[Pramāṇa](https://indike.org/pramana/) › [Studies](https://indike.org/pramana/ins) › [Polity, law and society](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity) › [History of Dharmashastra (Ancient and Mediaeval Religious and Civil Law in India)](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.kane-1930) › v4.c63.31 # History of Dharmashastra (Ancient and Mediaeval Religious and Civil Law in India) v4.c63.31 History of Dharmaśāstra (Ancient and Mediaeval Religious and Civil Law in India) v4.c63.31 - **Language:** English ### [v4.c63.31](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.kane-1930.v4.c63.31) ³³⁶ Among the verses at the end of IV. 1 of the Arthaśāstra the following two verses occur: धर्मश्च व्यवहारश्च चरित्रं राजशासनम्। विवादार्थश्चतुष्पादः पश्चिमः पूर्वबाधकः। तत्र सत्ये स्थितो धर्मो व्यवहारस्तु साक्षिषु। चरित्रं संग्रहे पुंसां राजाज्ञाज्ञा तु शासनम् ॥. These two occur in Nār. (I. 10-11) and Hārīta (q. in S. V. p. 58) with variations, viz. both read चतुष्पाद् व्यवहारोयमुत्तरः पूर्व० and चरित्रं पुस्तकरणे. Par. M. III. p. 10 reads चरित्रं तु स्वीकरणे. Lengthy explanations of these verses are offered in Aparārka (p. 597), Smṛticandrikā (II. pp. 10-11), Vyavahāraprakāśa (pp. 7, 88-89) and other digests. It has to be noted that the four (dharma &c.) mentioned in these verses are the means of arriving at a decision in a law-suit, as Bṛ. says: धर्मेण व्यवहारेण चरित्रेण नृपाज्ञया। चतुष्प्रकारोऽभिहितः संदिग्धेष्वर्थे विनिर्णयः ॥ (in स्मृतिम० II. p. 10, परा. मा. III. p. 16, व्य. प्र. p. 6); व्यवहारोपि चरित्रेण बाध्यते यथा। साक्षिभिः साधितेप्याभीरस्त्रियाः पुरुषान्तरोपभोगे तद्दण्डने च व्यवहारतः प्राप्तेपि राजकुलाधिगतलिखितान्निवर्तते । पूर्वं हि तत्र लिखितम्-आभीरस्त्रीणां व्यभिचारेपि सति दण्डो न ग्राह्य इति। अपरार्क p. 597 (on या. II. 17.) - [Previous: v4.c63.30](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.kane-1930.v4.c63.30) - [Next: v4.c63.32](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.kane-1930.v4.c63.32) - [Up: v4.c63](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.kane-1930.v4.c63) ## Cites (5) - [Yājñavalkyasmṛti](https://indike.org/pramana/in.niti.dharma.yajnavalkya.2.17) — Yājñavalkya, Sanskrit - [Kauṭilīya Arthaśāstra](https://indike.org/pramana/in.niti.artha.kautilya) — Kauṭilya, Sanskrit - [Hāritasmṛti (Laghu- and Vṛddha-Hārīta)](https://indike.org/pramana/in.niti.dharma.laghuvrddha.harita) — Hārīta, Sanskrit - [Bṛhaspatismṛti](https://indike.org/pramana/in.niti.dharma.uddhrta.brhaspati) — Bṛhaspati, Sanskrit - [Nāradasmṛti](https://indike.org/pramana/in.niti.dharma.narada) — Nārada, Sanskrit --- Source: [https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.kane-1930.v4.c63.31](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.kane-1930.v4.c63.31) · Pramāṇa