[Pramāṇa](https://indike.org/pramana/) › [Studies](https://indike.org/pramana/ins) › [Polity, law and society](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity) › [Life in Ancient India as Depicted in the Jain Canons, with Commentaries: An Administrative, Economic, Social and Geographical Survey](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.jain-1947) › c8.t3.3 # Life in Ancient India as Depicted in the Jain Canons, with Commentaries: An Administrative, Economic, Social and Geographical Survey c8.t3.3 Life in Ancient India as Depicted in the Jain Canons, with Commentaries: An Administrative, Economic, Social and Geographical Survey c8.t3.3 - **Language:** English ### [c8.t3.3](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.jain-1947.c8.t3.3) Three varieties of horses are mentioned, viz., aśva, aśvatara, ghotaka.²⁵ An aśva was a well-bred horse from Pakkhalī (vālhīka according to Haribhadra) ; it was a clean animal²⁶ ; an aśvatara or a mule was born of a different species other than its own ; such mules came from Dilavāliya ; the ill-bred horses were known as ākīrṇa.²⁷ Kanthaka was another variety of horses found in Kamboja whom no noise frightened and who exceeded all other horses in speed.²⁸ The Thaṇāṅga mentions four varieties of kanthaka.²⁹ The mares which foaled horses every year,³⁰ were known as ṭhāiṇī (ṭhāṇī in Marāṭhi.) - [Previous: c8.t3.2](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.jain-1947.c8.t3.2) - [Next: c8.t3.4](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.jain-1947.c8.t3.4) - [Up: c8.t3](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.jain-1947.c8.t3) --- Source: [https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.jain-1947.c8.t3.3](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.jain-1947.c8.t3.3) · Pramāṇa