The Army of the Indian Moghuls: Its Organization and Administration c1: The Army of the Indian Moghuls: Its Organization and Administration
The Army of the Indian Moghuls: Its Organization and Administration c1
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- English
The Army of the Indian Moghuls: Its Organization and Administration
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BY
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WILLIAM IRVINE
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LONDON
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LUZAC & CO., 46, GREAT RUSSELL STREET
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THE ARMY OF THE INDIAN MOGHULS:
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ITS ORGANIZATION AND ADMINISTRATION.
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BY
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WILLIAM IRVINE, LATE BENGAL CIVIL SERVICE.
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LONDON LUZAC & CO., 46, GREAT RUSSELL STREET, of, 63. — *Khūd*, *Dabalghah*, *Top*, 64. — *Khoghī*, 65. — *Mighfar*, 65. — *Baktar*, *Bagtar*, 66. — *Chahār-āīnāh*, 66. — *Zirih*, 67. — *Jaibah*, 67. — *Joshan*, 68. — *Jihlam*, 68. — *Angarkhah*, 68. — *Daghlah*, *Daglā*, 68. — *Jāmah-i-fatāhī*, 68. — *Chihilqad*, 69. — *Sadīqī*, 69. — *Koṭhī*, 69. — *Bhanjū*, 69. — *Kamal*, 69. — *Ghūghwah*, 70. — *Kanthā-sobhā*, 70. — *Dastwānah*, 70. — *Rānak*, 71. — *Mozah-i-āhanī*, 71. — *Patkah*, 71. — Horse armour, 71. — *Kajīm*, 71. — *Artak-i-kajīm*, 71. — *Qashqah*, 71. — *Gardanī*, 71. — Horse trappings, 72.
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Chapter VIII. Equipment. — B. Offensive Arms: I, Weapons for close quarters . . . 73—89
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1. Swords, 74. — Mode of carrying, 74. — Names for, 75. — Names of parts and belts, 75. — *Shamsher*, 75. — *Dhūp*, *ʿAṣa Shamsher*, 76. — *Khaṇḍā*, 76. — *Sirohī*, 76. — *Paṭṭa*, 77. — *Guptī*, 77. — Shields, 77. — *Chirwah* and *Tilwah* shields, 78. — Fencing shields (*pharī*), 78.
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2. Maces, *Gurz*, 79. — *Shashbur*, 79. — *Piyāzī*, 79. — *Dhara*, 79. — *Garguz*, 79. — *Khaṇḍlī-Phānsī*, 79. — *Sānt* (flail), 80. — *Pusht-khār*, 80. — *Khār-i-māhī*, 80. — *Gajbāg*, 80.
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3. Battle Axes, *Tabar*, 10. — *Zāghnol*, 80. — *Tabar-zāghnol*, 80. — *Tarangālah*, 80. — *Parusa*, 81. — *Venmuroo*, 81. — *Basolah*, 81. — *Chamchāq*, 81.
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4. Spears, *Sinān*, 81. — *Nezah*, 82. — *Bhālā*, 82. — *Barchhah*, 83. — *Sānk*, *Sāng*, *Sangī*, 83. — *Sainthī*, 84. — *Selah*, 84. — *Ballam*, 84. — *Panḍī-Ballam*, 84. — *Panjmukh*, 84. — *Lānge*, 85. — *Garhiyā*, 85. — *ʿAlam*, 85. — *Kont*, *Gaṇḍāsā*, 85.
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5. Daggers, *Kaṭār*, *Kaṭārah*, *Kaṭārī*, 85. — *Jamdhar*, 86. — *Khanjar*, 86. — *Jamkhāk*, 87. — *Jhambwah*, 87. — *Bānk*, 87. — *Narsingh moth*, 87. — *Bichhwā*, 87. — *Khapwah*, 88. — *Peshqabẓ*, 88. — *Kārd*, 88. — *Chāqchaqī*, 89. — *Sailābah-i-qalmāqī*, 89.
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Chapter IX. Equipment. — C. Offensive Arms, II. Missiles 90—112
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General, 90. — 1. Bows, 91. — *Oqchī*, *Opchi*, 91. — *Charkh*, 92. — *Kamān*, 92. — Notch, 93. — String, 93. — Thumb-stall, 93. — *Takhsh Kamān*, 95. — *Kamān-i-gurohah*, 95. — *Gobhan*, *Falākhan*, 95. — *Kamthah*, 95. — *Nāwak*, 96. — *Tufak-i-dahān*, 97. — Arrows, 97. — *Tukkah*, 97. — Names of arrows, 97. — Symbolical use of arrows, 98. — Quiver, 99. — Leather guard, 100. — *Paikān-kash* (arrow drawer), 101. — Target, 101. — Modes of Shooting, 101.
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2. Matchlock, *Tufang*, *Bandūq*, 103. — General, 103. — Tripod, 103. — *Pārah*, 106. — Match, 107. — Powder horn et cetera, 107. — Blank cartridge, 107. — *Cailletoque*, 107. — *Jazāil*, *jazāir*, 109. — *Gingall*, *janjāl*, 109. — *Qidr*, 111.
3. Pistols, *Tamānchah*, 111. — *Sherbachah*, 112.
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Chapter X. Artillery. — Heavy guns . . . . . . . . . . 113—132 *Top-khānah* and its meanings, 113. — *Top-i-kalān*, *Top-i-khurd*, 114. — Under Bābar, 114. — *Top-i-ẓarbzan*, 115. — Under Akbar, 115. — European opinions, 116. — Heavy guns, 118. — Had names, 118. — Inscriptions on, 119. — Number with ʿĀlamgīr, 119. — Examples of use, 119. — By Aʿẓam Shāh, 119. — At Lāhor, 1125 H., 119. — At Thūn, 1128 H., 119. — At Wer, 1767, 120. — Jāts use of at Āgrah, 1767, 120. — How mounted, 121. — Descriptions of individual guns, 123. — Wooden guns of Sikhs, 128. — *Ghabārah*, 129. — *Deg*, 129. — *Tīr* (bore of a gun), 129. — Miscellaneous, 129. — *Bādalījah*, 129. — *Manjanīq*, 130. — *Sangraʿd*, 130. — *Sarkob*, *Muqābil-kob*, 130. — *Top-i-hawāe*, 130. — *Chādar*, 131. — *Ḥuqqah-i-ātash*, 131.
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Chapter XI. Light Artillery . . . . . 133—151 *Topkhānah-i-rezah*, 133. — *Topkhānah-i-jinsī* (*jambishī*), 133. — *Topkhānah-i-jilau*, 133. — Artillery of the Stirrup, 134. — Names for light guns, 134. — *Rahrau*, 135. — Swivelguns or wallpieces, 135. — *Gajnāl*, *Hathnāl*, *Narnāl*, 135. — *Shutarnāl*, *Zambūrak*, *Shāhīn*, 135. — Size of *Shutarnāl*, 136. — Use of, 136. — *Dhamākah*, 137. — *Rāmjanakī*, 137. — *Arghūn*, 138. — *Chalani*, 138. — Fieldpieces, 138. — *Rahkalah*, 139. — Origin of name, 139. — ʿ*Arādah-top*, 140. — *Qasārah*, 140. — ʿ*Arābah*, 141. — *Tūrah*, *Tobrah*, 142. — *Muhrah-i-rahkalah*, 146. — Rockets, 147. — *Mahtāb*, 151. — Powder Magazines, 151. — *Pal-i-siyāh*, 151. — *Badar*, 151.
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Chapter XII. Personnel of the Artillery . . . . . . . . . 152—159 Turks and Europeans, 152. — *Mīr Ātash*, 154. — *Hazārī*, 157. — *Mink-bāshī* 157. — *Sadīwāl*, *Mirdahah*, *Sāir*, 158. — *Golandāz*, 158. — *Deg-andāz*, 158. — *Bān-andāz*, *Bān-dār*, 159.
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Chapter XIII. Ahshām . . . . . 160—174 General remarks, 160. — Infantry in general, 161. — *Nāgas*, 163. — ʿ*Alighol*, 164. — *Silah-posh*, 164. — *Najīb*, 164. — *Pathahbāz*, 165. — *Dhalait*, 165. — Amazons, 165. — *Sihbandī*, 166. — *Barqandāz*, 166. — Pay of Matchlockmen, 167. — *Baksariyah*, 168. — *Bundelahs*, 169. — Arabs, 169. — *Bhīlah*, 170. — *Mewātī*, 170. — *Karnātakī*, 170. — *Kalā Piyādah*, 171. — *Rāwat*, 171. — *Bargī*, 171. — Mughal, 172. — *Farangī*, 172. — Pay of last four classes, 172. — Artificers and their pay, 173.
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Sipāhī-i-falez, 241. — Defeat, 241. — Jūhar, 242. — Proclamation of victory, 242. — Pillars of heads, 242.
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Chapter XXII. Particular Battles, Stratagems, Losses . 244—259 Battle of Ḥasanpur, 1719, Telescopes, 245. — Reports of Battles, 254. — Stratagems of war, 255. — Fictitious desertion, 255. — Ambush, 255. — Personation of leader, 257. — Night surprizes, 257. — Statistics of losses, 258. — Treatment of slain and wounded, 259.
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Chapter XXIII. Forts and Strongholds . . . . . . . 260—269 General remarks, 260. — Bound hedges, 261. — Hill forts, 262. — Places of refuge, 263. — Walled towns, 263. — Various parts of a fortification, Technical words, ḥiṣār, qilʿah, qalʿahchah, garhī, maḥṣūr shudan, maḥāṣarah kardan, burj-o-bārah, kungur, faṣīl, safīl, chatah, goonga, kamrgāh, rauni, sang-andāz, damāghah, 263. — Description of a small fort, 266. — References for other descriptions, 268. — Imperial fortresses, 268.
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Chapter XXIV. Sieges . . . . . 270—295 General remarks, 270. — Approach by sap and mine, 273. — Sābāt, 274. — Sandbags, 278. — Movable shields, 278. — Shātūr, 278. — Malchār, 278. — Temporary wall, 279. — Sībā or Towers, 279. — Indian defence of forts, storming, 281. — Scaling ladders, 281. — Modes of repelling assaults, 282. — Stones, 283. — Evacuation after assault, 284. — Reduction by starvation, 284. — Gurdāspūr, 285. — Thūn, 285. — Second siege of Thūn, 287. — Communications between besiegers and besieged, 287. — Keys of fortresses, 287. — Particular sieges, 288. — Jaitpur, 289. — Allahābād, 290. — Bangarḥ, 291. — Āgrah, 294.
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Chapter XXV. General Observations . . . . . . . . 296—300