[Pramāṇa](https://indike.org/pramana/) › [Studies](https://indike.org/pramana/ins) › [Polity, law and society](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity) › [Hindu Polity: A Constitutional History of India in Hindu Times](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.jayaswal-1924) › c3 # Hindu Polity: A Constitutional History of India in Hindu Times c3: Table of Contents of Part I Hindu Polity: A Constitutional History of India in Hindu Times c3 - **Language:** English ### Table of Contents of Part I ### [c3.1](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.jayaswal-1924.c3.1) | | | | PAGES | | I. Introductory | ... | ... | 1—8 | ### [c3.2](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.jayaswal-1924.c3.2) Chapter I ### [c3.3](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.jayaswal-1924.c3.3) | Scope and Sources | ... | ... | 3—8 | | § 1. Scope of the book | ... | ... | 3 | | § 2. Sources | ... | ... | 3 | | Technical Literature | ... | ... | 4 | | Its early date | ... | ... | 4—5 | | § 3. Terms for Technical Literature | | | 5 | | The Book on Politics in the Mahābhārata : 400 B.C.—500 A.C. | ... | | 5—6 | | Works of the 4th and 5th Centuries A.C. | ... | ... | 6 | | Compilations by Hindu Lawyers of 14th to 18th Centuries A.C. | ... | | 6 | | Politics in the Purāṇas, 6th and 7th Centuries A.C. | ... | ... | 7 | | Politics in the books of Dharma (Law) 400 B.C.—500 A.C. | ... | | 7 | | § 4. Works of early Middle Ages | ... | | 7—8 | | § 5. Politico-ethical and politico-religious books | ... | ... | 8 | | II. Vedic Assemblies | ... | ... | 11—21 | ### [c3.4](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.jayaswal-1924.c3.4) Chapter II ### [c3.5](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.jayaswal-1924.c3.5) | Samiti—The Sovereign Assembly of Vedic times | ... | ... | 11—16 | | § 6. Samiti represented the whole People | ... | ... | 11 | | § 7. Its functions | ... | ... | 11—12 | | The King and Samiti | ... | | 12 | ### [c3.6](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.jayaswal-1924.c3.6) | § 8. Deliberations | ... | 12—13 | | § 9. Non-political business of the Samiti | ... | 13 | | § 10. Samiti an institution of developed society | ... | 13—14 | | - President of the Samiti | ... | 14 | | - Constitution of the Samiti | ... | 14—15 | | § 11. Historical career of the Samiti | ... | 15—16 | ### [c3.7](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.jayaswal-1924.c3.7) CHAPTER III ### [c3.8](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.jayaswal-1924.c3.8) | The Sabhā | ... | 17—21 | | § 12. Sabhā a distinguished popular body | ... | 17—18 | | Its resolutions | ... | 18 | | § 13. Composition of the Sabhā | ... | 18 | | § 14. Judicial Function of the Sabhā | ... | 18—19 | | § 15. Sabhā a later Ṛig-vedic Institution | ... | 19—20 | | § 16. Vidatha and Senā | ... | 20 | | § 17. Corporate tendency of Post-Vedic life | ... | 20—21 | ### [c3.9](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.jayaswal-1924.c3.9) III. HINDU REPUBLICS: (\*a\*) RISE AND PROSPERITY 25—138 ### [c3.10](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.jayaswal-1924.c3.10) CHAPTER IV ### [c3.11](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.jayaswal-1924.c3.11) | Rise of Hindu Republics and Hindu Terms for Republics | ... | 25—32 | | § 18. Republics generally post-Vedic institutions | ... | 25—26 | | § 19. Ancient terms for Hindu republics | ... | 26 | | § 20. Significance of 'gaṇa' | ... | 26—27 | | § 21. Saṃgha | ... | 27—28 | | § 22. Controversy on Gaṇa in England | ... | 29 | | § 23. Pāṇini on Gaṇa | ... | 29 | | § 24. The Jātakas on Gaṇa | ... | 29—30 | ### [c3.12](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.jayaswal-1924.c3.12) | | | PAGES | | § 25. | The Mahā-Bhārata on Gaṇa ... | 30 | | | Hindu Law and Amara-kośa on Gaṇa ... ... | 30—31 | | § 26. | The Avadānaśataka on Gaṇa ... | 31 | | § 27. | Jaina definition ... ... | 31—32 | | § 28. | Conclusion on Gaṇa ... | 32 | ### [c3.13](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.jayaswal-1924.c3.13) CHAPTER V ### [c3.14](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.jayaswal-1924.c3.14) | \*\*Republics in Pāṇini\*\* | | ... 33—44 | | § 29. | Pāṇini on Saṃgha ... | 33—34 | | § 30. | Castes in a Saṃgha ... | 34 | | § 31. | Kātyāyana on Saṃgha ... | 34—35 | | § 32. | Ayudhajīvin Saṃghas named in Pāṇini ... ... ... | 35 | | | Interpretation of 'Ayudhajīvin' ... | 36—37 | | § 33. | Description of Greek Writers ... | 37 | | § 34. | Identification of the Vāhīka land | 38 | | § 35. | Other republics in Pāṇini ... | 39 | | § 36. | The Andhaka-Vṛishṇi Saṃgha | 39—40 | | § 37. | Constitutional Significance of 'Rājanya' ... ... | 40—41 | | §§ 38—39. | Federal Constitution of the Andhaka-Vṛishṇis ... ... | 41—42 | | § 40. | Vṛishṇi coin and Rājanya coins | 42 | | § 41. | State-arms of the republics ... | 42—44 | | § 42. | Political Nikāyas: A species of Saṃgha ... ... ... | 44 | ### [c3.15](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.jayaswal-1924.c3.15) CHAPTER VI ### [c3.16](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.jayaswal-1924.c3.16) | \*\*Republican Origin of Buddhist Saṃgha and Republics in Buddhist Literature (500—400 B.C.)\*\* | | ... 45—55 | ### [c3.17](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.jayaswal-1924.c3.17) | §§ 43-44. Buddhist Saṁgha borrowed from Political Saṁgha ... | 45—48 | | § 45. Recorded republics ... | 48—49 | | § 46. Their administration procedure ... | 49—51 | | §§ 47-48 Lichchhavi constitution ... | 51—52 | | §§ 49-50. Lichchhavi safe-guards for liberty of the citizen ... | 52—53 | | § 51. Federal Council of the Lichchhavis and the Mallas | 53—54 | | § 52. Its Composition ... ... | 54—55 | ### [c3.18](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.jayaswal-1924.c3.18) CHAPTER VII ### [c3.19](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.jayaswal-1924.c3.19) Republics in the Artha-Śāstra (325 300 B.C.) ... ... 57—62 ### [c3.20](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.jayaswal-1924.c3.20) | § 53. ‘King’-consul Republics ... | 57 | | Changes from Monarchy to Republic | 58—59 | | § 54. Mallas, Kurus, Kukuras ... | 59 | | § 55. Nation-in-arms Republics ... | 60 | | § 56. Kshudrakas and Mālavas ... | 60—61 | | § 57. Surāshṭras ... ... | 61 | | §§ 58-59. Kshatriyas and Śreṇis | 61—62 | ### [c3.21](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.jayaswal-1924.c3.21) CHAPTER VIII ### [c3.22](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.jayaswal-1924.c3.22) Hindu Republics in Greek Writers (C. 325 B.C.) ... ... 63—79 ### [c3.23](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.jayaswal-1924.c3.23) | § 60. Megasthenes’ Two Divisions of the Country—Monarchical and Republican ... | 63 | | § 61. Kathaians ... ... | 64—65 | | § 62. Un-named Republics ... ... | 65 | | Adrestai ... ... | 65 | | § 63. Saubhūti (or Saubhūta) ... | 65—66 | ### [c3.24](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.jayaswal-1924.c3.24) | | | PAGES | | § 64. A great Republic on the Beas | ... | 66–68 | | §§ 65–66. Kshudrakas and Mālavas and Śibis | ... | 68–70 | | § 67. Āpiśali, Pāṇini and Patañjali on the above | ... ... | 70–72 | | §§ 68–69. Greek Writers on the above | ... | 72–72 | | §§ 70–71. Agra-Śreṇis | ... | 73–73 | | §§ 72–73. Ambashṭhas | ... | 73–74 | | § 74. Kshatriyas | ... ... | 74 | | § 75. Ossadioi | ... ... | 74–75 | | § 76. Musicani | ... ... | 75–76 | | § 76A. Brachmanoi | ... ... | 76–77 | | § 77. Patala | ... ... | 77–78 | | §§ 78–79. States ambiguously described | | 78–79 | ### [c3.25](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.jayaswal-1924.c3.25) CHAPTER IX. ### [c3.26](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.jayaswal-1924.c3.26) Constitutional Survey of the Hindu Republics in Greek Writers ... ... 81–88 ### [c3.27](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.jayaswal-1924.c3.27) | § 80–81. Democracy | ... ... | 81 | | § 82. Elected 'King' President | ... | 81–82 | | § 83. Second Chamber | ... ... | 82–83 | | § 84. Executive authority | ... ... | 83–84 | | § 85. Aristocratic democracy | ... | 84–85 | | § 86. Large Parliaments | ... ... | 85 | | § 87. Hindu term for aristocratic constitution | ... ... | 85–86 | | § 88. Culture in these republics | ... | 86–87 | | § 89. Influence of Polity on Physique | ... | 87–88 | ### [c3.28](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.jayaswal-1924.c3.28) CHAPTER X ### [c3.29](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.jayaswal-1924.c3.29) Technical Hindu Constitutions ... ... 89–101 ### [c3.30](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.jayaswal-1924.c3.30) | § 90. Technical Constitutions ... | 89 | | §§ 91–92. Bhaujya Constitution ... | 89–91 | | § 93. Svārājya Constituion ... | 91–92 | | §§ 94–95. Vairājya Constitution... | 92–94 | | § 96. The Madras and their Capital | 94–95 | | §§ 97–98. Rāshtrika Constitution ... | 95 | | § 99. Pettanika ... ... | 95–96 | | § 100. Dvairājya Constitution ... | 96–97 | | § 101. The Non-ruler State ... | 97–100 | | § 102. Ugra and Rājanya forms of government ... ... | 100 | | § 103. Sacrament of rulership essential in every constitution ... | 100–01 | ### [c3.31](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.jayaswal-1924.c3.31) CHAPTER XI ### [c3.32](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.jayaswal-1924.c3.32) Procedure of Deliberation in Hindu Republics ... ...103–117 ### [c3.33](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.jayaswal-1924.c3.33) | § 104. Buddhist Saṃgha based on political Saṃgha ... ... | 103–04 | | § 104 (a). Seats ... ... | 104 | | § 105. Motion: Resolution ... | 104–06 | | § 106. Quorum: Whip ... | 107 | | § 107. Consequence of disregarding procedure ... ... | 107–8 | | § 108. Votes: Votes of absentees ... | 108–09 | | § 109. Ballot-voting: procedure-of-majority ... | 109–10 | | § 110. Pointless Speeches and Delegation Committee | 110–12 | ### [c3.34](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.jayaswal-1924.c3.34) | | | | PAGES | | § 111. | Principle of representation | ... | 112 | | § 112. | \*Res Judicata\* | ... | 113 | | § 113. | Procedure of Censure: Act of Indemnity... | ... | 113 | | § 114. | Clerks of the House | ... | 113—14 | | § 115. | Historical significance of the terms and procedure | ... ... | 114—15 | | § 116. | Jātakas and Referendum... | | 115—17 | ### [c3.35](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.jayaswal-1924.c3.35) CHAPTER XII ### [c3.36](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.jayaswal-1924.c3.36) Franchise and Citizenship ... 119—22 ### [c3.37](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.jayaswal-1924.c3.37) | § 117. | Basis of Franchise. ... | ... | 119—20 | | § 118. | Outsiders eligible to Citizenship in republics | ... | 120—21 | | § 119. | \*Bhakti\* to Arjuna and Vāsudeva | ... ... | 121—22 | ### [c3.38](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.jayaswal-1924.c3.38) CHAPTER XIII ### [c3.39](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.jayaswal-1924.c3.39) Judicial Administration and Laws of Republics ... ... 123—24 ### [c3.40](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.jayaswal-1924.c3.40) | § 120. | \*Kulika\* Court ... | ... | 123—24 | | § 121. | \*Samaya\*, the laws of the Gaṇas | | 124 | ### [c3.41](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.jayaswal-1924.c3.41) CHAPTER XIV ### [c3.42](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.jayaswal-1924.c3.42) Characteristics of Republics according to the Mahā-Bhārata 125—30 ### [c3.43](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.jayaswal-1924.c3.43) | §§ 122—124. | Characteristics of Gaṇas in the Mahā-Bhārata | ... | 125—30 | | | Leagues: their dangers | (p. 128) | | ### [c3.44](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.jayaswal-1924.c3.44) Good points in Gaṇas (p. 129) Weak points in Gaṇas and how to avoid them. (pp. 129—30) Internal danger (p. 130) Equality in Gaṇas and its effect. (p. 130) Confederacy recommended (p. 130) ### [c3.45](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.jayaswal-1924.c3.45) CHAPTER XV ### [c3.46](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.jayaswal-1924.c3.46) Formation of New Republics ### [c3.47](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.jayaswal-1924.c3.47) § 125. New Religious Gaṇas ... 131 § 126. Historical instances of new republics ... ... 131—32 § 126 (a) Artificial Stage ... ... 132—33 Republican—a post-tribal period in India ... ... 133 § 127. Artificial political 'tribes', not ethnic tribes ... ... 133—34 § 128. Distinction between tribal and artificial organisations ... 134—35 ### [c3.48](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.jayaswal-1924.c3.48) § 128A. Aitareya Brāhmaṇa to Kauṭilya 137—38 ### [c3.49](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.jayaswal-1924.c3.49) CHAPTER XVI ### [c3.50](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.jayaswal-1924.c3.50) A Retrospect of the Period of Rise ... ... 137—38 ### [c3.51](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.jayaswal-1924.c3.51) III. HINDU REPUBLICS: (b) Decline and Disappearance ... ... 141—48 ### [c3.52](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.jayaswal-1924.c3.52) CHAPTER XVII ### [c3.53](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.jayaswal-1924.c3.53) REPUBLICS UNDER THE MAURYAS ### [c3.54](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.jayaswal-1924.c3.54) § 129. Policy of Maurya Imperialism towards Republics ... ... 141—42 § 130. Republics under Aśoka ... 142—43 § 131. Meaning of 'aparānta' ... 143—44 §§ 132—33. 'Rāja-vishayas' ... 144 § 134. Constitution of the Nābhapaṅktis ... 145 § 135. Nābhaka ... ... 145 § 135 (a) Pulindas ... ... 146 § 136. Andhras ... ... 146—47 § 137. Yavanas of Aśoka ... 148 § 138. Kabul Yavanas ... 148 § 139. Akoubhi ... ... 148 § 140. Yavanas, Kambojas, Andhras and Pulindas in Manu and Mahā-Bhārata ... ... 148 ### [c3.55](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.jayaswal-1924.c3.55) § 141. Migration of the stronger republics to Rajputana ... 149 § 142. Yaudheyas ... ... 149—50 ### [c3.56](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.jayaswal-1924.c3.56) CHAPTER XVIII ### [c3.57](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.jayaswal-1924.c3.57) Republics in Śuṅga Times and later ... ... 149—61 ### [c3.58](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.jayaswal-1924.c3.58) | § 143. | Yaudheyas and Śalaṅkāyanas | 150 | | § 144. | Yaudheya constitution from Monumental Records | 151 | | § 145. | Their end | 151 | | § 146. | Madras | 151—52 | | § 147. | Mālavas and Kshudrakas | 152 | | §§ 148—49. | Mālavas (contd.) | 152—3 | | § 150. | Śibis | 153—54 | | § 151. | Arjunāyanas | 154 | | § 152. | The meaning of republican migration | 154—55 | | §§ 153—55. | Rajputana republics in the Mahābhārata | 154—57 | | § 156. | Kukuras | 157 | | § 57. | Vrishṇis | 157 | | § 158. | Foreign barbarians of the first century B. C. | 158 | | § 159. | Decay of the older Punjab republics | 158 | | § 160. | Rājanyas | 158—59 | | § 161. | Mahārāja-Janapada | 159 | | § 162—63. | Vāmarathas and Śalaṅkāyanas | 159—60 | | § 164. | Audumbaras | 160—61 | ### [c3.59](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.jayaswal-1924.c3.59) CHAPTER XIX ### [c3.60](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.jayaswal-1924.c3.60) | \*\*Disappearance of the republics...\*\* | | \*\*163—65\*\* | | § 165. | Guptas and republics | 163 | | § 166. | Pushyamitras | 163—65 | | § 167. | Exit | 165 | ### [c3.61](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.jayaswal-1924.c3.61) III HINDU REPUBLICS: (c) Their System and Ethnology ... ... 169–189 ### [c3.62](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.jayaswal-1924.c3.62) CHAPTER XX ### [c3.63](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.jayaswal-1924.c3.63) Criticism on Hindu republican systems ... ... 169–77 ### [c3.64](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.jayaswal-1924.c3.64) | § 168. | Moral assets | ... 169–70 | | § 169. | Principle of equality. Successful administration ... ... | 170 | | § 170. | Military System ... ... | 170 | | § 171. | Industrial system ... ... | 170–71 | | § 172. | The type of citizen ... ... | 171 | | § 173. | Separation of powers ... | 171 | | § 174. | Philosophical basis ... ... | 171–72 | | § 175. | Republican theories ... ... | 172 | | § 176. | Individualism ... ... | 173–74 | | | Social Contract ... ... | 173–74 | | § 177. | Longevity ... ... | 174 | | § 178. | Weak points in Hindu Republics | 175 | | § 179–80. | Mahā-Bhārata on Arājaka states (p. 175) | | | | Personal rivalry and greed of power in republics (p. 176) | 175–77 | | § 181. | Dissension leading to the breaking-up of Gaṇas ... ... | 177 | ### [c3.65](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.jayaswal-1924.c3.65) CHAPTER XXI ### [c3.66](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.jayaswal-1924.c3.66) Ethnology of the Republics ... 179–89 ### [c3.67](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.jayaswal-1924.c3.67) | § 182. | Question raised by Mr. Smith ... | 179 | | § 183. | Instance of Chumbi Government | 179–80 | ### [c3.68](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.jayaswal-1924.c3.68) | § 184. | Criticism ... | 180—81 | | § 185. | Bharhut and Sāñchī Sculptures: Mr. Smith's error ... | 181—82 | | § 186. | Alleged Mongolian basis of Indian population in early centuries A.C. ... | 182—83 | | § 187. | Nationality of Lichchhavis ... | 183—84 | | § 188. | Mr. Smith's vision of—'close' resemblance between Lichchhavi and Tibetan Criminal Procedures ... | 184—85 | | | Lichchhavi Criminal Procedure ... | 186 | | § 189. | Derivation of Lichchhavi from Lichchhu ... | 186—87 | | § 190. | Mallas ... | 187 | | § 191. | Nationality of Śākyas | 187 | | § 192. | Obsolete custom of sister-marriage amongst Śākyas ... | 187—88 | | 193. | Evidence of the Greeks ... | 188 | | § 194—196. | Evidence of names and orthodox literature ... | 188—89 | ### [c3.69](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.jayaswal-1924.c3.69) § 197. Text and Translation of Śānti-Parvan, Ch. ### [c3.70](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.jayaswal-1924.c3.70) Appendix A ### [c3.71](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.jayaswal-1924.c3.71) | The Mahā-Bhārata on the Andhaka-Vrishṇi-Saṃgha ... | | 191—97 | ### [c3.72](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.jayaswal-1924.c3.72) ⁸¹ (pp. 192—197) The importance of the discussion (p. 191). ### [c3.73](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.jayaswal-1924.c3.73) Appendix B ### [c3.74](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.jayaswal-1924.c3.74) List of Indian Republics discussed in Part I ... ...199—201 ### [c3.75](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.jayaswal-1924.c3.75) Appendix C ### [c3.76](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.jayaswal-1924.c3.76) Additional Notes on Part I (1924) ... ... ... 203 ### [c3.77](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.jayaswal-1924.c3.77) Arthaśāstra (Kauṭiliya) —Its authorship and date ... 203 (i) Authorship: Jolly's arguments ... 203—05 (ii) Date: Arguments for the third century A.C. Date ... ... 206 Works of the 4th-5th cen. A. C. and the date of the Kāmandakiya ... 215 Pushkara ... ... ... 216 14th—18th. Cen. Digests ... ... 216 Works in Vernaculars .. ... 216 Village fined ... ... 216 \*Na sā Sabhā\* ... ... 216 Gaṇa ... ... ... 216 State-arms of the republics ... ... 216 Decisions on rolls (Book of Precedents) ... 216 Ashṭa-kulaka ... ... ... 216 Lehchhai ... ... ... 217 \*Śavati\* ... ... ... 217 Jauhar ... ... ... 217 ‘Everyman in the Community had franchise’: Citizens \*vs.\* non-citizens ... ... 217 ### [c3.78](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.jayaswal-1924.c3.78) | | | | PAGES | | \*Kauṇinda\* and \*Kanet\* | ... | ... | | | Vāhīkaṇ physique | ... | ... | 217 | | Madra country ... | ... | ... | 218 | | Śalākā | ... | ... | 218 | | Yaudheya Coin-legends | ... | ... | 211 | | Mālava Coins ... | ... | ... | 218—19 | | Freedom in preference to home... | ... | ... | 219 | | Sanakānīkas | ... | ... | 212 | | Ethnology of the republicans | ... | ... | 219 | --- Source: [https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.jayaswal-1924.c3](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.jayaswal-1924.c3) · Pramāṇa