History of Dharmashastra (Ancient and Mediaeval Religious and Civil Law in India) v5.c75.980

History of Dharmaśāstra (Ancient and Mediaeval Religious and Civil Law in India) v5.c75.980

Language: English

v5.c75.980.1

Devala recommends that an elaborate ś should be performed only once a year, 383; differences in many details of ś. had arisen in the days of the Purāṇas, 363, differences among sūtras whether young or old learned brāhmaṇas were to be invited 388; digests on ś, utilized in this volume, 363, discussion of the question what Hindus of the 20th century should do about śrāddhas 549-551; discussion whether a performer of ś should perform the rite strictly in accordance with the gṛhyasūtra of his own Veda or śākhā or may include details found in other works, 452-455; discussion whether performer of ś studying one recension of the Veda must invite brāhmaṇas studying the same recension or could invite one who had studied any of the three Vedas, 397-398, discussion whether the daily Vaiśvadeva is to be performed before the starting of ś rites or after they are finished 483-484, divergent views as to the stage when *āvāhana* of *pitṛs* is to be made and about the mantras to be employed at ś, 460-461, doctrine of, carried to excess 383, 513, doctrine of offering balls of cooked rice to ancestors at ś. presupposes or requires that the ancestors are even after 50 or 100 years from their deaths capable of enjoying in an ethereal body the flavour or essence of the balls wafted by the wind 335, doctrine underlying the conception of ś is apparently opposed to the dogma of *karma* and *punarjanma*, 335, eight matters to be avoided by brāhmaṇas invited at ś.

v5.c75.980.2

411, emphasis on inviting very learned brāhmaṇas became practically nugatory by the rules of some smṛtis that one should not partake of śrāddha for three years after sapiṇḍana and that laid down various prāyaścittas for dining at śrāddha in the first, second or third year after Sapiṇḍana 548, enumeration of 96 *śrāddhas* to be performed in a year 382-383, even in modern times learned brāhmaṇas are unwilling to dine at a *ś*, particularly within a few years of death 387, 548, examination of the explanation of the doctrine of *ś* offered by Purāṇas and medieval digests 338-339, exclusiveness and pride of sub-castes even among brāhmaṇas go so far that Bālambhaṭṭī recommends that Mahārāṣṭra brāhmaṇas should not invite for *ś.* brāhmaṇas of other castes even if very learned and particularly Koṅkaṇasthas and that men of one's own sub-caste should be preferred even if they are of blemished character 398, explanation how *māsiśrāddha* came to be called the *prakṛti* (the norm) of all *śrāddhas* 258; explanation given by Purāṇas and digests how food offered into fire or eaten by brāhmaṇa invitees at *ś* is enjoyed by the departed whatever form they might have attained after death (such as a god or *daitya*, beast, or snake or grass) 335-337, five classes of, acc. to Bṛhaspati and others 381, flowers allowed and condemned for employment in *ś.* 416, food offered in *ś* is believed to be enjoyed by departed spirits in the world of pitṛs 340;

v5.c75.980.3

frugal or poor dinner not to be offered in certain *śrāddhas* and on certain occasions 406, gift of bedstead used by the deceased to a brāhmaṇa and his wife with appropriate mantra and other details recommended by some purāṇas but severely condemned by the Padmapurāṇa 535-536, gifts of wealth, lands and houses on death of kings and great warriors and eulogies of such gifts and particularly of cooked food 534, guests coming by chance, while *ś.* rites are in progress, should be honoured, since *yogins* wander over the earth for the good of people in various forms 396, if a brāhmaṇa, who is paṅktipāvana and fulfills the conditions laid down in Manu III 132-146 be not available, one may invite as the next best course even a bandhu, father-in-law, son-in law, one's teacher of the Veda or pupil, daughter's son, wife's brother, a *sagotra* or even a brother 387, if a performer can afford to invite at *ś.* only one brāhmaṇa, then he should prefer a chanter of the whole of Sāmaveda 399, if it is not possible to perform all *śrāddhas* (except Sapiṇḍīkaraṇa) according to detailed procedure, they may be performed by the procedure called '*saṅkalpavidhi*' 532, if no brāhmaṇa be available on *śrāddha* day, effigies with *darbhas* should be made, *śrāddha* offered and fees and materials may be given later to other brāhmaṇas 406, 514;

v5.c75.980.4

if primary procedure for a rite as laid down in śruti or smṛti cannot be carried out, then one may resort to some substituted procedure 513-514, in eclipses the appropriate time for *ś* is *sparśakāla* 372, inquiry into the learning and qualities of brāhmaṇas to be invited at *ś.* was allowed but not as to those who came by chance uninvited 391, in *ś.* on the birth of a son or in *ś.* offered by even a good śūdra there is no feeding of brāhmaṇas 482, institution of, had a hoary antiquity even at the time of the Āp. Dharmasūtra 349, inviting Bauddhas, Nirgranthas or those who espouse the Pāñcarātra or Pāśupata or Kāpālika doctrines forbidden 395, *kāmya ś*, examples of, 373; *kuśas* to be used in *ś*, rules about 417-418, leavings of food in the plates of the invited brāhmaṇas and the *vikira* on darbhas were the share or lot of persons of the family dying young and the leavings fallen on the ground were the lot of deceased slaves of the family 470n, 500, leavings of food in the plates of brāhmaṇas should not be removed or swept away till sunset, as the spirits of those that were offered no water regale themselves with them 468, leavings of food cooked for śrāddha dinner should not be given to a person inferior in qualities or to a Śūdra 468, literature on ś. is enormous in extent 362-363; long lists of persons not to be allowed near a ś. 380, Mahālayasrāddha 530-533, main underlying conception of śrāddha viz.

v5.c75.980.5

a tender and affectionate regard for one's relatives, is admirable 550, *mantra* to be repeated at the beginning and end of all śrāddhas 458, *mantras* at āvāhana in ś 460, *mantras* repeated in ś. are deemed to carry food to the pitṛs that are invoked by their names and *gotras* and as accompanied by Vasus, Rudras and Ādityas 338; many works disapprove of extravagance in inviting a large number of brāhmaṇas at ś, since a large company affects five *desiderata*, viz respectful treatment of brāhmaṇas, securing a proper place, proper time, purity and meritorious brāhmaṇas 403-404, 550, *māṣa* preparations highly recommended in ś 421-422, may be performed on any day, if particularly appropriate materials or holy brāhmaṇas are available or the performer is near a sacred place 370, meant originally a sacrifice for the pitṛs on *amāvāsyā* 369, method of giving invitations to brāhmaṇas for a ś 406-409, milk, which was allowed and which was condemned for use in ś 315, mokṣa results from performance of ś 350; monthly ś. on *amāvāsyā* was the *prakṛti* (norm or model) of which Aṣṭakā and other śrāddhas were modifications 361-362; *naimittika* ś.

v5.c75.980.6

373, 381, non-Āryans (called *dasyus* in the Mahābhārata) like Yavanas, Mlecchas, Kirātas, Śakas, Cīnas may perform śrāddhas 364, no legal machinery exists to enforce the liability to perform śrāddha of the deceased whose wealth was inherited by an heir 510, no piṇḍadāna on certain śrāddhas, such as āmaśrāddha and on *yugādi* days 481, no scrutiny should be made about a brāhmaṇa of whom nothing is known, since *siddhas* roam on the earth as brāhmaṇas 389; no ś. to be offered to father or mother if he or she became a mleccha (by forcible or voluntary conversion) and the piṇḍa to be offered to him or her should be offered to Viṣṇu 483, no ś. for deceased ascetics except pārvaṇa on the 11th day after death and every year afterwards 519; not to be performed on 14th of the dark half of a month for anyone except for those killed by poison or snakes or beasts or in battle or by brāhmaṇa's wrath 370n; number of brāhmaṇas to be invited did not depend on the means of the inviter, but on whether he could honour them all well 403, number of brāhmaṇas to be invited differed acc. to the views of different authors and works 402-404, observances for inviter and invitee 410-412;

v5.c75.980.7

offerings at ś., acc to some Purāṇas, become transformed into that kind of food that the pitṛs require in the new bodies they might have assumed acc to doctrine of *karma* and offerings due to wealth acquired by unjust means gratify pitṛs that are born as cāṇḍālas 352, on amāvāsyā is *nitya* (obligatory) 426n, on 11th day after death, two views about 519; on thirteenth day of dark half of Bhādrapada highly eulogised 360, one can offer piṇḍas only to three ancestors beginning with one's father and not to 4th, 5th or 6th ancestor even if one or more of the first three ancestors be alive, 365, 511, one knowing only the Gāyatrī verse but leading a well-regulated life was to be preferred at ś. to one who knows the three Vedas but whose conduct is not well-regulated 389, order of preference among invitees at ś. viz. first ascetics, then a brāhmaṇa who has studied the four Vedas and *itihāsa* and so on 389, origin of the institution of ś. from Manu or from the Boar incarnation 349, pārvaṇa ś. 431-514, performance of ś at night or twilight or when the sun has just risen is forbidden (except in eclipses) 375; performed at a holy place and on *yugādi* or *manvādi tithis* yields inexhaustible gratification to the pitṛs 374, performer of ś.

v5.c75.980.8

calls the pitṛs to be present at the rite after taking permission of the invited brāhmaṇas for the invocation 348, performer of, should as a rule invite a brāhmaṇa who has studied some recension of the Veda and who is not of same gotra as the performer, who is not connected by marriage or who is not a teacher or a pupil or a friend, though some exceptions were recognized 385, performer of, should not observe a fast on śrāddha day, but should partake of the food left after being served to the invited brāhmaṇas or should at least smell it 469-470; performer of, should wash house floor, should cowdung it, should wash the clothes and cleanse vessels the previous day 409; persons (of over 50 kinds) to be shunned at a ś. according to Gautama, some of whom could be invited at a rite for gods according to others 400-401, persons and animals that should be ejected from the place of ś or should not be allowed to look at it or disturb it 379-380, piṇḍas are made by the performer or by his wife with the food that remains after agnaukaraṇa and mixed with sesame, honey and ghee and are offered by the *pitṛ-tīrtha* 498n; piṇḍas offered to the great-grandfather, the grand-father and father are declared to be identical respectively with Vāsudeva, Saṅkarṣaṇa and Pradyumna and the offerer of piṇḍas with Aniruddha 350-351;

v5.c75.980.9

piṇḍas of cooked rice or flour were not to be offered in śrāddha performed on equinoctial days, on saṅkrānti, on solstitial days, on ekādaśī or trayodaśī or on Maghā and Kṛttikā nakṣatras 481, pitṛs assuming aerial forms were supposed to hover round and enter the brāhmaṇas invited at ś 390, 401, 407, pitryā verses are each repeated loudly with ābāva at the end of ś. rite 502, place that is full of insects or is arid or burnt by fire or terrific in aspect or gives out painful sounds or fetid smell is unfit for ś 379, points in which modern Madras manuals differ from those used in Western India 504; polluted by asuras is purified by sesame and by tying a goat near the place 419; poor man may offer, instead of sumptuous food, uncooked corn, or some vegetables or some slight fee or a few grains of sesame to a brāhmaṇa with water or may offer grass to a cow or raise his arms and repeat loudly that he has nothing 425-426, practice of presenting the clothes, ornaments, bedstead, the horse and the like used by the deceased to the brāhmaṇa invited for śrāddha and also of donating an umbrella and sandals on the completion of śrāddha 535, praise of the importance and benefits of, 349-351, pratisāṁvatsarika or pratyābdika ś 529-530, prāyaścittas prescribed by smṛtis for dining at a pārvaṇaśrāddha, or vṛddhiśrāddha, sapiṇḍana and other śrāddhas 387-388, 548; prāyaścittas prescribed for partaking of food at Navaśrāddhas, monthly śrāddhas and yearly ones 548;

v5.c75.980.10

principal act in *ś.* rites is the feeding of brāhmaṇas 349; procedure if only one brāhmaṇa could be invited or was available 403, 513; procedure applicable to śrāddha by one whose father was alive was extended by Viṣṇu to one's mother's paternal ancestors 513; procedure if the performance of a śrāddha on a particular day is rendered impossible by an obstacle such as aśauca 547-548, proper places for the performance of 377-379; qualifications of brāhmaṇas to be invited were few in the gṛhyasūtras, but smṛtis and purāṇas add many more and enlarge the lists of those that should not be invited 384-390, question how śrāddha was to be performed if one or more of the three paternal ancestors were alive was discussed from ancient times and opinions varied 511-513; rewards for performance of śrāddha in an eclipse 375, rewards for performing *ś.* on 28 nakṣatras from Kṛttikā to Bharaṇī (including Abhijit) 374, rewards for performing *ś* on the several week-days 373-374;

v5.c75.980.11

rewards for performing *ś* from the first to the 15th tithi of the dark half 372, rewards for performing *ś* on even tithis and even nakṣatras and uneven tithis and nakṣatras 370, rewards of piṇḍadāna 503, right to inherit is based under the Dāyabhāga on the capacity to offer piṇḍas to the deceased owner and not on actually offering them 510, rules as to the day (tithi) on which sāṁvatsarika śrāddha is to be performed if the day or month of death or both are not known 530 rules for testing the brāhmaṇas to be invited at a *ś* 390-391, rules of conduct for the performer of *ś* 401-402, rules on removal of particles of food left in plates from which brāhmaṇas dined 468-469, sapiṇḍī-karaṇa, 520-525, several views about the final disposal (*pratipatti*) of piṇḍas 480-481;

v5.c75.980.12

should be begun on Kutaṗa (8th out of 15 muhūrtas of the day) and should not extend beyond Rauhiṇa (12th mūhūrta of the day) 376, should be performed when one dreams an evil dream or when evil planets affect the nakṣatra on which a man was born 372, should not be performed in mleccha localities 378, should not be performed in the Triśaṅku country and in the countries of Kāraskara, Kaliṅga and others and in countries to the north of the Sindhu river 378-379, should not be performed on Nandā tithis, on Friday, on 13th of the dark half, on the nakṣatra of one's birth 373, sixteen śrāddhas are laid down by numerous works as necessary to free the spirit of a deceased person from the condition of being a preta and piśāca 518, sixteen śrāddhas, divergence of views about what they are and particularly whether sapiṇḍīkaraṇa is included therein or not 518-519, sixteen śrāddhas were and are now performed on the 11th day after death 520, some authorities allow anyone to perform śrāddhas (except sapiṇḍīkaraṇa) for any relative, particularly at Gayā 364-365, some Purāṇas condemn scrutiny into the character and learning of brāhmaṇas to be invited but digests explain away such passages as referring to śrāddhas at tīrthas 391, some purāṇas inculcate the performance of śrāddha on a profuse scale, particularly at Gayā 404-405, some smṛtis laid down very strict rules about the qualifications of brāhmaṇas for a *ś* 399-400, some smṛtis recommend lavish expenditure on *ś*, Bṛhaspati requiring an heir to spend on *ś* half the property inherited by him 404;

v5.c75.980.13

some writers hold that in *ś.*