[Pramāṇa](https://indike.org/pramana/) › [Studies](https://indike.org/pramana/ins) › [Polity, law and society](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity) › [History of Dharmashastra (Ancient and Mediaeval Religious and Civil Law in India)](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.kane-1930) › v3.c45.38 # History of Dharmashastra (Ancient and Mediaeval Religious and Civil Law in India) v3.c45.38 History of Dharmaśāstra (Ancient and Mediaeval Religious and Civil Law in India) v3.c45.38 - **Language:** English ### [v3.c45.38](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.kane-1930.v3.c45.38) Bṛhat-Parāśara (chap. XI. p. 290) speaks of four divisions of vānaprasthas viz. Vaikhānasa, Udumbara, Vālakhilya and Vanevāsī; while Vaikh. VIII. 7 says that the vānaprasthas are either \*sapatnīka\* (who stay with their wife) or \*apatnīka\* and the first are of four varieties viz. Audumbara, Vairiñca, Vālakhilya and Phenapa. The Rāmāyaṇa (Araṇya, chap. 10. 2-6) speaks of forest hermits under various designations such as the Vālakhilyas, Aṣmakuṭṭas &c. - [Previous: v3.c45.37](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.kane-1930.v3.c45.37) - [Next: v3.c45.39](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.kane-1930.v3.c45.39) - [Up: v3.c45](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.kane-1930.v3.c45) ## Cites (3) - [Vaikhānasasmārtasūtra](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vedanga.kalpa.grhya.krsnayajur.vaikhanasa) — Vikhanas, Sanskrit - [Vālmīkirāmāyaṇa](https://indike.org/pramana/in.lit.ramayana.valmiki) — Vālmīki, Sanskrit - [Bṛhatparāśara](https://indike.org/pramana/in.niti.dharma.laghuvrddha.brhatsmrti.brhatparasara) — Suvrata, Sanskrit --- Source: [https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.kane-1930.v3.c45.38](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.kane-1930.v3.c45.38) · Pramāṇa