[Pramāṇa](https://indike.org/pramana/) › [Studies](https://indike.org/pramana/ins) › [Polity, law and society](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity) › [Hindu Polity: A Constitutional History of India in Hindu Times](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.jayaswal-1924) › c13.75 # Hindu Polity: A Constitutional History of India in Hindu Times c13.75 Hindu Polity: A Constitutional History of India in Hindu Times c13.75 - **Language:** English ### [c13.75](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.jayaswal-1924.c13.75) Again by Sūtra III. 3. 42, Pāṇini indicates a division of republics into two classes: (1) Where no 'upper-and-lower condition' exists, and (2) where the condition does exist.² By the first we may understand a one-chamber constitution and by the second a double-chamber constitution. The word used by Pāṇini for (1) is "anauttarādharya," and he lays down the rule that a \*Saṃgha\* to which this characteristic attached, was designated Kāya or Nikāya, meaning one 'body.'³ In Pāli, Nikāya has got the same primary meaning, a 'fraternity' (Childers). The Buddhist fraternity was composed of only one house Apparently the term was borrowed by the Buddhists from political phraseology. Three political Nikāyas are named in grammatical literature: Śāpiṇḍi-Nikāya, Mauṇḍi-Nikāya and Chikkali-Nikāya.⁴ - [Previous: c13.74](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.jayaswal-1924.c13.74) - [Next: c13.76](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.jayaswal-1924.c13.76) - [Up: c13](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.jayaswal-1924.c13) ## Cites (1) - [Aṣṭādhyāyī](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vedanga.vyakarana.astadhyayi-school.astadhyayi.3.3.42) — Pāṇini, Sanskrit --- Source: [https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.jayaswal-1924.c13.75](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.jayaswal-1924.c13.75) · Pramāṇa