Hindu Polity: A Constitutional History of India in Hindu Times c4: Table of Contents of Part II

Hindu Polity: A Constitutional History of India in Hindu Times c4

Language: English

Table of Contents of Part II

c4.1

| | | | PAGES |
| **IV. HINDU MONARCHY** .... | .... | .... | **3—190** |

| Antiquity and Theory of Origin .... | | | 3—6 |
| § 197. Rājan or king | .... | .... | 3 |
| § 198. Antiquity of Hindu Monarchy | .... | .... | 3—4 |
| § 199. Hindu Theories on the Origin of Kingship | .... | .... | 4 |
| § 200. Vedic theory: origin in war | .... | .... | 4—5 |
| § 201. Scientists' Theory of Contract: .... | | | 4—5 |
| Theory of elective kingship .... | | .... | 6 |

c4.4

CHAPTER XXIII

c4.5

| Vedic King and his Election .... | | | 7—13 |
| § 202. King's election and his position .... | | | 7—9 |
| § 203. Sole taker of taxes | .... | .... | 9 |
| § 204. 'King-makers' : .... | | .... | 9—10 |
| election for life-time .... | | .... | 10—11 |
| § 205. Deposition and re-election | .... | .... | 11 |
| § 206. His duty .... | .... | .... | 12—13 |
| § 207. Germs of later political philosophy | .... | .... | 13 |

c4.6

CHAPTER XXIV

c4.7

Coronation Ceremony of Brāhmaṇa Period: and Its Constitutional Significance .... 14—26

c4.8

| § 208. Fixed formulæ | .... | .... | 14 |
| § 209. Rājasūya, Vājapeya and Sarvamedha | .... | .... | 14—15 |

c4.9

| | | PAGES |
| § 210. | 'he' the king-elect .... .... | 15 |
| § 211. | The Ratna-Havis .... .... | 16—20 |
| § 212. | The Ratnins .... .... | 21—21 |
| § 213. | Origin of Hindu Ministers .... | 21—22 |
| § 214. | Approval of the Land .... .... | 22 |
| § 215. | The idea underlying .... .... | 22—23 |
| § 216. | Abhishechanīyam or anointing ceremonies .... .... | 23 |
| § 217. | King as Protector of Law .... | 23 |
| § 218-19. | Collection of waters .... | 24—25 |
| § 220. | Abhishechana or anointing .... | 25 |
| § 221. | Investiture and Announcement . . . . . | 26 26 |

c4.10

CHAPTER XXV

c4.11

Coronation Ceremony of Brāhmaṇa Period and Its constitutional Significance *(contd.)* 27—41

c4.12

| § 222. | Coronation oath .... .... | 27—28 |
| § 223. | Ascent to the throne .... .... | 28 |
| § 224. | People as King's Protector .... | 29 |
| § 225. | Besprinkling by the Priest .... | 29—30 |
| § 226. | Brahmin and Taxation .... .... | 30—33 |
| §§ 227-28. | Vesting of Sovereignty .... | 33—35 |
| § 229. | Post-Abhisheka Ceremonies. Symbolism denoting Supremacy of Law. .... .... | 35 |
| §§ 230-31. | The Homage .... .... | 36—37 |
| § 232. | The symbolic Game of Government .... .... | 37—38 |
| § 233. | Summary .... .... | 38—39 |
| § 234. | Hereditary succession not yet established .... .... | 39—40 |

c4.13

| | | PAGES |
| § 235. | Ceremony for deposed king | 40—41 |

c4.14

CHAPTER XXVI

c4.15

Coronation in Later Times— .... 42—5

c4.16

| § 236. | Leading Principle remains Vedic | 42—44 |
| § 237. | Coronation Oath .... | 44—45 |
| § 238. | Discussion on Rājan and 'history' of Coronation Oath in the Mahābhārata .... | 46—48 |
| § 239. | Analysis of the Oath .... | 48—49 |
| § 240. | Effect of Coronation Oath in actual life .... | 49—50 |
| § 241. | Coronation Oath in Middle ages and later .... | 51 |

c4.17

CHAPTER XXVI (A)

c4.18

Sacrament of Coronation and Theory of Divine Origin of King .... 54—59

c4.19

| §§ 244-245 | Sacrament of Coronation Oath :.... | 54 |
| | Manu's theory of Divine Origin of King .. .... | 54—58 |
| § 246. | Theory of king's divine origin displaced .... | 58—59 |

c4.20

CHAPTER XXVII

c4.21

The Jānapada or the Realm Assembly and The Paura or the Assembly of the Capital City: (600 B.C. to 600 A.C.) 60—78

c4.22

| §§ 247-48. | The Samiti and Territorial Monarchies .... | 60—61 |

c4.23

| §§ 249-51. | Rise of the Jānapada Assembly .... | 62—68 |
| § 252. | The Paura .... .... | 68—70 |
| §§ 253-55. | Municipal administration of the Paura .... .... | 70—73 |
| § 256. | The Paura administration of Pāṭaliputra .... .... | 74 |
| § 257. | The ‘City-magistrates’ of Strabo .... | 75 |
| § 258. | ‘Varga’ and its meaning .... | 75—76 |
| § 259. | Naigama or the City Guild and its connexion with Paura .... | 76—78 |
| § 260. | ‘Negama coins’ .... .... | 78 |
| § 261. | Significance of Naigama .... | 78 |

c4.24

CHAPTER XXVIII

c4.25

Political Functions of the Jānapada and the Paura . . . . . 79—108

c4.26

| § 262. | Coinage and Jānapada .... .... | 79 |
| §§ 263. | Constitutional business which the Paura-Jānapada were supposed to do . . . . . | 79 |
| § 264. | Resolve on nomination of the Crown Prince . . . . . | 80—82 |
| § 265. | Paura-Jānapada took part in Abhisheka as People’s Representatives. They could prevent succession .... | 82 |
| § 266. | Paura-Jānapada and Depositions .... | 82 |
| 267. | Political Discussion in Paura-Jānapada . . . . . | 84—85 |
| § 268. | Appointment of Chief Mantrin and Paura-Jānapada .... .... | 8 |
| § 269. | Resolution on State Policy .... | 85—86 |
| § 270A. | Paura and Provincial Government: .... | 86—87 |
| § 270B. | Paura-Jānapada and Taxation .... | 88—89 |

c4.27

| | | PAGES |
| § 271. | Royal Speech to Paura-Jānapada | 89—92 |
| §§ 272-3. | Paura-Jānapada and Anugrahas or Privileges | 93—94 |
| §§ 274-75. | King asks permission of the Naigama-Jānapada to undertake long sacrifice | 94—95 |
| § 276. | Daily business of Paura-Jānapada with the King | 95 |
| § 277. | Aśoka's new Dharma and the Jānapada | 96 |
| § 278. | Importance of Paura: Paura and executive work | 96—97 |
| § 279. | King and Governor attend Paura-Jānapada | 97 |
| § 280. | Paura-Jānapada could make or mar government | 97—98 |
| § 281. | Compensation bills of Jānapada to the Crown | 98—99 |
| § 282. | Constituency of Jānapada | 99—101 |
| 283. | Composition of Paura | 102—03 |
| § 283. | Separate bodies making up Naigama | 104—05 |
| § 284. | Basārh Seals and Naigama Officers | 105—06 |
| § 285. | The 'laws' of Jānapada and Paura | 106—07 |
| § 286. | The Saṁvid enactments of Jānapada | 107—08 |
| § 287. | Paura-Jānapada as Hindu Diet | 108 |

c4.28

CHAPTER XXIX

c4.29

Opinion of Thinkers and General Public Opinion 109—14

c4.30

| § 288. | Opinion of Hermits and Recluses | 109—111 |
| § 289-90. | Opinion of the learned Brahmin | 111—112 |
| § 291-92. | Public Opinion in general | 113—14 |

c4.31

CHAPTER XXX

c4.32

| | PAGES |
| **Council of Ministers** . . . . . | 115—136 |
| §§ 292-93. Origin . . . . . | 115—16 |
| § 294. Continuation of Vedic terms .... | 116 |
| § 295. Council and King .... .... | 117—119 |
| §§ 295-97. Gifts by King to be rectified or rejected by Ministry .... | 119—21 |
| §§ 298-99. Number of the members of the Council . . . . . | 122—24 |
| § 300. Yuvarāja and Princes as Ministers | 124—25 |
| § 302. Designation of Ministers .... | 126—28 |
| § 302. Cabinet . . . . . | 128 |
| §§ 303-5. An Inner Cabinet .... | 128—30 |
| § 306. The 'Mantri-parishat' or Council of State and its Composition | 130 |
| §§ 307-08. Paura-Jānapada and 'Mantri-Parishad' .... .... | 131—33 |
| § 309. 'Tīrthas' . . . . . | 133—135 |
| § 310. Three classes of Ministers .... | 136 |
| § 311. Civil List and King's salary .... | 135—36 |

c4.33

CHAPTER XXXI

c4.34

| **Council of Ministers (*Contd.*)** .... | 137—151 |
| § 311A. Duty of Ministers .... .... | 137—38 |
| § 312. Procedure of Business in the Ministry | 138—39 |
| § 313. King's 'incapacity' to criticize resolution of the Cabinet .... | 139 |
| §§ 314-15. Resolution with king's fiat was the 'real king' .... | 140—41 |
| § 316. Megasthenes on Ministry's jurisdiction .... .... | 142—42 |
| § 317. Agreement between Bhāradvāja and Megasthenes on Ministry's jurisdiction . . . . . | 142—43 |

c4.35

| | | PAGES |
| § 318. | Working of the constitution in Aśoka's reign . . . . . | 143–47 |
| § 319. | Junior ministers or under-secretaries | 147 |
| § 320. | Transfers . . . . . | 147–48 |
| § 321. | Caste representation in Ministry .... | 148–49 |
| § 322. | Official designations in Gupta times..... | 149–50 |
| § 323. | Charters countersigned by Ministers | 150–51 |
| § 324. | Illustrations of the practice from Ceylon . . . . . | |

c4.36

CHAPTER XXXII

c4.37

| Law and Administration of Justice .... | 152–160 |
| § 325. | King under the Law .... .... | 152 |
| § 326. | Judiciary and Executive separate .... | 152–53 |
| § 327. | Sabhā or composition of the jury .... | 154–55 |
| § 328. | King-in-Council as Judge .... | 155 |
| § 329. | Justice administered in King's name.... | 155–56 |
| § 330. | Records kept .... | 156 |
| § 331. | Proper Justice and fall in litigation .... | 156 |
| § 332. | Sudatta *vs.* Prince Jeta | 156–57 |
| § 332A. | Ministers of Law and Justice .... | 158–59 |
| § 333. | Sabhā (Law Court) and its Position | 160 |

c4.38

CHAPTER XXXIII

c4.39

| Taxation | . . . . . | 161–169 |
| §§ 334-35 | Fixed Taxes : .... .... | 161 |
| | Legal effect .... .... | 161–62 |
| § 336. | Taxes as King's wages .... .... | 162–63 |
| § 337. | Divine theory of Taxation .... | 163 |
| § 338. | Protection and Allegiance .... | 163–64 |
| § 339. | Canons of Taxation .... .... | 165–69 |

c4.40

CHAPTER XXXIV

c4.41

| PAGES | |
| **Economics in Government and theory of Ownership in Land** | 170—186 |
| § 340. Economic enemies | 170 |
| § 341. Economics in government | 171 |
| 342. Policy towards the mercantile element of population | 171—72 |
| § 343. State Industries | 173 |
| § 344. Indirect taxation the key-note of the policy | 173 |
| Mines | 173—74 |
| § 345. Hindu theory on proprietorship in land | 174 |
| Colebrooke's discussion of Mīmāṁsā | 174—5 |
| § 346. Conquest and land | 176—77 |
| § 347. Discussion by Prime Minister Mādhava | 177—78 |
| § 348. The Bhaṭṭadīpikā on the Subject | 178—9 |
| § 349. The view of Law and Mīmāṁsā in agreement with constitutional theory | 180 |
| Jātaka on kingship | 180 |
| Coronation rites and King's position | 180 |
| § 350. Indianists' presentation of the 'Native Law' on the subject | 180—82 |
| Inscriptions and land ownership | 180—81 |
| § 351. Artha-Śāstra Commentary's Śloka | 182—83 |

c4.42

CHAPTER XXXV

c4.43

c4.44

| | | | PAGES |
| § 354. | King constitutionally a servant | .... | 185 |
| | —morally master | .... | 185 |
| § 355. | His utility .... | .... | 186—87 |

c4.45

CHAPTER XXXVI

c4.46

| **Character of Hindu Monarchy** | .... | 188—91 |
| § 356. State a trust | .... | 188—189 |
| § 357. A Civil state | .... | 189—90 |
| § 358. Paramount position of Law | .... | 190 |
| § 359. Conquest and sense of Justice | .... | 190—91 |
| § 360. Why no inclination for foreign conquest | | 191 |
| § 361. Longevity a result of Civil Polity | .... | 191 |

c4.47

CHAPTER XXXVII

c4.48

| **Hindu Imperial Systems** | .... | 195—201 |
| § 362. Ādhipatya and Sārvabhauma | | 195—96 |
| § 363. Sāmrājya System — | .... | 197—98 |
| § 364. Later history of Monarchical Imperialism .... | .... | 198—99 |
| § 365. Chakravartin | .... | 199—200 |
| Chakravartin System *vs.* Federal System and Ādhipatya | .... | 200—01 |
| § 366. Centralization | .... | 200—01 |
| § 367. An Imperial (Gupta) System of Compromise | .... | 200 |
| § 368. Constitution under the Second and Third Empires | .... | 200—01 |

c4.49

CHAPTER XXXVIII

c4.50

| **Revival of Hindu Polity** | .... | 205—06 |
| § 369. Period of darkness and disruption | .... | 205—06 |

c4.51

| § 370. Hindu revival under Sivājī and the Sikhs | .... .... | 205 |
| Causes of failure | .... | 205—06 |

c4.52

CHAPTER XXXIX

c4.53

| **Conclusion** | . . . . . | 209—10 |
| § 371. Longevity of Civil Polity—in India, Babylon, and China | .... .... | 209 |
| § 372. Test of a Polity | .... .... | 209 |
| § 373. Golden Age of Hindu Polity—in the Future | .... .... | 209—10 |
| § 374. Reformation of the Hindu | | 210 |
| § 375. Hindu's Past History and—his Future | . . . . . | 210 |

c4.54

APPENDIX D

c4.55

| **Additional Notes on Part II (1924)** | | 211--12 |
| *Śreṣṭhin* or President of the Town | .... | 211 |
| *Pratinidhi* | . . . . . | 211 |
| Council of State, Representative of the People, | . . . . . | 211—12 |
| *Mahattarāḥ* and Gupta Government | .... | 212 |