[Pramāṇa](https://indike.org/pramana/) › [Studies](https://indike.org/pramana/ins) › [Polity, law and society](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity) › [Life in Ancient India as Depicted in the Jain Canons, with Commentaries: An Administrative, Economic, Social and Geographical Survey](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.jain-1947) › c8.s2.3 # Life in Ancient India as Depicted in the Jain Canons, with Commentaries: An Administrative, Economic, Social and Geographical Survey c8.s2.3 Life in Ancient India as Depicted in the Jain Canons, with Commentaries: An Administrative, Economic, Social and Geographical Survey c8.s2.3 - **Language:** English ### [c8.s2.3](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.jain-1947.c8.s2.3) A distinction is made between \*juddha\* and \*sangāma\*. In the former there was no order in fighting, while in the latter battle formations were used (\*vūha\*).⁴⁸ The \*sagadavūha\* (waggon array) and \*garudavūha\* (eagle array) are mentioned in the \*Niryavaliyā\*. The army of Cedaga formed the former while that of Kūṇiya the latter.⁴⁹ The \*cakka\*, \*daṇḍa\* and \*sūci\* \*vūhas\* are also mentioned.⁵⁰ Two types of battles are mentioned: (1) battles in which war-engines were employed (\*mahāsilākantaka\*),⁵¹ (2) battles in which chariots and pestles were used (\*rahamusala\*). It is said that in these battles a huge number of people were killed.⁵² - [Previous: c8.s2.2](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.jain-1947.c8.s2.2) - [Next: c8.s2.4](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.jain-1947.c8.s2.4) - [Up: c8.s2](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.jain-1947.c8.s2) --- Source: [https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.jain-1947.c8.s2.3](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.jain-1947.c8.s2.3) · Pramāṇa