of, to the Manusamhitā, 233-234; Medhātithi extends Manu's list of rights of subjects, 240-242. Also see under King, Punishment, Subjects, Taxation.

c16.18

Daṇḍanīti, Kauṭilya's definition of, 75; distinguished from Arthaśāstra, 78 *n.*; Kauṭilya's view of the relation of, to other sciences, 127-130; the Mahābhārata assimilates the concept of, to rājadharma 165; the end of, 166; doctrine of divine creation of, in the Mahābhārata, 176-177.

c16.19

Dharma (Law, Duty, Justice etc.) : twofold sanction of, in Dharmasūtras, 59-61 *n*. Also see under King, Society etc.

c16.20

Dharmasūtras, contain the first arranged list of duties (dharma) 58; character of political ideas in, 58-59; connection of, with Kauṭilya's theory 37 of kingship, 135-136. Also see under King, Brāhmaṇas, Politics, Society etc.

c16.21

Divine creation of king. See under King.

c16.22

Divinity of the king. See under King. Divinity of the Brāhmaṇa. See under Brāhmaṇas.

c16.23

Dunning, *History of Political Theories Ancient and Mediaeval*, quoted, 4.

c16.24

Government or Sovereignty : category of seven limbs of, in early Arthaśāstra, 84-89 ; in Kauṭilya, 131 ; in the Manusaṃhitā, 169-170 ; in Kāmandaka, 216 ; in Sukranīti, 252-253.

c16.25

Hemachandra, his Laghu Arhannīti is of the same nature as the Brahminical Smritis, 243 ; his theory of origin of science of polity compared with theory of the Mahābhārata, 244.

c16.26

Hindus, influences favouring the growth of political ideas among, 1-2 ; Max Müller on, 3 ; opinions of Janet and Bloomfield on, 4-7 ; opinions of Willoughby and Dunning on, 8-11 ; characteristics of Hindu political thought, 11-13 ; preponderance of schools and systems, 18 ; defective chronology, 18-19.

c16.27

Hobbes, Hindu theories of kingship compared with the Social Contract theory of, 274-276.

c16.28

Indo-Aryans, tribal society of, 25-26 ; tribal society of, transformed into the State, 34.

c16.29

Jacob, Col. G. A., quoted, 136 *n.*

c16.30

Jacobi, H., quoted, 125 *n.*, 126-127 *n.*

c16.31

Jaina legal and political treatises : their lack of originality and indebtedness to Brahminical thought, 242-243. See also under Hemachandra, Somadevasūri.

c16.32

Janet, *Histoire de la Science Politique*, quoted, 4.

c16.33

Jayswal, K. P., quoted 15-16 *n.*, 74 *n.*, 76 *n.*, 78 *n.*, 84 *n.*, 178 *n.*, 204 *n.*, 207 *n.*

c16.34

Jenks, *Law and Politics in the Middle Ages*, quoted, 35-37.

c16.35

Kāmandaka: his relation to Arthaśāstra authors and especially to Kauṭilya, 214-215; relation of his theory of kingship to earlier theories, 216-218; his conception of relation of statecraft to morality connected with the Mahābhārata, 220. Also see under King, Government, Morality, Kauṭilya, Mahābhārata.

c16.36

Kauṭilya: citation of early schools and authors in, 68; plan and scope of his work, 125-126; on the education and discipline of the prince, 139-140; the gospel of expediency in, 143-144; the end of state-craft is not territorial annexation but hegemony, 145-146; on the kind treatment of subjects and the maintenance of established customs, 146-147; compared with Machiavelli, 155-156; influence of his thought upon later times, 156-157; influence upon Kāmandaka in respect of the general plan of his work 215, the category of seven limbs 216, the doctrine of punishment 219. Also see under Arthaśāstra, Daṇḍanīti, Buddhist canon, Dharmasūtras, Morality, Sciences.

c16.37

King, his position and functions in the standard Indian polity, 13-16; the conception of king's divinity in the Rigveda 27; in the Atharvaveda 28; twofold basis of the king's divinity (as a member of the ruling class and as a participant in sacrificial ceremonies) in the Yajurveda and the Brāhmaṇas, 28-30; king's rule based upon his divinity in the Taittirīya Samhitā and the Śatapatha Brāhmaṇa, 32; the king has no indefeasible hereditary right, 33; king's authority limited by the moral basis of his office 41; anticipations in the Brāhmaṇas of the doctrines of king's creation by Divine Will and by popular agreement 42, 43; relation of king to 'purohita' in the Aitareya Brāhmaṇa, 51-52; importance of king's function in the Dharmasūtras, 62-63; the king's duty of protection and the conception of the king as an official, 64-65; Arthaśāstra view of the importance of the king's office, 89-92; king's divinity in Arthaśāstra, 93-96; king's duty of protection derived from his divine ordination, 97; king's justice is the foundation of ordered existence of the world, 98-100; justice the essential attribute of kingship, 100; good king and tyrant first distinguished in Arthaśāstra, 100-101; Buddhist theories of contract, 117-121; king, according to Kauṭilya, is the head of the elements of sovereignty, 131-132; Kauṭilya's view of the source and nature of the king's authority, 133-137; Mahābhārata on the importance of the king's office, 170-171; anti-popular origin of Mahābhārata theories of king's origin, 172-173; doctrine of king's divine creation in the Manusamhitā, 173-174; the theories of king's creation in the Mahābhārata involve blending of the ideas of divine creation and coronation-oath or popular agreement, 174-180;

c16.38

doctrine of king’s divinity in the Manusamhitā and the Mahābhārata, 180-182; king’s duty of protection, 184-186; king’s proper or improper exercise of daṇḍanīti entails corresponding merit or sin, 186-187; king conceived by Āryadeva to be servant of the people, 209-210; Kāmandaka’s idea of importance of the king’s office, 216-217; the same, according to the Purāṇas, 224; doctrine of king’s divinity in the Purāṇas, 225-226; incidents and duties of kingship, according to the Smriti commentators, extend beyond the Kṣatriya order, 234-236; king’s duty of protection, according to Medhātithi, extends to all classes of his subjects, 237-239; Somadeva on king’s importance and divine nature, 245; Śukranīti on king’s rule by virtue of his merit and on king’s divine nature, 254; king, according to Śukra, is servant of people by divine creation, 258; doctrine of king’s divinity in Mādhava, 260; kingship, according to Mādhava and Nīlakaṇṭha, confined to the Kṣatriya order, 261-262, but, according to Mitramiśra, is an attribute of all rulers of kingdoms, 262. Also see under Subjects, etc.

c16.39

Law, Narendra Nath, quoted 207 *n.*

c16.40

Law-books (Smritis), minor. See under Purāṇas.

c16.41

Machiavelli, Kauṭilya compared with, 155-156. Also see under Morality.

c16.42

Mādhava, his commentary on Parāśara is wanting in originality, 260; relation of his theory of kingship to that of earlier scholiasts, 261. See also under King.

c16.43

Mahābhārata, rājadharma sections in, involve synthesis of canonical and Arthaśāstra ideas of politics, 160, 162-163 *n.*; embody a standard list of the king's duties, 161-162 *n.*; inculcate a middle or a mixed course of policy, 192-194; connection of Mahābhārata theories of the king's function and nature and of the duty of the subjects with Kāmandaka, 220; with the Purāṇas and later Smṛitis, 225-226. Also see under Rājadharma, Daṇḍanīti, King, Arthaśāstra, Morality.

c16.44

Majumdar, Ramesh Chandra, *Corporate Life in Ancient India*, quoted, 22 *n.*, 207 *n.*, 208 *n.*

c16.45

Mātsyanyāya, 135-136 *n.*

c16.46

Manusaṁhitā, rājadharma chapter in, involves synthesis of Arthaśāstra and canonical ideas, 160; influence of theories of kingship in, upon later times, 218 *n.*, 258 *n.*, etc. Also see under Rājadharma, Daṇḍanīti, Government, Punishment, King, Mahābhārata etc.

c16.47

Mitramiśra, relation of his theory of kingship to the earlier scholastic theories, 262.

c16.48

Morality, Machiavellian conception of the relation of statecraft to, in early Arthaśāstra, 102-105; in Kauṭilya, 148-150; in the Mahābhārata and the Manusaṁhitā, 198-200; justified by the gospel of self-preservation, the natural law of existence, the supreme authority of the canon, and the importance of the state-function 200-204; politics wholly subservient to morality in Āryadeva, 210-212.

c16.49

Moslem conquest, effect of, upon political theory, 288.

c16.50

Natural state of man, conception of, in Śatapatha Brāhmaṇa, 41-42; in Arthaśāstra, 92; in the Buddhist canon, 118-119; in the Mahābhārata, 178-179.

c16.51

Nature, conception of human, in Arthaśāstra, 107; in Manusamhitā, 196; in Kāmandaka, 220.

c16.52

Organic unity, conception of, of society in Dharmasūtras 60; in Arthaśāstra 100-101; conception of, of government (prakriti) in the Manusamhitā 169-170; in Kāmandaka, 221-222; in Śukranīti, 252-253.

c16.53

Orientals, Janet's estimate of, 4; opinion of Willoughby on, 8-9.

c16.54

Powers (Śaktis), a technical term : conception of the three, in early Arthaśāstra, 86; in Kauṭilya, 143.

c16.55

Prakritis, (a technical term). See under Government.

c16.56

Punishment (daṇḍa), doctrine of, in early Arthaśāstra 106-107; in Kauṭilya, 153-154; in the Manusamhitā and the Mahābhārata, 195-196; in Kāmandaka, 219-220; duty of, not optional but compulsory, according to Aparārka, 239-240.

c16.57

Purāṇas and minor Law-books, decline of political speculation in, 223; analogy of some theories of popular obedience in, to Western theory of Divine Right, 229. Also see under King, etc.

c16.58

Purohita, relation of, to the king in the Brāhmaṇas, 51-52 ; in Arthaśāstra, 88-89.

c16.59

Rājadharma, conception of, compared with the concept of Arthaśāstra, 81-82 ; assimilated to Daṇḍanīti in the Manusamhitā and the Mahābhārata, 165 ; comprehends and transcends all other duties, 167-168 ; the Mahābhārata bases it partly upon reason and experience, 197-198.

c16.60

Rajputs, influence of rise of, upon political theory, 236 *n*.

c16.61

Rāmāyaṇa, on importance of king’s office, 171-172 *n*.

c16.62

Republics (Sanghas, Gaṇas, Kulas etc.) : Buddhist theory of seven conditions of success in, 122-123 ; Kauṭilya on, 154 ; Mahābhārata on, 205-207 ; comparison of Mahābhārata theory with that of the Buddhists, 207-208.

c16.63

Righteousness, king’s, is the foundation of ordered existence of the people, 99-100.

c16.64

Rigveda, state of society in the age of, 25-26. See also under King.

c16.65

Sarkar, Benoy Kumar, quoted 188 *n*., 249 *n*.

c16.66

Sciences (vidyās), criticism of the traditional division of, by three Arthaśāstra schools, 79-80 ; Kauṭilya’s rehabilitation of, 127-130.

c16.67

Shamasastry, R., quoted 74 *n*., 84 *n*., 134 *n*.

c16.68

Society, or the social order : germs of conception of, in Upaniṣads, 54-55 ; scheme of, in Dharmasūtras, 59-60.

c16.69

Somadevasūri, (a Jaina author) : his Nītivākyāmṛitam, is a copy of Kauṭilya’s Arthaśāstra, 243 ; connection of his theory of kingship with theory of Brahminical canon, 245-246. Also see under King.

c16.70

Sovereignty. See under Government.

c16.71

State, multiplicity and variety of Indian States, 2 ; characteristics of standard Indian State, 16 ; transformation of original tribal society of Indo-Aryans into the, 54.

c16.72

Subjects, doctrines of respectful submission and obedience of, in Dharmasūtras 63 ; in Arthaśāstra, 94-96 ; limited by right of tyrannicide, 101 ; in Kauṭilya, 135 ; in the Manusamhitā and the Mahābhārata, 183-184 ; limited by right of tyrannicide, 188 ; in the Purāṇas and minor Smritis, 227-229 ; the subject’s right of bearing arms extends, according to Medhātithi, even to normal times, 240-241 ; Medhātithi’s plea for the right of rebellion, 241-242 ; monarchy is the natural and necessary condition of subjects according to Śukra, 256-257 ; Śukra’s advocacy of the right of deposing bad kings, 259.

c16.73

Śukranīti, character of, 248-249 ; its date and authorship, 249 footnote ; conception of scope and practical application of Nītiśāstra in, 249-252 ; conception of king as servant of people in, compared with that of Āryadeva, 258 footnote ; distinction between good king and tyrant in, 258-259. Also see under Government, King, Mahābhārata, Subjects, Taxation.

c16.74

Taxation, doctrine of connection of, with protection : in Dharmasūtras, 65; in Buddhist canon, 210; in Kauṭilya, 136; in the Mahābhārata and the Manusamhitā, 185 footnote; in Smriti commentaries, 235-238; extreme development of, in Śukranīti, 258; application of, by Mitramiśra, 262.