[Pramāṇa](https://indike.org/pramana/) › [Studies](https://indike.org/pramana/ins) › [Polity, law and society](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity) › [The Inner Conflict of Tradition: Essays in Indian Ritual, Kingship, and Society](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.heesterman-1985) › c20 # The Inner Conflict of Tradition: Essays in Indian Ritual, Kingship, and Society c20: Index The Inner Conflict of Tradition: Essays in Indian Ritual, Kingship, and Society c20 - **Language:** English ### Index ### [c20.1](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.heesterman-1985.c20.1) \*Abhigara\*. \*See\* Praiser \*Abhiṣeka\*. \*See\* Unction Act of truth, 135 Adharma. \*See\* Dharma Adhvaryu officiant, 125 Aditi, 67 Ādityas, 29, 209n. 25 \*Adṛṣṭa\*, 101 Agni, 62, 65, 86 Agnicayana. \*See\* Fire altar Agnihotra, 89, 93, 102, 226n. 14, 227n. 38 Agriculture, 62, 106 Āhavanīya, 40 Ahiṃsā 82, 96, 98, 196, 225n. 10 \*Ahīna\*, 209n. 14 Akṣapaṭala, 132, 137 Akṣarakṣitṛ, 137 Akṣavāpa, 137, 239n. 12 "Alighting," 120 \*Aṃhas\*, 105, 134 \*'Āmil\*, 165 Anaddhāpuruṣa, 218n. 58 \*Anāśyānna\*, 37 Angirases, 29, 54, 209n. 20 \*Anṛta\*. \*See\* Untruth Anṛtadūta, 79 Anthill, 54, 55, 218n. 61 Ānvīkṣikī, 130, 131, 235n. 7 Apagara. \*See\* Reviler Apratigṛhya, 37 Āpta, 115 Apūrva, 101, 125 \*Araṇya\*. \*See\* Wilderness \*Arghya\*, 48 Arthaśāstra: on brahmin, 21; and dharma, 111; on financial audit, 6, 132f.; on merchant, 165; and nationalism, 128; purpose of, 130; on renunciatory virtue, 156; on territory, 143. \*See also\* "Circle of Kings"; Conqueror; Kauṭilya \*Arthavāda\*, 99, 104 Ascent to heaven, 120 Aśoka, 20, 228n. 2 Āśrama, 40 Asuras. \*See\* Devas \*Aśvamedha\*. \*See\* Horse sacrifice Aśvins, 47f., 215nn. 24, 25 Athar Ali, M., 161, 245n. 8 Ātman, 39 Aurangzeb, 20, 161, 243n. 41 Authority: of brahmin, 111, 141, 155, 201; dispersed, 147, 148, 150; and king(ship), 6, 24, 117; separated from power, 157, 187; transcendent, 125, 127; universalistic, 177, 179 \*Avabhṛtha\*. \*See\* Final bath \*Avivākya\*, 223n. 28 Axial Age, 95, 96, 106, 107, 200 Axial breakthrough, 4f., 157 Ayasthūṇa, 75 ### [c20.2](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.heesterman-1985.c20.2) Baal, J. van, 225n. 11 Bali, 101 Bandhu, 71, 80 Baudhāyana, 52, 53, 55 Beck, B. F., 13, 206n. 12 Bhīṣma, 116, 125 \*Bhrātṛvya\*. \*See\* Rival Bhṛgu, 90 \*Bhūmiyāwat\*, 243n.45 Biardeau, M., 81, 82, 246n.29 Bodewitz, H. W., 213n.77 “Boxing device” of ritual, 118 \*Brahmacārin\*, 40, 73, 126, 213n.79 \*Brahmahatyā\*, 76 \*Bráhman\*: birth from 208n.12; as enigmatic formulation, 4, 71; as intermediary element, 216n.32; and \*kṣatra\*, 112, 141f.; and wilderness, 126. \*See also\* Brahmán; \*Brahmodya\* Brahmán: at \*brahmodya\*, 72, 221n.12; as healer of sacrifice, 27; Indra qualified as, 77, 210n.30, 224n.41; and king, 79, 151, 154; and sacrificer, 6, 28; as sacrificial officiant, 30, 71, 79, 220n.34. \*See also\* Brahmin \*Brāhmaṇa\* (text), 97 \*Brahmavādin\*, 73 Brahmin: desacralized, 155; duties of, 214n.89; as guest, 30; holds authority, 111, 141, 155, 201; not a priest, 150; proclaimed, 154, 208n.12; as renouncer, 4, 43f., 145, 155, 160, 200, 232n.32; sits below king, 142; stands apart, 38, 103, 201, 246n.22; takes over death, 31, 37; as warrior, 3, 106, 126, 210n.30. \*See also\* King. Brahminization, 12. \*See also\* Sanskritization \*Brahmodya\*, 71–74, 76, 100, 126, 150, 221nn.13, 15 Breloer, B., 132 \*Bṛhaspatisava\*, 120 Brotherhood, 185–87, 189 Buddhism, 95f., 228n.1 ### [c20.3](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.heesterman-1985.c20.3) Calkins, P. B., 244n.46 Cash nexus, 164, 166–68 Caste: alien term, 180; “allied,” 12f.; and census, 8, 202, 248n.33; and karma, 195, 197; and modern state, 192; and peasant society, 180, 246n.20; and \*Stand\*, 194; right-left division of, 13. \*See also\* \*Varṇa\*; \*Jāti\* Cattle corral, 56 \*Cātvāla\*, 56 Census, 175, 182, 202, 248n.33 Chariot: alighting from, 121; driving on, 99, 119, 125; mounting on, 237n.45; oblation on, 145; and ritual, 28, 92, 106, 224n.50; 227n.46; war and racing, 29, 120, 148, 211n.42 “Circle of Kings,” 6, 18, 21, 103, 149f. Civil disobedience, 177 Cohn, B.S., 176, 242n.32 Commensality, 223n.35 Community, settled, 6, 118f., 243n.42 Conflict, 148, 167, 171, 177f., 185, 214n.88 \*See also\* Devas Congress. \*See\* Indian National Congress Connubium, 135, 138, 145 Conqueror, 103, 149 Conquest of the senses, 131f., 156 Consensus, 178 Consilium, 130 Contest: and sacrifice, 28f., 32–34, 92, 152f.; for secret, 215n.25; verbal, 75, 80, 223n.28. \*See also Brahmodya\*; Reviler Cosharers, 18, 133, 139, 156, 184 Cosmic circulation, 88, 227n.28 Cosmic man, 46, 84 Cow, 65, 67, 220n.31. \*See also Dakṣiṇā\*; \*Iḍā\* Custom, 11, 196f., 248n.17 Customary law, 10 ### [c20.4](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.heesterman-1985.c20.4) Dadhyañc, 47, 215n.17 Dakṣiṇā, 27f, 30f., 46, 64f., 79, 211nn.49, 52, 225n.53 \*Daṇḍa\*, 122, 234n.84 Das, Veena, 246nn.26, 32 \*Daśapeya\*, 30, 120 Death, 33, 153 Deccan, 161, 163 Defourny, M., 219n.12 Devas: and conflict with the asuras, 47, 49, 57, 79, 90, 209n.20, 210n.40, 215n.17; driving of, 99, 107; non transcendence of, 88, 155 \*Dharma\*: and adharma, 2, 111, 196; based on \*śruti\*, 11, 81, 82f., 96, 156; dilemma of, 11; and king, 108, 115, 232n.53; rule of, 156f., 198; and wilderness, 118 Dhīra, 221n.15 \*Dhruvagopa\*, 85, 222n.24 \*Dīkṣā\*, 27, 92, 119, 216n.34 \*Dīkṣita\*: and \*daṇḍa\*, 122; as impure, 27, 92, 208nn.6, 9, 228n.47; proclaimed a brahmin, 154; in search of knowledge, 126; as warrior, 40, 86, 92, 227n.46 Disenchantment, 101, 200 ### [c20.5](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.heesterman-1985.c20.5) Division of harvest, 139, 191 Dumont, L.: on brahmin, 206n.8, 231n.32; on caste and hierarchy, 12f.; on dharma, 197; on encompassment, 187f.; on Hinduism, 212n.73; on Kallar chieftainship, 147; on kingship, 141, 152; on power and purity, 246n.22 \*Dvādaśāha\* 27, 209n.14 \*Dviṣat. See\* Rival ### [c20.6](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.heesterman-1985.c20.6) "Eater": of the people, 109; of rights, 185, 186 Empire, traditional: of Mauryas, 20, 96; of Mughals, 16–20, 160–73, 243n.44 Encompassment, 104, 187f Enigmatic formulation, 71–73, 79. \*See also Brāhman\* Enthronization, 119 Epics, pattern of, 41, 87, 123, 148 Equivalence. \*See\* Identification Error in ritual, 75, 88, 90, 223nn.26, 28 Evil: of death, 85; passed on, 32, 135; of sacrificer, 79, 208nn.6, 9; turned into opposite, 27f., 219n.13. \*See also\* Brahmin Exchange: connubial, 199; of food, 209n.20; hierarchical, 191; in sacrifice, 30, 50, 72, 79, 200; and sharing, 185 Exchequer, 133 ### [c20.7](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.heesterman-1985.c20.7) Factionalism, 140, 148 Final bath, 61, 63, 120 Financial audit, 132 Fire altar, 46, 50, 57, 103, 225n.3, 236n.23 Fish, 59f., 62f Flood story, 59f Four-five scheme, 145, 239n.16 Four-Hotṛ formulas, 74 Frykenberg, R. E., 244n.50 ### [c20.8](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.heesterman-1985.c20.8) Gambling, 67, 112f., 137f., 220n.31 Gandhi, M. K., 23f., 177, 179, 244n.54 Gift, 31, 36f., 83, 102, 188, 189 Gods. \*See\* Devas. Gonda, J., 131 \*Goṣṭha. See\* cattle corral \*Govikarta\*, 239n.12 \*Grāma. See\* Community, settled Great Rebellion (1857), 175 \*Gṛhastha. See\* Householder Guest, 30, 48, 144, 210n.34, 216n.33 Hacker, P., 205n.20 Hariścandra, 84 Hauer, J. W., 213n.79 Head: of Aditi, 67; contest for, 47, 49, 57; of enemy, 53; knowledge of, 49; problem of, in building of fire altar, 50–52, 217n.42; of victim, 4, 218n.71, 239n.12; victim's, not be be severed, 46, 50 "Head of the sacrifice," 4, 46, 48, 53, 57 \*See also\* Dadhyañc; Makha; Namuci; Viśvarūpa Headmanship, 184 Held, G. J., 199, 209n.16, 224n.35, 239n.18 Hesiod, 99 Hierarchy, 12–14, 35, 146, 188, 247n.36 Hinduism, 81, 207n.19, 212n.73 Honor, 191, 246n.17 Hopkins, E. W., 210n.32 Horse sacrifice, 57, 72, 122, 124, 125, 221n.10, 234n.91 Host, 30f., 216n.33, 218n.58. \*See also\* Guest Householder, 40, 196, 247n.16 Hṛtsvāśaya Āllakeya, 126, 235n.101 ### [c20.9](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.heesterman-1985.c20.9) Iḍā, 60, 64–67 Identification, 33, 73, 80, 94 Immobilism, 182 Immolation, 51, 87, 98, 215n.15, 221n.10, 223n.26, 226n.27 \*See also\* Head Incest motif, 60, 76 Inclusivism, 7, 205n.20 Inden, R. B., 246n.26 Indian National Congress, 23, 177 Individualization, 34, 41, 154, 206n.17 Indra: contest of with Bali, 101; cuts off heads of Namuci and Viśvarūpa, 47, 215n.20; plunders Maruts, 86; presence of denied, 77f.; qualified as \*brahmán\*, 77, 210n.30, 224n.41; reviled, 76, 208n.6; and Varuna, 234n.89, 237n.42; and his wife, 236n.38 Inner frontier, 7, 170–73, 175 Interiorization, 41, 212n.72 Interstitial areas, 169, 170 Irfan Habib, 161 Islam, 160, 179 \*Itthaṃvid\*, 223n.34 ### [c20.10](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.heesterman-1985.c20.10) Jābāla, 221n.15 \*Jāgīr\*, 20, 162, 165, 172 ### [c20.11](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.heesterman-1985.c20.11) Jāgīrdār, 166 Jajmān, 88, 188 Jana, 210n.38 Janaka of Videha, 30, 221n.5, 222n.15 Janapada, 141 Jaspers, K., 95, 105, 107 Jāti, 8, 103, 190, 199. \*See also\* varṇa Jester, 155 Joint family, 15 Josselin de Jong, P. E. de, 146, 239n.16 ### [c20.12](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.heesterman-1985.c20.12) Kachin, 146 \*Kalivarjya\*, 87 Karma, \*karman\*: individualized, 30, 198, 211n.48; ritual work, 34, 80; and theodicy, 195 \*Kastensoteriology\*, 195, 197 Kauṭilya, 6, 108, 111, 128, 130, 132, 140, 148f., 156, 231n.30. \*See also\* Arthaśāstra Keśin Dārbhya, 29, 209n.20 King: and brahmin, 7, 15, 112, 114, 131, 142, 154f., 189; and dharma, 108, 115, 154, 198; exiled, 41, 149; "maker of the age," 112; number of mythic, 232n.56; primus inter pares, 131, 146; proclaimed \*brahmán\*, 79, 96; and \*ratnins\*, 143–46; relationship of with people, 109, 131, 138, 144; ritual beating of, 232n.56; and self-discipline, 131f.; share of, 139, 247n.37; shunned by brahmin, 103, 246n.32; transfer of function of during horse sacrifice, 125; \*See also\* Kingship Kinglessness, 116 Kingmakers, 114, 138f Kingship: connective, 6, 151; dispersed, 147, 148, 151; multiple, 147, 148, 151; mythic origin of, 115f., 142; problematic character of, 5, 108, 118; sacral, 110f., 131, 151 Kinship, 144, 210n.38 Knowledge, 44, 48, 49, 94 Kolff, D. H. A., 207n.24 Kṛṣṇa, 226nn.19, 22 \*Kṣatra\*, 112, 141f. \*Kṣatriya\*: and brahmin, 246n.22; duties of, 214n.89; exclusion of from sacrifice, 77, 91; impurity of, 92; transformation of into brahmin, 29f. \*Kṣattr\*, 239n.12 \*Kṣemya\*, 106 ### [c20.13](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.heesterman-1985.c20.13) Kuiper, F. B. J., 209n.15, 219n.6 Kurukṣetra, 48, 98 Kurus, Kuru-Pañcālas, 49, 120, 149, 221n.4, 230n.37 ### [c20.14](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.heesterman-1985.c20.14) Land, private ownership of, 174, 175, 182, 192 Landholder, 165 Land revenue, 139, 163, 164, 168, 192 Leach, E. R., 146, 238n.4 Lévi-Strauss, C, 146 Lingat, R., 110, 196, 197, 230n.9 "Little kingdom," 17, 18, 22, 25 ### [c20.15](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.heesterman-1985.c20.15) Macchiavelli, 231n.30 \*Madhu\*, 47, 48, 215n.21 \*Mahāmātra\*, 132, 138, 237n.47 \*Mahāsammata\*, 232n.57 \*Mahāvrata\*, 32, 75f., 200, 224n.36 \*Maitrāvaruṇa\* officiant, 122 Makha, 47, 215nn.17, 21 Malamoud, Ch., 212n.59 Maṇḍalayoni. \*See\* "Circle of Kings" \*Mansabdār\*, 162, 166 Mantjapat, 239n.16 \*Mantra\*, 97. \*See also\* Consilium Manu, 59f., 116 Market towns, 167, 169 Maruts, 86, 135, 137, 237nn.42, 46 Mauryas. \*See\* Empire Mauss, M., 31, 36, 83, 148 Mayer, A. C., 12f \*Mawās\*, 170, 171, 243n.40 Merchant, 165f Middle of the world, 85, 226n.18 \*Mīmāṃsā\*, 73, 125, 225n.10 Minangkabau, 146, 147 \*Mithuna\*. \*See\* Pair, Pairing Mitra and Varuṇa, 61, 65f. \*Mitravindeṣṭi\*, 66 "Mixed" marriages, 146 Modernity, 9, 15, 23, 25 Moiety, 145 Monarchy, 108, 132, 146, 239n.24. \*See also\* King; Kingship \*Mṛtyu\*. \*See\* Death Mughals. \*See\* Empire Mughal-Rajput alliance, 171f. \*Mulkgīrī\*, 7 Multiple kingship, 147, 148 ### [c20.16](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.heesterman-1985.c20.16) Nambudiri, 228n.51, 229n.25 Numuci, 47, 215n.17 \*Nāstika\*, 70, 75, 80 National unity, 24, 178 Nation state, 21, 157 \*Nivṛtti\*, 196, 198 Noncooperation, 177 Nyāya, 71 ### [c20.17](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.heesterman-1985.c20.17) Oberhammer, G., 220n.1 \*Odana\*, 138, 220n.31 Officiant, sacrificial, 38, 100, 155, 211nn.49, 52 Oldenberg, H., 98 "Opting out," 12 ### [c20.18](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.heesterman-1985.c20.18) Pair, Pairing, 136, 145, 240n.37 \*Pākayajña\*, 68 Pālāgala, 79 Pancāyat, 134 Pañcāyatī rāj, 181 Pāṇḍavas, 149 \*Pāpman\*. \*See\* Evil Paraśurāma, 30, 142, 152 Pargana, 167 \*Parivrājaka\*, 42 Peasant, 164 Pelsaert, 168f. People, 113. \*See also\* King Perlin, F., 245n.6 Permanent Settlement, 21, 174, 247n.39 \*Piṣṭapaśu\*, 216n.38; 236n.39 Plakṣa Prāsravaṇa, 85 Power: and authority, 141, 157, 187; dispersed, 114, 147, 148, 150, 167 Praiser, 75f., 80, 222n.24 Prajāpati: and contest with Death, 33, 94, 153, 210n.40; as creator, 134, 136; head of, 53; incest of, 61; as personification of systematized ritual, 50; reviled, 76; and sacrificer, 27 \*Prakṛti\* 113, 149 \*Pralaya\*, 229n.25 \*Prāṇāgnihotra\*, 4, 42, 93, 103, 213n.77 \*Prāsahā\*, 236n.38 \*Prāśitra\*, 220n.34 \*Pratirājan\*, 30, 79, 123 \*Pratyavarohaṇīya\*. \*See\* "Alighting" \*Pravṛtti\*, 196, 198 \*Pravrājaka\*, 40 \*Prayujām havīṃṣi\*, 120 Priesthood, 141, 151–53, 157 Pṛthu, 116 Punarabhiṣeka, 117, 234n.89. \*See also\* Unction \*Punarmṛtyu\*. \*See\* Re-death \*Purīṣa\*, 55f. \*Purohita\*, 37f., 42, 144, 151, 155 \*Puruṣa\*. \*See\* Cosmic man ### [c20.19](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.heesterman-1985.c20.19) Raiding. \*See\* Transhumance \*Ra'īyatī\*, 169 \*Rājābhiṣeka\*, 120. \*See also\* Unction \*Rājadharma\*, 109 \*Rājan\*, 111, 144, 146. \*See also\* King \*Rājaśāsana\*, 115, 232n.54 \*Rājasūya\*, 5f., 111, 117, 118–24, 133, 137, 143; does not create king, 154 Rājaputra, 222n.24 Rājputs, 12, 17, 171f. Rāma, 123, 189, 246n.32 Rāma Mārgaveya, 76 \*Rāṣṭra\*, 141 \*Rāṣṭrabhṛt\*, 145 Rathor, 171 Rational order, 102 Rationalism, ethical, 195 \*Ratnin\*, 137f., 143–46, 148 Rebirth, 195, 197 Reciprocity, 31, 36, 83, 190, 214n.89 Re-death, 32, 34, 202 Regeneration of cosmos, 26 Regionalism, 177 Reiniche, M.-L., 246nn.35, 36 Renou, L., 71, 73, 96, 221n.13 Renouncer, 23, 41, 43f., 177, 193, 197 Renunciation, 41f., 192, 197, 199 Republic. \*See\* Monarchy Revelation, 97 Reviler, 75f., 80, 214n.87, 222n.24 \*Rex\*, 111 Richards, J. F., 161, 162, 243n.41 Rights, landed: fractionized, 184, 186; inalienable, 191; of the king, 139; and personal relationships, 14, 143, 182; saleable, 165, 175; shared, 247n.36 Risley, Sir Herbert, 248n.33 Ritual, Vedic: \*adṛṣṭārtha\* as, 3; breaks agonistic pattern, 6, 33, 57, 87, 107; ### [c20.20](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.heesterman-1985.c20.20) controversial, 96; individualized, 34, 88, 206n.17; interiorization of, 39, 41f.; rationalized, 45; and sacrificial meal, 48, 89; stands apart from society, 125. \*See also\* Sacrifice ### [c20.21](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.heesterman-1985.c20.21) Ritual enclosure, 90 ### [c20.22](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.heesterman-1985.c20.22) Ritualism, 41, 91, 93, 98, 100, 103; certainty of, 91, 93, 98, 100; outlaws conflict, 103 ### [c20.23](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.heesterman-1985.c20.23) Rival: exclusion of, 153; relation to own party, 56, 144; in ritual, 29, 45; vaiśya as, 40, 54f. \*See also\* Sacrifice ### [c20.24](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.heesterman-1985.c20.24) Rönnow, K., 50, 56 ### [c20.25](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.heesterman-1985.c20.25) \*ṛṣi\*, 97 ### [c20.26](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.heesterman-1985.c20.26) \*ṛta\*, 134 ### [c20.27](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.heesterman-1985.c20.27) ṛtvij. \*See\* Officiant ### [c20.28](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.heesterman-1985.c20.28) Rudra, 220n.34 ### [c20.29](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.heesterman-1985.c20.29) Ryot, 164 ### [c20.30](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.heesterman-1985.c20.30) \*Sabhā\*, 137 ### [c20.31](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.heesterman-1985.c20.31) Sacrality: devalorized, 6, 155, 157; of king, 110, 131, 151, 155; as opposite of transcendence, 157; and violent death, 3 ### [c20.32](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.heesterman-1985.c20.32) \*Sacra publica\*, absence of, 3, 88, 206n.17 ### [c20.33](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.heesterman-1985.c20.33) Sacrifice: as absolute order, 84, 88f., 156; agonistic, 28f., 81; and battle, 3, 99, 125, 148, 209n.16; catastrophic, 86; cyclical, 92; without dakṣiṇā best, 38; human, 50, 56, 216n.41; internal, 39, 42, 213n.77; and meal, 64, 89, 93; as model of society, 82, 188; reformed, 5, 50, 87, 91, 106; replaced by ritualism, 100. \*See also\* Ritual; Ritualism ### [c20.34](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.heesterman-1985.c20.34) Sacrificer: as host, 36f.; identical with Prajāpati, 27, 34; and officiants, 36, 211nn.49, 52; set apart, 103; single individual as, 27, 88; and victim, 216n.29 ### [c20.35](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.heesterman-1985.c20.35) Sadasya, 222n.24 ### [c20.36](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.heesterman-1985.c20.36) \*Sādhu\*, 115 ### [c20.37](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.heesterman-1985.c20.37) \*Sādyaskra\*, 29, 211n.42 ### [c20.38](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.heesterman-1985.c20.38) Śākalya, 73 ### [c20.39](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.heesterman-1985.c20.39) Salary of priest, 155 ### [c20.40](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.heesterman-1985.c20.40) \*Samāhartṛ\*, 129 ### [c20.41](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.heesterman-1985.c20.41) \*Samjñaneṣṭi\*, 34, 211nn.45, 50 ### [c20.42](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.heesterman-1985.c20.42) \*Samjñapana. See\* Immolation ### [c20.43](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.heesterman-1985.c20.43) \*Saṃkhyāna\*, 33 ### [c20.44](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.heesterman-1985.c20.44) \*Saṃnyāsin\*, 40, 214n.89. \*See also\* Renouncer ### [c20.45](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.heesterman-1985.c20.45) \*Saṃpad\*, 33 ### [c20.46](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.heesterman-1985.c20.46) \*Saṃṛtayajña\*, 29 ### [c20.47](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.heesterman-1985.c20.47) \*Saṃsāra\*, 88 ### [c20.48](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.heesterman-1985.c20.48) \*Saṃsava\*, 29, 33, 78 ### [c20.49](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.heesterman-1985.c20.49) \*Saṃskāra\* of king, 111, 154, 231n.24 ### [c20.50](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.heesterman-1985.c20.50) \*Saṃśrāva\*, 222n.24 ### [c20.51](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.heesterman-1985.c20.51) \*Saṃsṛp\* offerings, 120 ### [c20.52](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.heesterman-1985.c20.52) \*Śāmūlājina\*, 126 ### [c20.53](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.heesterman-1985.c20.53) Sangha, 96, 157, 228n.2 ### [c20.54](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.heesterman-1985.c20.54) \*Saniyācana\*, 92, 119, 227n.46 ### [c20.55](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.heesterman-1985.c20.55) Sanskritization, 9, 16, 26, 197, 214n.100 ### [c20.56](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.heesterman-1985.c20.56) \*Sapatna. See\* Rival ### [c20.57](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.heesterman-1985.c20.57) \*Sapiṇḍa\* relatives, 200 ### [c20.58](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.heesterman-1985.c20.58) Sarkar, Sir Jadunath, 161 ### [c20.59](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.heesterman-1985.c20.59) \*Sarvamedha\*, 41 ### [c20.60](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.heesterman-1985.c20.60) Satish Chandra, 161 ### [c20.61](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.heesterman-1985.c20.61) \*Sattra\*, 38, 74, 85, 105, 151, 209n.14 ### [c20.62](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.heesterman-1985.c20.62) \*Satya\*, 134 ### [c20.63](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.heesterman-1985.c20.63) \*Satyadūta\*, 79 ### [c20.64](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.heesterman-1985.c20.64) \*Sātyadūtahavīṃṣi\*, 30 ### [c20.65](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.heesterman-1985.c20.65) Śauceya, 222n.15 ### [c20.66](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.heesterman-1985.c20.66) Śaulvāyana, 75 ### [c20.67](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.heesterman-1985.c20.67) \*Sautrāmaṇī\*, 117, 236nn.23, 31 ### [c20.68](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.heesterman-1985.c20.68) Scepter, 122, 233n.84 ### [c20.69](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.heesterman-1985.c20.69) Scharfe, H., 113, 133, 235n.2, 249n.34 ### [c20.70](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.heesterman-1985.c20.70) Schluchter, W., 248n.14 ### [c20.71](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.heesterman-1985.c20.71) Schmidt, H.-P., 224n.41 ### [c20.72](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.heesterman-1985.c20.72) Seniority, 186 ### [c20.73](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.heesterman-1985.c20.73) Seventh step, 65, 67 ### [c20.74](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.heesterman-1985.c20.74) Sharing, 185. \*See also\* Cosharer ### [c20.75](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.heesterman-1985.c20.75) Sharma, J. P., 239n.24 ### [c20.76](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.heesterman-1985.c20.76) Silence, 71, 72, 73, 78 ### [c20.77](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.heesterman-1985.c20.77) \*Śiṣṭa\*, 115 ### [c20.78](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.heesterman-1985.c20.78) Śiśupāla, 226nn.19, 22 ### [c20.79](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.heesterman-1985.c20.79) Social ethic, 195 ### [c20.80](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.heesterman-1985.c20.80) Soma, 76f., 87, 92 ### [c20.81](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.heesterman-1985.c20.81) \*Śraddhā\*, 79 ### [c20.82](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.heesterman-1985.c20.82) \*Śrāddha\*, 37, 209n.20 ### [c20.83](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.heesterman-1985.c20.83) \*Śrauta\* ritual. \*See\* Ritual, Vedic ### [c20.84](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.heesterman-1985.c20.84) \*Śreṣṭhin\*, 78 ### [c20.85](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.heesterman-1985.c20.85) \*Śrī\*, 28, 40, 47, 66, 209nn.13, 20 ### [c20.86](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.heesterman-1985.c20.86) \*Śrotriya\*, 37, 38 ### [c20.87](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.heesterman-1985.c20.87) \*Śruti\*: dharma based on, 11, 156; revelation, 97; set apart, 87; threat of, to dissolve relationships, 103 ### [c20.88](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.heesterman-1985.c20.88) Staal, J. F., 205, 212n.72 ### [c20.89](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.heesterman-1985.c20.89) State: formation of, 18; and interstate relations, 113; and kinship, 144; modern, 21, 157, 174, 182, 192, 202; problem of, 5, 132, 140. \*See also\* King; Kingship ### [c20.90](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.heesterman-1985.c20.90) Stein, B., 243n.42 ### [c20.91](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.heesterman-1985.c20.91) Sthūra, 85f. ### [c20.92](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.heesterman-1985.c20.92) \*Streitwagenvölker\*, 106 ### [c20.93](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.heesterman-1985.c20.93) Śunahśepa, 84f. ### [c20.94](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.heesterman-1985.c20.94) \*Sūrā\* beverage, 47 \*Sūta\*, 151 \*Svadharma\*, 196, 198 Svaidāyana, 222n.15 Śyāparṇas, 76 ### [c20.95](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.heesterman-1985.c20.95) \*Tantrayukti\*, 130 \*Tānūnaptra\*, 36, 211nn.45, 52 Territorial units, 175, 182 Theodicy, 195 Thieme, P., 48, 210n.34, 220n.3 Trade, role of, 164 Trade routes, 167f Tradition, 2, 9, 10f., 12–16, 120, 183 Transcendence: and brahmin, 201; and mundane reality, 5, 101, 201; as opposite of sacrality, 156; and ritual, 97, 101, 103; and sacrifice, 81f., 94; and tradition, 11. \*See also\* Renouncer; Renunciation. Transhumance, 19, 105 Tryaruṇa, 37 Two-three scheme, 145, 147, 239n.16 \*Tyāga\*, 102, 230n.30 ### [c20.96](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.heesterman-1985.c20.96) Uddālaka (Āruṇi), 221nn.5, 15 \*Ukhā\*, 53 \*ʻUmma\*, 20 Unanimity, 133 Unction, 117–19, 145, 153, 231n.24, 232n.58, 233nn.64, 67, 234n.89 \*Universitas christiana\*, 20 Untruth, 134, 236n.39. \*See also\* \*anṛtadūta\* \*Upanayana\*, 154, 231n.24 \*Upaniṣad\*, 34, 74, 95, 228n.1 ### [c20.97](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.heesterman-1985.c20.97) \*Vāda\*, 70, 80, 81, 221n.5 \*Vaiśvadeva\*, 134 Vaiśvārasavya, 221n.15 Vaiśya, 2, 40, 55, 214n.89 \*Vājapeya\*, 120 \*Vajra\*, 90, 122 \*Vānaprastha\*, 40, 214n.89 \*Varṇa\*: contrast of with \*jāti\*, 8, 103, 145, 199; and separation, 200, 202, 214n.89, 223n.35. \*See also\* Caste; \*Jāti\* \*Varṇasaṃkara\*, 190, 199, 200 Varuṇa: bonds of, 134–36; and Indra, 234n.89, 237n.42; and Maruts, 137; and Mitra, 61, 65f. \*Varuṇapraghāsa\*, 133, 134–37, 234n.89, 236n.23 \*Varuṇasava\*, 123 Veda. \*See\* Ritual, Vedic Vedānta, 74 \*Vedi\* 56, 135, 226n.50 Vena, 109, 231nn.12, 22 \*Vihava\*, 78 \*Vijigīṣu\*. \*See\* Conqueror Village, 8, 181, 183f. Village festivals, 216n.27 \*Viś\*, 135. \*See also\* People Vision, 97 Viśvāmitra, 85 Viśvantara Sauṣadmana, 76 Viśvarūpa, 47, 49, 215nn.17, 20 \*Vivaktṛ\*, 76, 223n.28 \*Vrata\* milk, 93 \*Vrātya\*, 19, 52, 122, 126, 211nn.45, 50, 213n.79, 230n.37 Vṛśa Jāna, 37 Vṛtra, 49, 87 ### [c20.98](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.heesterman-1985.c20.98) Warrior-administrator, 163, 165, 167, 241n.25 Weber, A., 106 Weber, M., 5, 101f., 194, 201f., 229n.10 Wezler, A., 247n.16 Wife of sacrificer, 134–36 Wilderness, 6, 84, 118, 126, 233n.61, 243n.42 Wilhelm, F., 235n.8 Wink, A., 207n.20, 242n.32 Wittek, P., 243n.44 Womb: of kingship, 135, 142, 144; of sacrifice, 61, 66 World eras, 87, 99, 112, 157, 198 ### [c20.99](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.heesterman-1985.c20.99) \*Yajamāna\*. \*See\* Sacrificer \*Yajña\*. \*See\* Sacrifice Yājñavalkya, 35, 221n.5, 222nn.15 Yajurveda, 28, 51f., 57, 216n.41, 217n.42 \*Yātsattra\*, 105 \*Yoni\*. \*See\* Womb Yudhiṣṭhira, 99, 110, 115, 118, 123, 149, 239n.16 ### [c20.100](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.heesterman-1985.c20.100) \*Zamīndār\*. \*See\* Landholder Zarathsutrian reform, 107 --- Source: [https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.heesterman-1985.c20](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.heesterman-1985.c20) · Pramāṇa