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History of Dharmashastra (Ancient and Mediaeval Religious and Civil Law in India) v1.c6.s53: 66. Jitendriya

History of Dharmaśāstra (Ancient and Mediaeval Religious and Civil Law in India) v1.c6.s53

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66. Jitendriya

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Jitendriya is one of those writers who at one time held an eminent position but in course of time sank into unmerited oblivion. The works of Jīmūtavāhana bear abundant testimony to the fact that Jitendriya wrote an extensive work on dharmaśāstra. In his Kālaviveka (p. 380) Jīmūtavāhana says that Jitendriya⁶¹¹ wrote on the topic of *kāla* (i. e. on determining doubtful points about the months, the tithis, saṁkrāntis, &c. and the religious rites to be performed on them). In several passages of the Kālaviveka the very words of Jitendriya are quoted. Jitendriya said that a rite that occupies in performance only a short time must be performed at the principal time indicated for it⁶¹² (and not at a *gauṇa* time). From another quotation it appears that Jitendriya controverted the views of a predecessor Sambhramabhaṭṭa.⁶¹³ Jitendriya is said to have enumerated the names of the fifteen *muhūrtas* of the day from the Matsyapurāṇa⁶¹⁴; vide pp. 257, 367 of the Kālaviveka for other places where the views of Jitendriya on *kāla* occur. In the Dāyabhāga of Jīmūtavāhana also Jitendriya is frequently mentioned. The Dāyabhāga says that, if a man takes another's gold believing it to be iron or takes what is another's believing (in good faith) that it is his own, Jitendriya held in his remarks on the section of *prāyaścitta* that he is not guilty of theft.⁶¹⁵ The peculiar doctrine of the Dāyabhāga that the widow of a person, whether he was separate or a member of a joint family, succeeded to her deceased husband's estate had been already expounded by Jitendriya.⁶¹⁶ The view of Jitendriya was that whatever is acquired by a person without using means or materials jointly owned by all members of a family is his exclusive property and that *maitra* (gifts of a friend) and *audvāhika* are only cited (by Yāj.) as examples of this proposition.⁶¹⁷ Jitendriya held the daughter's son entitled to succeed after the daughter, just as Viśvarūpa, Bhoja and Govindarāja did. In the Vyavahāramātṛkā of Jīmūtavāhana also Jitendriya's views are cited (on pp. 302, 334). This shows that he wrote also on procedure in law courts. Jitendriya is also referred to in the Dāyatattva of Raghunandana.⁶¹⁸ But no other early writer quotes Jitendriya. Therefore it appears that Jitendriya was probably a Bengal writer and flourished about 1000-1050 A. D. and that he was completely eclipsed by the brilliant Jīmūtavāhana.

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⁶¹¹ जितेन्द्रियशङ्खधराद्युक्तसंभ्रमहरिवंशधवलश्लोकैः । कृतमपि कालनिरूपणमधुना निःसारतां याति ॥

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⁶¹² तथा जितेन्द्रियेणाप्युक्तं यत्पुनरल्पकालीनमेव कृत्यं स्वकाले समापयितुं शक्यते तत्रोत्कर्षहेतोः कर्मवैतत्यस्यासामर्थ्यस्याभावान्मुख्यकाल एव कर्मानुष्ठानमित्यन्तम्। कालविवेक p. 489.

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⁶¹³ अन्यान्यपि एवंविधानि संभ्रमभट्टकल्पितान्युपेक्षणीयानि इत्येद्दन्तं, तदयमतिमन्दतमो वादः कथं सुन्दरमतिना जितेन्द्रियेणाभिनन्दितः। कालविवेक p. 255.

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⁶¹⁴ अत एव जितेन्द्रियेण 'रौद्रश्वैत्रश्च मैत्रश्च ... भटः पञ्चदश स्मृताः॥' एतान्मात्स्यपुराणोक्तानेकेकमुहूर्तपरिमतान् यावन्नियतक्रमसंज्ञानभिधाय दर्शितम्। कालविवेक p. 370.

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⁶¹⁵ अत एव प्रायश्चित्तकाण्डे जितेन्द्रियेण भणितं यदि स्वर्णमेव परकीयं लोहादिबुद्ध्या गृह्णाति अस्वर्णं सुवर्णबुद्ध्या आत्मीयसदृशं परकीयमेवात्मीयबुद्ध्या गृह्णाति सर्वत्र नापहारनिष्पत्तिः सर्वत्र यथावस्तु परकीयबुद्धेरभावात्। दायभाग p. 350 (ed. of 1829, p. 224 of Jivananda).

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⁶¹⁶ अतोऽविशेषेणैव विभक्तत्वायनानपेक्षयैवापुत्रस्य भर्तुः कृत्स्नधने पत्न्यधिकारो जितेन्द्रियोक्त आदरणीयः। दायभाग p. 256.

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⁶¹⁷ जितेन्द्रियेणापि बहुप्रकारं विमृश्योक्तं तदस्य यत्पद्मुक्तमपञ्चस्य संक्षेपेणायमर्थः प्रत्येत्तव्यः यत्किंचिद्धनमसाधारणोपायार्जितं तदसाधारणं प्रदर्शितमित्यन्तेन। दायभाग p. 189.

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⁶¹⁸ अत एव परकीयत्वेन विशेषतो जानतस्तदपहारे स्तैन्यं न तु स्वद्रव्यभ्रमेण परद्रव्यव्यवहर्तुरपीति जितेन्द्र-( जितेन्द्रिय ! )दायभागप्रायश्चित्तविवेककृन्मतम्। दायतत्त्व p. 182 (vol. II of Jivananda's ed.); compare the view of बालक set out below from the दायभाग (note 623.).

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