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History of Dharmashastra (Ancient and Mediaeval Religious and Civil Law in India) v1.c6.s16.t12: 27. Bharadvāja and Bhāradvāja

History of Dharmaśāstra (Ancient and Mediaeval Religious and Civil Law in India) v1.c6.s16.t12

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27. Bharadvāja and Bhāradvāja

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There is a Śrauta sūtra and a Gṛhya sūtra attributed to Bhāradvāja. The Ms. of the śrauta in the Bombay University Library contains nine praśnas and a portion of the 10th and begins 'darśapaurṇamāsau vyākhyāsyāmaḥ'. It quotes Ālekhana and Āśmarathya frequently. The Gṛhya has been edited by J. W. Salomons. It appears from quotations in Viśvarūpa and other early commentators that a sūtra work on dharma attributed to Bharadvāja or Bhāradvāja was in existence. The forms Bharadvāja and Bhāradvāja probably refer to the same work. On Yāj. (I. 15) Viśvarūpa quotes a prose passage from Bhāradvāja prohibiting the learning of *mleccha* tongues and calling upon the preceptor to teach his pupil pure words, observance of Saṁdhyā and the kindling of fire;239a on Yāj. I. 32 Bhāradvāja is quoted as prescribing a penance for even thinking of causing harm to beings;239b on Yāj. I. 185 a lengthy sūtra of Bharadvāja on the purification of certain things is quoted, wherein is cited the view of some that boys are purified by a mere bath when touched by *antyajas*; ²⁴⁰ on Yāj. I. 236 a prose passage of Bharadvāja forbids in śrāddhas the use of certain cereals as food.²⁴¹ Aparārka quotes a long prose passage (p. 1155) from Bharadvāja in connection with the prāyaścitta for cessation of gṛhya fires for various periods.

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239a तथा च भारद्वाजः—न म्लेच्छभाषां शिक्षेत। म्लेच्छो ह वा एष यदपशब्द इति विज्ञा- यते। तस्माच्छिष्यमुपनीय साधुशब्दांश्च शिक्षयेत् सन्ध्योपासनाग्नीन्धनानि।

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239b तथा च भारद्वाज ;— 'मनसा प्राणहिंसायां त्रिर्दृपदामावर्तयेत्' इति।

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²⁴⁰ यत्तु भारद्वाजः- 'न शौचं शयनासनकटप्रस्तरयानप्रस्तरगण्डोपधानकशautomaticकम्बलगुकृहधान्यमणिफलकशिलास्रहस्त्ररोम्णामनिक्षातानां च काष्ठानां तृणपलालदाम्नां कुमाराणामन्यत्र प्रोक्षणादन्त्यस्पर्शन स्नानं कुमाराणामेके' इति ।

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²⁴¹ माषाढकीमुद्गवर्जं विदलानि न दद्यात्-इति भरद्वाजः ।

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In the Smṛticandrikā, in Haradatta and in several other works verses of Bhāradvāja are quoted, which appear to be taken from a smṛti in verse.

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That Bhāradvāja was an ancient writer on arthaśāstra follows from the Kauṭilīya, wherein the views of Bhāradvāja are cited seven times and of Kaṇiṅka Bhāradvāja once. Some of the views of Bhāradvāja as described in the Kauṭilīya are that a king should choose his ministers from amongst his fellow-students, that the king should consider his line of policy alone in secret, that the princes should be punished secretly when they manifest no love for the king their father, that the minister should set one prince against another when the king is on his death-bed, that when calamities befall the king and the minister, the former is the lesser of two evils, that one should bow down before the strong. This last view occurs in the Mahābhārata in the same words.²⁴² The Śāntiparva (chap. 140) contains a dialogue between Bhāradvāja and king Śatruñjaya of Sauvīra in which daṇḍa is said to be the most pre-eminent among the expedients. The same parva (chap. 58. 3) mentions Bhāradvāja in a list of writers on rājaśāstra. The Yaśastilaka²⁴³ (4th Āśvāsa p. 100, Nirṇayasāgara ed.) quotes two verses of Bhāradvāja from his treatise on the topic of the six *guṇas*. This shows that Bhāradvāja's work on politics was available in the 10th century and contained verses (probably intermixed with prose).

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²⁴² कौटिल्य says (12.1) इन्द्रस्य हि स प्रणमति यो बलीयसो नमत्ति-इति भारद्वाजः; शान्तिपर्व 67. 11. has 'इन्द्राय स प्रणमते नमते यो बलीयसे ।'

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²⁴³ अवक्षेपेण हि सतामसतां प्रग्रहेण च । तथा सत्त्वेष्वमित्रोहादधर्मस्य च कारणात् ॥ विमानानाच्च मान्यानां विश्वस्तानां च घातनात् । प्रजानां जायते लोपो नृपतेश्चायुषः क्षयः ॥ इति कथमिदमभाषत षाड्गुण्यप्रस्तावे भारद्वाजः ॥

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The Parāśara-Mādhavīya (vol. III. p. 231) quotes a verse of Bharadvāja which divides a pledge into four varieties. A few quotations from Bharadvāja on matters of vyavahāra are cited in other works. For example, the Sarasvatī-vilāsa cites a verse of Bharadvāja that a compromise, an exchange and a partition, if fair and equal, could be annulled only for ten days, but could be annulled till the 9th year, if unfair.²⁴⁴ It appears that the verses of Bharadvāja on vyavahāra are taken from a work other than the ancient work on politics.

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²⁴⁴ सन्धिश्च परिवृत्तिश्च विभागश्च समा यदि । आदशाहं निवर्तेत विषमे नववत्सरात् । सरस्वतीविलास pp. 314, 320.

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