[Pramāṇa](https://indike.org/pramana/) › [Studies](https://indike.org/pramana/ins) › [Polity, law and society](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity) › [History of Dharmashastra (Ancient and Mediaeval Religious and Civil Law in India)](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.kane-1930) › v2.c22.31 # History of Dharmashastra (Ancient and Mediaeval Religious and Civil Law in India) v2.c22.31 History of Dharmaśāstra (Ancient and Mediaeval Religious and Civil Law in India) v2.c22.31 - **Language:** English ### [v2.c22.31](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.kane-1930.v2.c22.31) Nārada⁴³⁷ (ṛṇādāna 12) and Kātyāyana declare that a debt contracted by a Vedic pupil, an apprentice, a slave, the wife, a menial servant and a workman for the benefit of the family even though it was incurred in his absence, was binding on the owner of the house. Ordinarily a slave was not a competent witness, but Manu VIII. 70 and Uśanas (quoted in Vyavahāramayūkha p. 37) say that when no other witness is available, a minor, an old man, a woman, a pupil, a relative, a slave or a hired servant may be a witness. - [Previous: v2.c22.30](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.kane-1930.v2.c22.30) - [Next: v2.c22.32](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.kane-1930.v2.c22.32) - [Up: v2.c22](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.kane-1930.v2.c22) ## Cites (5) - [Mānava Dharmaśāstra](https://indike.org/pramana/in.niti.dharma.manu.8.70) — Manu & Bhṛgu, Sanskrit - [Kātyāyanasmṛti](https://indike.org/pramana/in.niti.dharma.uddhrta.katyayana) — Kātyāyana (smṛtikāra), Sanskrit - [Nāradasmṛti](https://indike.org/pramana/in.niti.dharma.narada) — Nārada, Sanskrit - [Auśanasasmṛti](https://indike.org/pramana/in.niti.dharma.upasmrti.usanas) — Uśanas (Śukra), Sanskrit - [Vyavahāramayūkha](https://indike.org/pramana/in.niti.dharma.nibandha.bhatta.vyavaharamayukha) — Nīlakaṇṭhabhaṭṭa 1610, Sanskrit --- Source: [https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.kane-1930.v2.c22.31](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.kane-1930.v2.c22.31) · Pramāṇa