The Army of the Indian Moghuls: Its Organization and Administration c29: Index

The Army of the Indian Moghuls: Its Organization and Administration c29

Language: English

Index

Āb (temper of sword blade), 75. Ablaq (black and white feathers), 97. Absence, without leave, 25. Adjutant-General (Bakhshī), 37. Advance guard of the Centre (iltimish), 226. Advances of pay, 18; recovery of, 18. Āftāb (kind of standard), 32. Āftābgīr, Āftābgīrī, 31, 34. Āgrah, siege of, 294. Aḥadīs, 10, 19, 25, 43, 53; Bakhshī of the, 40. Āhangar (blacksmith), 174. Aḥmadnagar, 268. Aḥshām, 20, 26, 43, 155, 160; three meanings of, 161. Aimāq, 241. Ajaigaṛh, 268. Ājmer, 269. Akbar, his rules for branding, 46; system of making over elephants to grandees, 20; artillery of, 115. Akbarābād, 269. Akhtah Begī (Master of the Horse), 21. ʿAlam (a standard), 31, 32, 34, 85. ʿAlamgīr, artillery of, 116. Aʿlā Shāhī (Exalted Imperial regiment), 44. ʿAlā-ud-dīn, Khiljī, his branding system, 46. ʿAligaṛh, 268. ʿAlighol (class of troops), 164. Alkhāliq (a tight coat), 29, 68. Allahābād, 269; sieges of 1719, 1750, 290. Al Maisir (divining by arrows), 98. Amazons, 165. Ambush, 255. Amīr (noble), 9. Amīr-i-Aʿẓam (great noble), 9. Amīr-ul-umarā (Noble of Nobles), 38. Angarkhah (a long coat), 68. Ankrī-dār (kind of arrow), 98. Ankus (elephant goad), 80. Anṣār-i-maimanah (right wing), 226. Anṣār-i-maisarah (left wing), 226. Appointment of an Officer, mode of, 40. Approach by sap and mine, 273. ʿArābah (gun carriage), 141; use of word, remarks on, 140. ʿArabī (Arab troops), 51. Arabs, 169. ʿArādah-top (wheeled artillery), 140. Arah-kash (sawyers), 174. Arghun (mitrailleuse), 138. ʿĀriẓ (old name of a Bakhshī), 38. Arkalon (a tight coat?), 29. Armandi, treatise on elephants, 178. “Arme blanche”, 73. Armour, defensive, 62, 63. Arms, offensive, 73; “short”, 73. Army chiefly horsemen, 57; strength of the, 59; in the field, 190; on the march, 203; marches, length of, 219. Arrow, 73, 97; and bow, 90; shafts, 97; heads, 98; for practising, 98; symbolical use of, 98 (and see Errata); divining by, 98; declaring war by, 99; from the king's quiver, security for peace, 99; symbol of authority, 99. Artak-i-kajīm (horse-housing), 71. Artificers, 20, 173. Artillery, 113; Babār's, 114; Humāyūn's, 115; Akbar's, 115; ʿĀlamgīr's 116; Light, 133; of the Stirrup, 133, 134; Moveable, 133; personnel of, 152; departments of, 156; Manufacture of, 156; Arsenals, 156; in battle, 230. Artillerymen, 20. ʿArzah-dāsht (report), 254. ʿArz-i-makarrar (Confirming Order), 13, 18, 42. ʿAṣā-shamsher (straight sword), 76. Asīrgaṛh, 268. Aslāḥ (weapons generally), 62. Asnān (spears generally), 81. Assault on forts, modes of repelling 282; repulsed, evacuation after, 284. Assignment of revenue (jāgīr), 14. Astrologers, 202. Aṭak, 269. Ātashbāz (firework-makers), 174. Audiences, parades during, 182. Auditors (mustaufīs), 19. Aunchī (bow), 91. Aurang (throne), 31. Authorities, list of, 301 – 306. Axe, battle, 80; silver, 81. Ayyām-i-hilālī, 19. Azhdaha-paikar (kind of standard) 32.

c29.3

c29.4

Bābar's Artillery, 114. Back-scratcher (pusht-khār), 80. Badaha (class of artificer), 174. Bādalīj (catapult), 129. Bādalījah (catapult), 129. Badan (curtain of fort), 264. Badar (powder-bag), 151. Badraqah (escort), 210. Bagtar (body-armour), 66. Bahīr o bangāh (baggage), 191, 227. Bakhshīs, First, 39; the other, 39; second, 39; third, 39; fourth, 40; of the aḥadīs, 40. Bakhshī, of the Wālā Shāhīs, 40; provincial and other, 40; of the Realms, 42. Bakhshī-i-tan, 39. Bakhshī-ul-mamālik, 37; duties of, 38. Bakhshī-ul-mulk, 39. Baksariyah (kind of infantry), 168. Baktar (body armour), 66. Bālāband (turban ornament), 29. Balātang (surcingle), 72. Ballam (kind of spear), 84. Bān (Rockets), 147. Bān-andāz (rocket-man), 159. Bandahhāe (servants), 44 n. 1. Bān-dār (rocket-man) 159, 169. Bandtār (part of a sword), 75. Bandūq (a matchlock), 73, 103. Bandūqchī-i-jangī (matchlock-man), 167. Bandūq-i-chaqmāqī (flint musket), 105. Bangaṛh, siege of, 291. Banjāra (grain-carrier), 192. Bānk (kind of dagger), 86, 87. Baranghār (right wing), 226. Barāt (order on Treasury), 56. Barchhā, Barchhah, Barchhī, Birchha (kind of spear), 83. Barchhah, see "Barchhā". Bargaṛh, 269. Bargī (name for Mahrattahs), 171. Bārgīr (hired trooper), 37, 47. Bargustuwān (elephant armour), 66. Bargustuwān-posh (armour-clad elephant), 176. Barqandāz (matchlockman), 20, 166. Bartarafī (rejection of horses), 22, 24, 25, 26. Bārūt-khānah (powder magazine), 151.

c29.5

Basalī (an armourer), 174. Basolah (kind of weapon), 81. Battle Axes (tabar), 73, 80. Battle cries, 231. Battles, particular, force present at 60; order of, 223; conduct of 229; particular, 244; reports of, 254. Bayonet (sangīn), 83. Bāzār (camp market), 191. Bāz-yāft (item under objection), 19. Beldār (a digger), 173, 174. Belly-piercer (kind of dagger), 86. Besiegers and Besieged, communication between, 287. Beuta (chain-mail shirt), 67. Bhāl (arrow-head), 97. Bhālā (kind of spear), 82. Bhanjū (part of armour), 69. Bhartpur, 268. Bhīlah (class of infantry) 170. Bichwā (kind of dagger), 87. Bījāpur, siege of, 289. Bilā-shart (unconditional pay), 13. Bīmārī (illness), 25. Bīmārī-nāmah (medical certificate), 25. Birinjārā (grain-carrier), 192. Blacksmiths' forges, establishment of, 52. Blank Cartridge, 107. Blockades, 272. Blowing from guns, 184. Burj o bārah (fortifications), 264. Bound Hedge, 261. Bow (of a saddle), 72. Bows and arrows, 73, 90, 91; estimation of, 90; recent use of, 90; make of, 92; mode of drawing, 94, 96; stringing the, 102; shooting with, 102. Bow-men, 53. Brand, imperial, 49 (and see Errata); the noble's, 50 (and see Errata). Branding, 45. Bridge of boats, 211. Broad cloth, 73 n. 1. Bunain (butt of spear), 81. Bundelahs (class of infantry), 169. Burning oil, throwing of, 282.

c29.6

c29.7

Cailletoque (a musket), 107. Caltrops, 233 and see Errata. Camps and Camp Equipage, 195; a description of, 195. Cannon, construction of, 114; rate of firing, 116; names of, 118; mode of mounting, 121; heavy, descriptions of, 123; wooden, 128. Cartridge, blank, 107. Casualties, 22. Cavalry charges, 232; Moghul, tactics of, 234. Centre (qūl, qalb), 226; advance guard of the (iltimish), 226; wings of the (tarah), 227. Certificate of heirship (wārisnāmah), 27; from Bakhshī's office (taṣdīq), 41, 42. Chādar (missile or tent or mantlet), 131. Chaghatāe language, use of, 184. Chahār-āīnah (breastplate), 66. Chahlam (kind of armour), 68. Chakhmāgh (battle-axe), 81. Chakhmāq (id.), 81. Chalanī (small piece of artillery), 138. Chalqat (doublet over armour), 69. Chamchāq (kind of battle-axe), 81. Chamkhākh (a long knife), 87. Chamkhāq (kind of battle-axe), 81. Chandāwul (the rear-guard), 227. Chāndū (imperial fort), 269. Changal-i-bāz (mode of holding bow), 102. Chapkunchi (a reconnaissance), 241. Chapqalash (an onslaught), 233, 241. Chāqchāq (kind of knife), 87. Chāqchaq-i-wilāyatī (a long knife), 89.

c29.8

*Chāqū* (a knife), 89. Charges of cavalry, 241. *Charkh* (cross-bow), 92. *Charkhchi-bāshī* (head bowman), 92. *Chatr* (state umbrella), 31. *Chatr-tok* (yak-tail standard), 31. *Chaukī* (guard), 23, 25, 188. *Chaukī-khānah* (guard-house), 196. *Chelās* (slaves, household troops), 11. Chevaux-de-frise (caltrops), 233 and see Corrections. *Chharī* (rocket-stick), 147. *Chhatah-i-qila‘h* (platform?), 264. *Chihaltah* (wadded coat), 68, 69. *Chihilqad* (wadded coat), 69. *Chihrah* (descriptive roll), 47. *Chihrah-i-aspān* (descriptive roll of horses), 49. *Chihrah-i-tābīnān* (descriptive roll of troopers), 48. *Chillah* (bow-string), 93. *Chiltā* (wadded coat), 69. Chinglapat (fortress), 268. *Chīrah*, meaning of, 47 *n.* 1. *Chirwah* (kind of shield), 78. *Chob-sībāe* (wooden-tower), 279. Choppers (thatches of roofs), 282. Christians in Mogul Service, 152, 153, 154; contempt for, 152, 153. Coats, wadded, 69. Colligation in fighting, 237, 238. Combat, single, 236. Commander-in-Chief, 37. Commissariat, 191. Conditional pay (*mashrūt*), 13. Confirmation of orders (*‘arz-i-makarrar*), 18. Contingent (*suwārs*), 6. Coup-de-main, 270. Cross-bow (*charkh*), 92, 95. Crossing Rivers, 211. Crutch, fakir’s, 77. Cuirass (*āīnah*), 67.

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c29.10

*Dabalghah* (helmet), 64 and see “Corrections”. Daggers, 73, 85. *Dāgh*, 13, 25. *Daghlah* (quilted coat), 68. *Dāgh-o-mahallī* (parades), 46. *Dāgh-o-tashīhah* (Branding and Verification), 46. *Daglā* (quilted coat), 68. *Dah-bist* (proportion of horses to men), 10. *Dākhilī* troops, 160. *Dām* (a coin of account), 6. *Damāghah* (holes on fortress wall for pouring down boiling oil), 266. *Dānt-tinkā* (form of surrender), 185. *Dar goshah-i-kamān zadan* (to capture), 240. *Daroghah-i-dāk* (Chief of Post), 213. *Daroghah-i-harkārah* (Head Spy), 213. *Daroghah-i-topkhānah* (artillery general), 154. *Dashnah* (kind of dagger), 89. *Dastār* (a turban), 29. *Dast-i-chap* (left wing), 226. *Dast-i-rāst* (right wing), 226. *Dastwānah* (gauntlets), 70. *Daul* (estimate), 18. *Daulatābād* (fortress), 268. *Daulat-khānah* (emperor’s residence), 199. Dead on battle field not buried, 259. Death (*fauti*), rules for pay, 25, 27. Deductions from Pay, 19. Defeat, 241. Defensive armour, 62. Deficiency, in horses, 22; in equipment, 22; in troopers, 22. *Deg* (Mortars), 129. *Deg-andāz* (mortar-man), 129, 158, 169.

c29.11

Delay in Verification, fines for 24, 54. Description of an army on the march, 203. Descriptive Roll, of men, 47; of horses, 49. Desertion (*Farārī*), 25; pretended, 255. *Dhāl* (a shield), 77. *Dhalait* (foot-soldier), 165. *Dhamākah* (small gun), 135, 137. *Dhara* (kind of mace), 79. *Dhārwar* (fortress), 268. *Dhūnah* (cotton-carder), 174. *Dhūp* (straight sword), 76. Diary, see *Wāqi‘ah*. Diary-writer, see *Wāqi‘ah navīs*. *Dira‘h* (measure of length), 217. Discharge (*bartarafī*), 25. Discipline, 182. Dismounting to fight, 237. Divination by arrows, 98. *Dīwān-i-‘alā* (chief minister), 17. *Dīwān-i-tan* (second revenue minister), 16, 39. Driver of elephant, general changing places with, 257. *Do-ang-bāzī* (kind of sword-play), 185. Dog, killing of, before a siege, 270. *Dohad* (fortress), 269. *Do muhānah* (kind of arrow-head), 98. Drill, 182, 185. Drums, miniature, 30. *Dūaspah*, 23. *Dumchī* (crupper), 72. *Dūr-bīn* (telescope), 246 *n.* 1. Duties of the *Bakhshī-ul-mamālik*, 38.

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c29.13

Elephants, in general, 175; made over to grandees, 20; gifts of, 30; armour of, 175; *khāṣah*, 178; names of, 179; disuse of, 179, 180; numbers in use, 180. Elephant-goad (*ankus*), 80. Emperor’s taking the field in person, 202; conveyance of, and usages on his passing by, 210. Ensigns, 31. Entering the service, procedure on, 36. Equipment, 62, 73, 90; deficiency in, 22. Escort (*badraqah*), 210. Establishment, subordinate, 52. Estimate, rough, 17; (*daul*), 18. Estimation of weapons, 90. Europeans in Mogul service, 152, 153, 154. Evacuation of fortress, after repulsed assault, 284. Exercises, 182.

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c29.15

Fakir’s crutch, 77. *Falākhan* (sling), 95. *Falītah* (match for firelock), 107. *Farangī* (European), 172. *Farārī* (desertion), 25, 26. Farriers (*na‘lband*), 53; establishment of, 52. *Faṣīl* (terre-plein), 264. *Fausse-braye* (*raunī*), 265. *Fautī* (death casualties), 25, 27. Fencing Shields, 78. Field Pieces, 138. Fighting, on foot, 237; colligation in, 237, 238; technical terms of, 239. Fines, 22, 63. Finger stall (*zihgīr*), 93. Fish (*Māhī*) standard, 32; and dignities, 33; fish-scale armour (*baktar*), 67. Fish back-bone (*Khār-i-māhī*), 80. Flags, 31, 32; of truce, 214. Flail (*sānt*), 80. Flight, of inhabitants, 194; pretended, 255. Flint-lock (*bandūq-i-chaqmāqī*), 105. Fodder, 192. Foraging, 192.

c29.16

Force actually present at particular battles, 60. Fording river, 212. Fortresses, keys of, 287. Forts and strongholds, 260; description of, 260; Hill, 262; small, description of, 266; particular, description of, 267; Imperial, 268. Furlough, 25.

c29.17

c29.18

Gajbāg (elephant goad), 80. Gajbail (kind of sword), 77. Gajnāl (small gun), 135. Gaṇḍāsā (a chopper), 85. Ganj-i-shahīd (martyrs' grave), 259. Gārdanī (amazons), 166. Gardani (neck-piece for horse), 71, 72. Gārdī (drilled French sepoys), 106. Garguz (kind of mace), 79. Garh (a fort), 264. Garhi (small fort), 264. Garhiyā (small fort), 85. Garwah (a shield), 78. Gaz-i-ilāhī (measure of length), 217. Ghabārah (kind of field-piece), 129. Ghair-ḥāzirī (absence), 25. Ghaznain (fortress), 269. Gherā (kind of shield), 78. Gherah (kind of arrow), 98. Ghoghī (armour head-piece), 65. Ghol (troop), 226. Ghor-dāhan (kind of matchlock), 111. Ghūghī (armour head-piece), 65. Ghughwah (armour head-piece), 70. Ghūnghī (armour head-piece), 65. Gifts, of money, 18; other than money, 29. Gingall (wall-piece), 109. Ginjal (wall-piece), 110. Gipsies, 116. Girih-kushā (kind of spear), 94. Girwah (a shield), 78. Gobhan (a sling), 95. Godhū (arm-guard), 100. Golandāz (artillery-man), 158, 169. Gold-coin presented on passing by of emperor, 210. Goonga (battlements?), 264. Goonju (battlements?), 264. Gophan (a sling), 95. Goshah (notches of bow), 93. Government revenue, assignment of (jāgīr), 14. Grandees, elephants made over to, 20. Grass cutters, 191. Gudkā (single-stick), 185. Gulalbār (imperial enclosure), 195, 199. Gulel (pellet-bow), 95. Guns, names of, 118; heavy, 118—128; light, 133—147; wooden, 128; spiking, 241. Guptī (stick-sword), 77. Guptī-kārd (knife in stick), 89. Gurdāspūr, siege of, 285. Gurohah, kamān-i- (pellet-bow), 95. Gurz (mace), 79. Gusāins (kind of infantry), 163. Gwāliyar, 269.

c29.19

c29.20

Hadaf (object aimed at), 101. Haiat-i-majmū‘ī (mode of attack), 241. Hallah (charge), 241. Ḥalqah (class of elephants), 178. Ḥamā,il (shoulder-belt), 75. Ḥāndī (fire-pot) 282. Hanger (kind of dagger), 87. Ḥaqīqat (statement), 16, 40. Harakat-i-mazbūḥī (a feeble attack), 239. Harāwal (vanguard), 225. Harem women with armies, 200. Harhai (part of armour), 68. Harkārah (spy, scout), 213. Ḥasanpur, battle of, 245. Hasho (margin of account book), 26. Hathnāl (small gun), 135.

c29.21

Hāthras (fortress), 268. Haudah, 176. Hazārī (artillery captain), 23, 157. Ḥaẓir-i-rikāb (present at Court), 9. Heads, pillars of, 242. Heavy Guns, 113, 118; descriptions of, 123. Hedge, Bound, 261. Heirship, certificate of (wāris-nāmah), 27. Heralds (naqīb), 231 n. 1. Ḥiṣṣah-i-ajnās (payment in kind), 19, 20. Historians, florid style of, 244. Horsemanship, 187. Horsemen, Mogul army made up of, 57. Horses, in general, 29; deficiency in, 22; to be furnished by recruits, 47; descriptive roll of, 49; classification of, 51; ʿArabī, 51; Persian, 51; Mujannas, 51; Turkī, 51; Yābū, 51; Tāzī, 51; Janglah, 51; discrepancy of, 52. Humāyūn, artillery of, 115. Hunting, 189. Ḥuqqah (hand-grenade), 282. Ḥuqqah-i-ātash (id.), 131.

c29.22

c29.23

Iftālī (advanced troops), 225. Ilghār (forced march), 218. Illness (Bīmārī), 25. Iltimish (part of order of battle) 226. ʿImārī (protected howdah), 176. ʿInān (reins), 72. Infantry, 161; pay of, 173. Intervals after which verification was imperative, 54. Investment of fortresses, 272.

c29.24

c29.25

Jaba (coat of mail), 67. Jaʿbah (a quiver), 99. Jackets, quilted cotton, 64. Jāe narela (part of sword), 75. Jāgīr (assigment of revenue), 14, 22. Jāgīrs, management of, 15, 16. Jaibah (coat of mail), 67. Jaibah-i-hazār-mīkhī (kind of armour), 67. Jaitpur, siege of, 289. Jālī (railing before throne), 199. Jāmagī (match for fire-lock), 107. Jāmah (court dress), 29. Jāmah-i-fatāḥī (kind of coat), 68. Jamaʿdār (petty leader), 183. Jambishī, topkhānah-i- (light field artillery), 133. Jambīyah (kind of dagger), 87. Jambwah (kind of dagger), 87. Jamdhar (kind of dagger), 86. Jamkhāk (kind of dagger), 87. Jānib-i-yasār (left wing), 226. Janjāl (wall-piece), 109. Jaranghār (left-wing), 226. Jāṭs, said to be gipsies, 116. Jauhar (temper of sword-blade), 75. Javelin or short spear, 81. Jazāil (wall-piece), 109, 111. Jazāir (id.), 109. Jhālar (a fringe), 33. Jhambwah (kind of dagger), 87. Jhanda (a flag), 31. Jhānsī, 269. Jihlam (kind of armour), 68. Jinjal (wall-piece), 110. Jinjī, siege of, 289. Jins (goods, food-stuff), 20. Jinsī, top-khānah-i- (light artillery), 133. Jodhpur, 269. Joshan (kind of armour), 66, 68. Jubah (kind of armour), 67. Jūhar (immolation), 242. Jūzah-i-harāwal (part of van-guard), 226. Juzzail, see “Jazāil”.

c29.26

c29.27

Kaʿbah (a long gown), 29. Kābul, 269. Kahak-bānhā (kind of rocket), 148. Kahardah, Hindūstānī (class of artificer), 174. Kahardah, Turānī (class of artificer), 174. Kaitok, kaitoke (kind of matchlock), 108, 171. Kajem (horse-armour), 71. Kajīm (id.), 71. Kākrūn (fortress), 269. Kalā Piyādah (kind of infantry), 171. Kālinjar (fortress), 268, 269. Kamal (kind of armour), 69. Kamal-posh (Blanket Wearers), 44. Kamān (bow), 73, 92; i-gurohah, 95. Kamand (rope-ladder), 281. Kamī-i-barādari (deficiency of men), 22. Kamīn-gāh (ambush), 255. Kammal (blanket), 44. Kamnait (kind of archer), 96. Kamptī (bambū bow), 96. Kamr (accoutrements), 107. Kamrband (waist belt), 29. Kamrgāh (part of fortress), 264. Kamr-i-khanjar (sword-belt), 75. Kamrsāl (sword-belt), 75. Kamthah, kamanth (kind of bow), 95. Kandānah, siege of, 289. Kāngrah (fortress), 269. Kanthā-sobhā (gorget), 70. Kārd (a long knife), 88. Kārkhānahs (workshops), 196. Karnātakī (class of infantry), 170. Karranāi (horns), 208. Kārtūs (cartridge), 107. Kasarāt (exercises), 185. Kashmīr (fortress), 269. Kasūr-i-do-dāmī (deduction from pay), 19.

c29.28

Katāh-i-bās (arrow-shaft?), 97 n. 1. Katār, katārah, katārī (dagger), 85. Katībah-i-bāsh (arrow-shaft?), 97 n. 1. Kaukabah (kind of standard), 31, 32, 33. Kayetoc (kind of matchlock), 108. Kettledrums, 30. Khākrez (glacis), 264. Khālī-golī (blank cartridge), 107. Khāl-o-khat (marks on horse), 49. Khān (Lord), 28. Khandā (kind of sword), 76. Khanjar (kind of dagger), 86. Khapwah (kind of dagger), 87. Kharātī (turner), 174. Kharch-i-sikkah (a deduction from pay), 19. Khargāh (kind of tent), 195. Khār-i-māhī (kind of mace), 80. Khasak (caltrops), 233 and Errata. Khelnah, siege of, 289. Kherah (a shield), 78. Khilaʿt (robe of honour), 29. Khilaʿt-khānah (state wardrobe), 29. Khoghī (armour head piece), 65. Khogir (saddle), 72. Khor bahliyah (class of artificer), 174. Khūd (helmet), 64. Khundli-phānsī (kind of mace), 79, 80. Khūrāk-i-dawābb (feed of cattle), 7, 19, 20, 178. Kīchīm (horse-armour), 71. Kilk (arrow-shaft), 97. Knives, 85. Koft work, 62. Kohar-tarāsh (kind of arrow), 98. Kont (kind of spear), 85. Kos, length of, 216. Kotāh silāh (short-arms), 73. Kotah-yarāq (short-arms), 73. Kothī (kind of armour), 69. Kotwāl (police officer), 210. Kūchah-i-salāmat (covered way), 274.

c29.29

Kuhuk (kind of rocket), 148. Kummurgah (part of fortress), 264. Kungur (battlements), 264. Kūrkah (kind of drum), 30 n. 1.

c29.30

c29.31

Ladders, scaling, 271, 281. Lais (kind of arrow), 98. Lāhor (fortress), 269. Lake, Lord, māhī conferred on, 33. Lance, cavalry, 82; Mahratta use of, 82. Langarkhānah (charitable kitchen), 191. Lānge (kind of spear), 84, 85. Lankarkot (fortress), 269. Leader's death or disappearance, effect of, 235; changing places with elephant driver, 257. Leather Guard (godhū), 100. Leave of absence, 25. Left Wing, 226. Length of marches, 215. Lezam (bow for exercising), 185. Light artillery, 133. Lion dignity (Sher-marātib), 34. Lord (Khān), 28. Losses, 244; statistics of, 258.

c29.32

c29.33

Maces (gurz), 73, 79. Madad-i-mu‘āsh (kind of allowance), 3. Mahādajī-Sendhia, 33. Mahallah (parades), 46, 182 n. 1. Mahāṣarah kardan (to invest a fortress), 264. Māhī (a kind of standard), 32. Māhī-o-marātib (kind of standard), 31, 33. Mahratta use of lance, 82. Mahṣūn shudan (to be invested), 264. Mahṣūr shudan (id.), 264. Mahtāb (blue lights), 151. Maimanah (right wing), 226. Mairtah (fortress), 269. Maisarah (left wing), 226. Maisir, al- (divination by arrows), 98. Malbūs-i-khāṣ (emperor's robes), 29. Malchār (mode of approach during a siege), 278. Malk (part of armour?), 68. Manjanīq (catapult), 130. Manqalah (advanced troops), 225. Manṣab, generally, 3, 42; first class, 6; second class, 6; third class, 6; system, 58; system, connection with number of men present, 58. Manṣabdārs, 19, 43; formed an army of horsemen, 57. Manṣab-i-zāt, table of, with yearly pay, 8. Mantlet (tūrah), 146, 278. Marabba‘ (mode of archery), 102. Marātib (kind of standard), 33. March, army on the, 202; description of, 203; length of, 215, 219—222; measurements made of, 216; official day's, 216; forced, 218. Marching through passes, 212. Mārū (parrying shield), 79. Masarī (part of armour?), 68. Mashrūt (conditional pay), 13. Mashrūt-ba-khidmat (id.), 13. Match (falīta), 107. Matchlockmen, 20, 53; rates of pay, 167. Matchlocks, 73, 90, 91, 103; barrels, 106; stocks, 106; hammer of, 106. Measurements of marches, mode of, 216. Memorandum (yād-dāsht), 18, 42. Mewātī (class of infantry), 170. Mewrah (post-runners), 170. Mighfar (part of armour), 65. Military music and the Naubat, 207. Milteq (a matchlock), 108. Mines, 271, 273, 275. Mink-bāshī (artillery captain), 157. Mīr ‘Arẓ (old name of Bakhshī), 38.

c29.34

Mīr Ātash (general of artillery), 154; duties of, 155. Mīr Baḥr (head of boatmen), 211. Mīr Bakhshī (second noble), 37. Mirdahah (petty officer), 23, 26, 158. Mīr Manzil (Quarter-master-general), 190. Missiles, 90. Mīzān (kind of standard), 32. Mochī (class of artificer), 174. Moghul Army, an army of horsemen, 57. Moghul cavalry, tactics compared with Europeans, 234. Moghul Empire, War Organization of, reasons for decay of, 296; no patriotism, 296, 297; badly constructed, 297; weakened by jealousies of officers, 297, 298; bad system of recruitment, 298, 299; troops only fit for a procession or a charge, 300. Mortars (deg), 129. Mounting Guard, 188. Mozah-i-āhanī (part of armour), 71. Mugdar (wooden clubs), 185. Mughal (class of infantry), 172. Muḥarraf (mode of archery), 102. Muhnāl (scabbard mountings), 75. Muhrah-i-rahkalah (nozzle of field-piece), 146. Muḥtasib (Censor), 210. Munger (fortress), 269. Muqābil-kob (catapult), 130. Muqaddamah-ul-jais (vanguard), 225. Mūrchāl (battery, entrenchment), 271. Musāʿadat (money advances), 18. Musht (mode of archery), 102. Music, military, 207. Mustaufīs (auditors), 19. Musters, false, 45. Muṭālibah (recovery of loans), 18, 38.

c29.35

c29.36

Nābah (furrows on sword blade), 75. Nāgas (class of infantry), 163. Nāgphanī (kind of shield), 78. Nāgpur (fortress), 268. Najīb (class of infantry), 164. Najjār (carpenters), 174. Nāl (barrel), 103. Naqār-khānah (music-room or Band-stand), 196. Naqb (under-mining), 271, 275. Naqb-kun (digger), 174. Naqd (cash pay), 14, 20. Naqīb (herald), 231 n. 1. Naqqārah (kettle-drums), 30, 208. Nardubān (scaling-ladders), 271, 281. Narsingh moth (kind of dagger), 87. Nasaqchī (army police), 227. Naubat (drum-beating), 30, 207. Nawak (kind of bow), 96. Negotiations, 214. Nets (redes) for hunting tigers, 203 n. 1. Nezah (lance), 81, 82. Nezah-bāzān (spear-men), 82. Niʿamat Khān, ʿAlī, quoted, 244. Night surprizes, 257. Nīmah-astīn (a jacket), 29. Nīmchah-shamsher (short sword), 75, 112. Noble of Nobles (Amīr-ul-umarā), 38. Non-verification (ʿadam-i-taṣḥīḥah), 22. Notch of bow, 93. Nuktah (kind of arrow), 98. Number of weapons carried, 73.

c29.37

c29.38

Observations, general, 296. Offensive weapons, 90. Offering presented on passing of emperor, 210. Officer, first appointment of, 40. Official day's march, 216. Officials and their duties, 55.

c29.39

Oil, burning, throwing of, 282. Opchī (a bowman), 91. Oqchī (a bowman), 91. Order of battle, 223. Orders, confirmation of (*‘arẓ-i-makarrar*), 18. Organ (*Arghūn*), 138. Organization, 183. Ornaments, jewelled, 29.

c29.40

c29.41

Pāebāqī, right to collect arrears of *Jāgīr* rents, 21. Pāemālī (compensation for damaged crops), 193. Pahrī (small shield), 78. Paikān (arrow-head), 97. Paikān-kash (arrow-drawer), 101. Pākhar (elephant armour), 176. Palārak (a sword), 75. Pal-i-siyāh (kind of gun-ammunition), 151. Pālkīs (litters), 29. Paltah (headstall), 72. Panach or panchak (bow-string), 93. Pandī-ballam (kind of spear), 84. Panjah (kind of standard), 31, 34. Panjmukh (kind of spear), 84. Par (arrow-feathers), 97. Parades (*maḥallah*, *sān dīdan*), 182, id. n. 1. Pārah (gun-hammer), 106. Parrah bastan (battle-array), 223. Partāl (baggage), 191. Particular battle, force actually present at, 60. Parusa (battle-axe), 81. Passes, marching through, 212. Paṭāpatī or striped tents, 198. Paṭhabāz (swordsman), 165. Paṭkah (part of armour), 71. Paṭkah-poshān, 71. Patrolling, 209. Paṭṭa (rapier), 77.

c29.42

Pay, yearly, table of *Manṣab-i-zāt*, 8; rates of, 8; for one horseman, 10; date from which drawn, 12; conditional (*Mashrūṭ*) 13; unconditional (*Bilā-shart*), 13; in arrears always, 13; in *Naqd* (cash), 14; by *Jāgīr* (assignment), 14; rates of infantry, 172. Paymaster and Adjutant-General (*Bakhshī-ul-mamālik*), 37, n. 1. Paymaster-General (id.), 37. Pensions, 25, 26. Percussion weapons, 105. Peshkhānah (advance-tents), 195. Peshqabẓ (kind of dagger), 88. Pharī (fencing shield), 78. Pioneers, 53. Pishāwar (fortress), 269. Pistol (*ṭabānchah* or *Pistōl*), 73, 90, 91, 91, 111, 112. Piyādagān (infantry), 160. Piyādah (foot-soldier), 24. Piyāzī (kind of mace), 79. Plundering, untimely, 236. Pommel of a saddle (*qarbūs*, *qāsh*), 72. Powder Bags, 282. Powder horn, 107. Powder Magazines, 151. Practising, arrow used for, 98. Privileges (*manṣab*), 4. Procedure on entering Service, 36. Provincial and other *Bakhshīs*, 40. Punishments, 184. Pushtah (field shelter), 109. Pusht-khār (kind of mace), 80.

c29.43

c29.44

Qabchah (quilted under-jacket), 63. Qabẓ (pay-bill), 26. Qabẓah (sword-hilt), 75. Qabẓahgar (mode of archery), 102. Qaiduq (a matchlock), 108. Qainchi-i-bān (rocket tripod), 148. Qal‘ah (a fort), 264.

c29.45

Qal'achah (small fort) 264. Qalandara (kind of arrow), 98. Qalāwurī (skirmishers), 224. Qalb (centre of army), 226. Qamargah (centre of army), 226. Qamchī-kārd (narrow knife), 89. Qamrgāh (mode of hunting), 189. Qandahār, siege of, 289. Qandūq (gun-stock), 108. Qarāwal (skirmishers), 189, 225. Qarāwal Begī (chief of skirmishers, Head huntsman), 189. Qarbūs (pommel of saddle), 72. Qasārah (kind of field-piece), 140. Qāsh (pommel of saddle), 72. Qashqah (frontlet), 71, 72. Qashūn (body of troops), 183. Qatās (yak-tail), 34. Qazāqī (mode of attack), 240. Qidr (a cauldron?), 111. Qil'ah (a fort), 264. Qila'hdār (fort commandant), 269. Qirbān (bow-case), 100. Qizzilbāsh (Persian horsemen), 58. Quilted cotton jackets, 64. Quiver (tarkash), 99; the King's, a symbol of authority, 99. Qūl (a slave, also centre of army), 44 n. 1, 226. Qūltūq (the armpit), 108. Qumqumah (kind of standard), 32, 33. Qundāq (gun-stock), 104. Qūr (armoury, armed attendants), 31, 205. Qūrbegī (head of armoury), 205. Qurqchīs (emperor's guard), 169.

c29.46

c29.47

Rāesen (fortress), 269. Rahkalah (wheeled field-piece), 135, 139; use of word, remarks on, 140. Rahkalah-bār (artillery park), 200. Rainee (fausse-braye), 265. Rāmchangī (kind of small cannon), 137. Rāmjakī (id.), 137. Rāmjangī, (id.), 137. Rāmjakī (id.), 135, 137. Rānak (greaves), 71. Rānīgarh (fortress), 269. Rank (manṣab), 4. Rank, suwār, 9. Ranking's work on elephants, 178. Ranthambhor (fortress), 269. Raonī (fausse-braye), 265. Rasad-i-jins (payment in kind), 20. Raunee (fausse braye), 265. Rāutī (a small tent), 195. Rāwat (a Hindu trooper), 171. Rear guard, 227. Recovery of loans and advances, 18. Recruit, to furnish own horse, 47. Redes (nets for hunting tigers), 203 n. 1. Reduction of fortresses by starvation, 284. Refuge, places of, 263. Regiments, 57. Rejections, 22. Reklas (kind of conveyance), 139 n. 1. Renny (fausse braye), 265. Report (Ḥaqīqat), 41. Resignation, 25. Revenue, assignment of (jāgīr), 14. Right Wing of army, 226. Rikāb (stirrups), 72, 134. Risālah (department), 42. Rivers, crossing of, 211; fording, 212. Robes (of Honour), 29. Rockets (bān, kahak-bān), 73, 147; mode of carrying, 148; description of, 149, 150; mode of discharging, 149, 150, 151. Rodā (bow-string), 93. Rolls, descriptive, 47, 49; for Troopers, 48. Ruhtās Khūrd (fortress), 269. Rukhṣat (leave of absence), 25.

c29.48

c29.49

Saʿat-i-saʿīd (lucky moment), 202. Sābāt (covered way), 274, 275, 276, 277. Sabūchah-i-bārūt (fire-pots), 132. Sādiqī (coat of mail), 69. Sadiwāl (artillery sergeant), 23, 26, 158. Saff ārāstan (battle array), 223. Safīl (terreplein), 264. Sahalki (class of artificer), 174. Sahm (arrow), 97. Sāibān (a kind of standard), 31. Saif (a sword), 75. Sailābah-i-Qalmāqī (a kind of knife), 89. Sainthī (kind of spear), 81, 84. Saintī (id.), 79, 84. Saints, shrines of, 202. Sāir (privates), 158. Salābat-bār (imperial enclosure), 199. Salhyaba (kind of armour), 68. Salotrī (farrier), 174. Sāmbhar (fortress), 269. Sandbags, 278. Sān dīdan (a parade), 182 n. 1. Sāng (kind of spear) 83. Sang-afkan (aperture for hurling down stones), 266. Sang-andāz (id.), 266. Sang-i-falākhan (slings for stones), 95. Sangīn (a bayonet), 83. Sangraʿd (catapult), 130. Sang-tarāsh (stone-mason), 174. Sānk (kind of spear), 81, 83. Sānt (kind of spear), 80. Sap, approach by, 273. Sāqah (rear of any troops), 227. Saqatī (horse casualties), 22, 24. Saqat-nāmah (certificate of horse's death), 25. Sārī (arrow-shaft), 97. Sar-i-suwārī (coup-de-main), 270.

c29.50

Sarkob (catapult), 130. Sarnāl (scabbard mountings), 75. Sarpech (head ornament), 29. Sāz-i-maraṣṣaʿ (jewelled trappings), 72. Sāz-i-tilāe (gold-mounted trappings), 72. Scaling-ladders (nardūbān), 271, 281. Scarcity and other suffering, 193. Scouts, 213. Sel (kind of spear), 84. Selahah (kind of spear), 81, 84. Service, entering the, 36. Shab-gard (night-rounds), 209. Shab-gīr (night-surprise), 257. Shab-khūn (id.). 257. Shāhīn (falconet), 135. Shāhjahanābād (fortress), 269. Shākh (powder horn), 107. Shākh-dahāna (id.), 107. Shākh-i-tufang (tripod for matchlock), 104. Shamiyānah (kind of tent), 195. Shamsher (sword), 75. Shamsherbāz (swordsman), 78. Shashbur (kind of mace), 79. Shast (thumbstall), 94. Shast-āwez (id.), 94. Shātūr (a catapult?), 278. Sherbachah (a blunderbuss), 112. Sher-bachah (a class of troops), 58. Shergarh (fortress), 269. Sher-māhī (kind of fish-bone), 89. Sher-marātib (a kind of standard), 34. Sher Shāh, his system of musters, 46. Shields, 73, 77; fencing, 78; movable (or mantlets), 278. Shikārband (part of horse trappings), 72. Shikārgah (kind of sword), 77. Shooting, modes of, 101; with bow, 102. Shrines of noted saints, visits to, 202. Shutarnāl (small gun), 135; size of, 136.

c29.51

Sībā (towers at sieges, also “cavaliers”), 271, 277, 279, 280. Sieges of Gurdāspūr and Thūn, 270, 285; particular, 288; of Qandahār, 289; of Bijāpur, 289; of Jinjī, 289; of Khelnah, 289; of Kandānah, 289; of Wākankherā, 289; of Jaitpur, 289; of Allahābād, 290; of Bangarh, 290. Sihām (arrows), 97. Sihbandī (local militia), 166. Sih-bhālah (kind of spear), 98. Sih-pāyah (tripod for matchlock), 104. Silah (weapons in general), 62. Silahdār (class of trooper), 37, 47. Silah-posh (a class of troops), 164. Sinān (spear in general), 81. Singauta (parrying shield), 79. Single-stick play, 185. Singrā (priming horn), 107. Sipāh-i-fālez (undisciplined troops), 241. Sipar (a shield), 77. Sirohī (kind of sword), 76; gaj bail (id.), 77. Sitāpur (fortress), 269. Siyāha daul (estimate of allowances), 17. Siyāh namūdan (to appear in the distance), 241. Siyāhposh (class of troops), 183. Skirmishers (qarāwalān), 225. Slain and wounded, plundering of, 259. Spears, 73, 81; short, 81; mode of wielding, 82. Spies, 213. Sqarlāt (broad-cloth), 73 n. 1. Standards, 32, 205; Yak’s-tail, 34. Starvation, reduction of fortresses by, 284. Statement (Haqīqat), 16. Stones, use of, by besieged, 283. Storming, 281. Stratagems, 244; of war, 255. String of bow, 93. Stringing the bow, 102. Subī (part of armour), 68. Sūfār (notch of bow), 93. Sultānī (Royal), 44. Sunāin (head of spear), 81. Sūraj-mukhī (kind of standard), 34. Surang (a mine), 274. Sūrat (fortress), 269. Surgeons (jarrāḥ), establishment of, 52. Surkh-posh (class of troops), 44, 183. Suwār (troopers), 5; Rank, 9. Swivel-gun, 109. Swordplay, 186. Swords, 73, 74; mode of carrying, 74. Sword-stick, 77. System, Akbar’s, of making over elephants to grandees, 20.

c29.52

c29.53

Tabal (head-piece), 227. Tabānchah (pistol), 112. Tabar (battle-axe), 80. Tabar zāghnol (kind of axe), 80. Tābīnān (cavalry soldiers), 9, 43, 48. Tābīnān-i-barādarī (class of cavalry), 10. Table of Manṣab-i-zāt, 8. Tabrdār (axe-man), 174. Tafawat-i-asp (a deduction from pay), 22, 52. Tafawat-i-silāḥ (id.), 22. Tafawat-i-tābīnān (id.), 22. Taghaiyur-i-rāh dādan (change of route), 210. Tahnāl (scabbard-mounting), 75. Ta‘ināt (posted to a province), 9. Takhsh (kind of missile), 147. Takhsh kamān (cross-bow), 95. Takht-i-rawān (portable throne), 210. Talafī (deduction from pay), 20. Talāqī-i-farīqain (encounter of armies), 241. Talī‘ah (videttes), 209.

c29.54

Ta‘līqah (executive order), 43. Talwār (sword), 75. Tamanchah (pistol), 111, 112. Tämānchah (id.), 111. Tanāb-i-qūruq (rope enclosure), 199. Tankhwāh (pay), 17, 21, 38. Tankhwāh-i-inā‘m (a gift), 18. Taraf-i-yamīn (right wing), 226. Tārāgaṛh (fortress), 269. Taraḥ (part of battle array), 227. Taraḥ-i-bādām (kind of arrow), 98. Taraḥ-i-ḥalāl (id.), 98. Taraḥ-i-khār (id ), 98. Taraḥ-i-khornī (id.), 98. Taraḥ-i-māh (id.), 98. Taraḥ-i-toko (id.), 98. Tarangālaḥ (battle-axe), 80. Target, 101. Tarkash (quiver), 99. Taṣdīq (certificate), 41, 42. Taṣḥīḥah (verification), 46, 53. Taulghamah (part of battle array), 227. Taulqamah (part of battle array), 227, 233, 240. Tawaqquf-i-taṣḥīḥah (delay in verification), 24, 54. Tawaqquf o ‘adam-i-taṣḥīḥah (non-verification), 22. Technical terms of fighting, 239; words connected with fortresses, 263. Tegh (sword), 75. Teghah (sword blade), 75. Telescope, 246. Tents, colour of, 198; striped, 198. Terre-plein, 264. Thonṭh (kind of arrow), 98. Thūn (First Siege), 285; (Second Siege), 287. Thūth (kind of arrow), 98. Tilak (sect-mark), 72. Tilāyah (patrol), 209. Tilwah (kind of shield), 78.

c29.55

Tīr (arrow), 73, 97; various meanings of, 129. Tīrah-band (loaded), 129. Tīr-andāz (archer), 91. Tīrbardār (arrow-extractor), 101. Titles, 28. Tobrah (nose-bag), 142. Togh (kind of standard), 34. Top (cannon), 65, 113. Top (helmet), 64, 65. Top-i-hawāe (air-gun?), 130. Top-i-kalān (heavy gun), 114. Top-i-khūrd (field-piece), 114. Top-khānah (artillery), 113. Toṛa (gun match), 107. Torah (law, custom), 145. Toṛedār (matchlock), 104. Toshah-khānah (wardrobe for presents), 29. Towers (ṣībā), 279. Towns, Walled, 263. Tozdān (pouch), 107. Transport, 191. Trichinopoly (fortress), 268. Troopers, fine for deficiency in, 22; roll for, 48. Truce, flag of, 214. Ṭudah (earthen target), 101. Tufak (matchlock), 103 n. 1. Tufak-i-dahān (blow-pipe), 97. Tufang (matchlock), 73, 103. Tufang-chi (matchlock man), 167. Tufang-i-farang (European matchlock), 104. Tukah, Tukkah (kind of arrow), 97. Tūmān (body of troops), 183. Tūmāndār (head of tūmān), 183. Tūman-togh (tūman-tok) (kind of standard), 31, 34. Tūmār (despatch, report), 254. Ṭūpak (matchlock), 103 n. 1. Ṭūrah (mantlet), 142, 145, 277. Turk-tāzī (Turk-galloping), 241. Tynashee work, 62.

c29.56

c29.57

*Uimaq* (class of cavalry), 241. Ujjain (fortress), 269. *Umarā* (nobles), 9. *Umarā-i-kibār* (great nobles), 9. *‘Umdah* (pillars of the State), 9. Unconditional pay, 13. Uniform, 183. *Ūstak* (shabracque), 72. *Utārā* (fighting on foot), 237. *‘Uzzām* (great nobles), 9.

c29.58

c29.59

Vanguard, 225; advanced post of the, 226. *Venmuroo* (kind of mace), 81. Verification, 53; delay in, 24, 54; roll, 26; and branding, 45; intervals after which imperative, 54; department-officials and their duties, 55. Victory, proclamation of, 242.

c29.60

c29.61

Wadded coats, 69. *Wākankherā*, siege of, 289. *Wakīl-i-mutlaq* (vice-gerent), 37. *Walā Shāhīs*, *Bakhshī* of the, 40, 43, 44; (High Imperial), 44. Wall, temporary, 279. Wall-piece, 109. *Wāqi‘ah* (official diary), 18, 41, 42, 254. *Wāqi‘ah navīs* (diary-writer), 18. *Wāqi‘ah-nigār* (diary-writer), 40, 41. War Organization of Moghul Empire, reasons for decay of, 296—300. *Wāris-nāmah* (certificate of death), 27. Watching, 209. Water-carriers, 53. *Wazīr* (chief minister), 37. Weapons, 29; great number that a man carried, 73; offensive, 90; relative estimation of, 90. Wielding the spear, mode of, 82. Wings of army, Right, 226; Left, 226; of the centre, 227. Wounded, no medical aid for, 259. Wrestling, 186.

c29.62

c29.63

*Yād-dāsht* (memorandum), 18, 42. *Yak-ang-bāzī* (kind of sword-play), 185. *Yakaspah* (having one horse), 23. *Yakkah-tāz* (riding alone), 43. *Yak’s-tail* standard, 34. *Yaltang-posh* (part of horse trappings), 72. *Yaltmish* (part of battle array), 226. *Yasāwals* (armed messengers), 44, 81, 210. *Yūrish* (onset), 241.

c29.64

c29.65

*Zafarābād* (fortress), 269. *Żaghnol* (kind of axe), 80. *Zalmun* (an arrow), 99. *Zambūrak* (camel-piece), 135; size of, 136. *Zanjīr-bandī* (chaining cannon), 229. *Zanjīr-i-fīl* (phrase of record or account), 179. *Zarb-zan* (cannon), 113. *Żardposh* (class of cavalry), 183. *Żāt* (personal rank), 5. *Zerband* (martingale), 72. *Zih* (bow-string), 93. *Zihgīr* (thumstall), 93, 94. *Zinah-pāe* (scaling-ladder), 281. *Zirih* (kind of armour), 66, 67. *Zirihkulāh* (part of armour), 66.