Theory of Government in Ancient India (Post-Vedic) c17: Index
Theory of Government in Ancient India (Post-Vedic) c17
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Index
c17.1
Abul Fazl, on Hindu Rājanīti, 156. Āchāra, meaning of, 169. Āchārya, his place in court, 254. Adhyaksha, 262. See also officer. Adhyātma Rāmāyaṇa, 298-99. Ādi Purāṇa (Jaina), 221 et seq.; cycle of ages, 221-22; origin of society, 222-24; political theory in 226-27, 228; theory of caste in, 223, 225-26. Aditya, 16, 31. Age, cycle of ages according to Jainas, 221-22; dark age, 36. See also Yuga. Agni, 15, 16, 31, 60, 247. Agni Purāṇa, 187-93, 352. Agnihotra, 32. Ahimsā, 227. Ahura, 12 n. Aitareya Brāhmaṇa, 14 n., 15, 15 n., 371. See also Brāhmaṇa (scripture). Akṣaramlechchha, 226. Alberūnī, 244 n., 264 n., 336, 355. Amara Simha, 149 n. Amātya, as element of state, 147. Amazons, 123. Ambassadors, 61, 366-67; classes of, in Agni Purāṇa, 192-93, in Manu, 77, 77 n., in Somadeva, 236. Ambrosiaster, political ideas of, 345. Amitagatisūri, and his works, 294. Amuktamālyavāda, 303 et seq. Ānanda, 321. Aṅgas, 163, 173, 310. Āṅgiras, 173. Ānvīkṣakī, 93, 94 n. Āpaddharma, 55, 61. Aparārka, 183. Āpastamba, 157, 158, 165-66, 173, 311. Aquinas, political ideas of, 356. Arbudi, 18.
c17.2
Arhantas, 216. Aristotle, 3, 66. Arjuna, 52, 60, 60 n., 339. Arjuna Miśra, 299. Artha, 215, 242; as aim of life, 349; science of, 157. Arthaśāstra, 5, 21 n., 91, 137, 170, 187, 191, 243, 244, 295, 359, 368, 373-74; of Bṛihaspati, 151 et seq.; of Kauṭalya and Bṛihaspati, Chap. V; vs. Dharmasāstra, 155-56. Ārya, 158. Ārya Śūra, 214, 215. Āryadeva, 219. Ashapāla, 252. Aśoka, 113, 204, 210, 321, 350; edicts of, 202-203. Aśvaghoṣa, 215, 217-19 (Buddha-charita, 217-18; Saundara Nanda Kāvyam, 217; Sūtrālaṅkāra, 218; Vajrasūchi, 218-19), 268, 269, 341, 378. Atharvaveda, 11, 16, 17 n., 18 n., 50 n., 93, 185, 362, 371. Atri, 173. Aṭṭha-kathā, 220. Augustine, St., political ideas of, 356. Avadāna, 290. Avidyā, 187.
c17.3
Bāludantaka, 23. Bāhudantiputra, 126, 127n. Bālambhaṭṭa Ṭīkā, 183. Ballālasena, 298. Bāṇabhaṭṭa, 287, 292, 379; and his works, 283-84. Barbaras, 25.
c17.4
Battlefield, ethics of, 62–64, 362-63. See also War. Baudhâyana, 157, 158, 163–65. Bhâgavata, 351. Bhâguri, 229. Bhandarkar, on dates of Smṛtis, 169. Bharadvâja, 24, 42, 42 n., 126, 127 n., 148 n., 150, 229. Bhârata, 225, 226. Bhâravi, 156, 279-80, 286, 297, 379. Bhartṛihari, 284, 379; and his works, 282 Bhâsa, 268 n.; 379; and his works, 269–72, 274. Bhaṭṭa Nârâyaṇa, 380; and his works, 285. Bhaṭṭikâvya, 284, 379. Bhavabhûti, 380; and his works, 285. Bhaviṣya Purâṇa, 156. Bheda, 192. Bhîmasena, 60. Bhîṣma, 20, 37, 49, 55, 66, 127 n., 229, 362. Bhogabhûmi, 224. Bhoja, 244, 267. Bhṛigu, 24, 42 n. Bhûṣaṇa Bhaṭṭa, 283. Bîthî, 258. Bodhisattva, as king, etc., 215-16. Bosanquet, political theory of, 338, 343, 344. Bourbons of France, political theory of, 358. Bradley, political theory of, 343. Brhama, 248. Brahmâ, 185. Brahmachârin, 19. Brahman (God), 60, 71, 85, 87, 127 n., 164, 174, 187, 196, 197, 341, 348, 351, 355. Brahman Bhagavâna, 226. Brâhmaṇa (scripture), 11, 158, 212, 309, 320, 371, 372. S e e a l s o Aitareya B., Śatapatha B., and Taittirîya B. Brâhmaṇa (caste), in Buddhist Scriptures, 205, 209, 210, 211, 212, 213, 220; in Bṛihaspati, 155; in classical Sanskrit literature, 290, 292, 295, 299, 304; in Dharmaśâstras, 171, 172, 175, 176, 177, 179, 180, 181, 182; in Dharmaśûtras, 160, 161, 162, 163, 164, 165, 166, 167; in Jaina Scriptures, 220, 241, 242; in Kauṭalya, 100, 102, 120, 121, 128, 136, 137, 140, 142; in Mahâbhârata, 42-43, 44 n., 47, 52, 54, 63, 65; in Manu, 71, 72, 73, 75, 76, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 87, 88, 89; in Nîtiśâstras, 253, 254, 261, 262; in Purâṇas and Upapurâṇas, 188, 189, 190-91, 193, 194, 195, 196, 198, 199; in Râmâyaṇa, 67, 69; kingship and, 355-56; life, etc., of, 339-41, 311, 318, 330, 332, 350. See also Caste, Dvija, and Vipra. Brahmanism, 97 n., 202, 205, 209, 244, 320. See also Buddhism. Brahmavidyâ, 187. Bṛihaddharma Purâṇa, 193–95. Bṛihannâradîya Purâṇa, 198. Bṛihaspati, 15, 16, 23, 91 n., 125, 151, 169, 173, 315, 316, 317, 318, 341, 360; and his works, 177–80; on politics and functions of state, 153–55. Buddha, 203, 204, 210, 213, 216, 217, 219, 309, 352, 357, 362; as king, etc., 215. Buddhacharita, 217-18, 269. Buddhaghoṣa, 210, 219-20. Buddhism, 97 n., 113, 202, 220, 350; and Jainism, 328–31; as revolt against Brahmanism, 209-10; branches of, 205. Buddhist literature, 376-77. Buddhist Scriptures, dates and names of, 203-04; guilds in, 312-13; origin of society and government, 205–209. Buddhist theory of government, 202 et seq. Buddhists, 153, 183, 220, 243, 269, 340, 347. Bühler, 158, 183 n.
c17.5
Capital of state, in Śukra, 256-57. Caste, and its privileges, criticism, etc., 338–43; and offices in Śukra, 253-54; attack on, in Aśvaghoṣa, 218-19; denial of caste privileges, 209-10; distinction among, and duties of, four castes, 23-24; divisions and theory of, in Jaina works, 223, 225-26; in Jātakas, 210-12; in Mahûbhârata, 23-24; in Vedas, 12; nature and basis of, 6-8; origin of, 12-13; privileges and duties of various castes, 26-27, 37 n., 83-84, 100, 120, 162, 193-94; rules of excommunication from and readmission into, 331-34. See also Brâhmaṇa, Kâyastha, Kṣatriya, Vaiśya, Śûdra. Celsus, on law, 347. Chaityas, 119. Chakravartin, idea of, 362. Châṇakya, 91. See also Kauṭalya and Viṣṇugupta. Chancellor, 127. See also Minister and Officer. Chandabardâî, 301. Chaṇḍâlas, 55. Chandragupta, 91, 233. Chârvâka, 151. Chastisement, in Manu, 75-6. See also Daṇḍa and Punishment. Chatuḥśatikâ, 219. Chhândogya Upaniṣad, 19, 19 n., 372. Chinas, 25. Church, and state, 9; Buddhist, 321; English, 9; Roman Catholic, 9, 324. Commander-in-chief, 121, 127. See also Minister and Officer. Communication, means of, in Kauṭalya, 140-42; in Śukra, 258. Communism, in Buddhist Saṃgha, 324. Corporation, in Hindu literature, 308; sphere of, 308-309; theory of government of, Chap. XI. See also Guild. Council House in Śukra, 257-58; in Kauṭalya, 124-26; of Eight, 124. Court, in Śukra, 254-55; courts of justice and their procedure, etc., 134-40; divisions of, in Bṛhaspati, 177. Criminal, Intelligence Department, 140; law in Kauṭalya, 120. Cycle of ages, according to Jainas, 221-22.
c17.6
Daityas, 156. Dakṣa, 173, 348. Dakṣiṇâvarta, 299. Dalapati, 183. Dâna, 192. Daṇḍa, 192, 344, 346, 351; as element of state, 147; description and work of, 37-39. Daṇḍanîti, 21-2, 94, 95, 152, 153, 246. Daṇḍin, 156, 286, 292, 379; and his works, 280-81. Darśana. 168 n. Daśabandha, 136. Daśagrâmâdhipati, 189. Daśaratha, 67. Dasyus, 86. Defamation, law of, in Manu, 84. Democracy, in Buddhist Saṃgha, 324. Department, different departments of state and their description in Kauṭalya, 123 et seq. Revenue D., 121; Secret Intelligence D., 121. Deva (s), 198. Devânnabhaṭṭa, 183. Devarddhi Gaṇin, 221. Dhamma, 321. Dhammapada, commentaries on, 219-20. Dhaumya, 267. Dharma, 10, 168, 173, 194, 195, 198, 215, 242, 358; as aim of life, 349-50; as check to misrule, 346-47; interpretation of, 353-54; king as, 31; meaning and strength of, 19; science of, 157. See also Law. Dharmanibandhas, 183. Dharmaśâstra, 71, 93, 151, 155-56, 159, 167 et seq., 170, 173, 181, 185, 191, 243, 261, 267, 295, 340, 342, 374; guilds in, 315 et seq.; promulgators of, 173. Dharmasthîya, 184. Dharmaśûtra, 157 et seq., 167, 168, 173, 267, 308, 309, 311, 340, 374. Dhâtri, 60. Dhṛtarâṣṭra, 60. Diderot, on Machiavelli, 61. Dinakara Miśra, 299. Diplomacy, and war, 307. See also War. Divine will, as source of law, 9. Divodâsa, 63. Divorce, in Kauṭalya, 99. Drama, in classical Sanskrit literature, 270 et seq.
c17.7
Draupadī, 60. Durga, as element of state, 147. Duryodhana, 25, 26. Dvāpara, 36, 193, 353. Dvija, 161, 170. See also Brāhmaṇa and Vipra.
c17.8
Egypt, 115. Elements of state, 147. Epic, 20 et seq., 202, 308, 372-73; E. age, 124. See also Mahābhārata and Rāmāyaṇa. Equity, in Kauṭalya, 135. Espionage, 51, 60, 90. See also Spies. Essence of Policy, by Kāmandaka, 150. Exceptions to the law of professions, 36. Europe, as compared to India, 2, 6, 8, 140.
c17.9
Famine relief, in Kauṭalya, 116. Feudatories, 360-62; in Agni Purāṇa, 192; in Śukra, 265. Fick, 210 n., 211, 312. Figgis, 336. Finance, emergency, 54. Force, in state, 344-45. Foreign policy, 54 et seq., 363 et seq.; in Agni Purāṇa, 192-93; in Manu, 89-90; in Somadeva, 241; in Śukra, 265-66. Foreign relations, in Kauṭalya, 144-46. Function, its place in Hindu society, 6-8.
c17.10
Ganas, 66 and n., 174, 262, 309, 357. Gaṇapati Śāstrī, 270, 270 n. Gāndhāras, 25. Gaṇeśa, 260. Ganges, as object of worship, 116. Garuda Purāṇa, 173 n. Gautama, 157, 158, 159, 173, 211, 350; Guilds in, 309-11, 316; on caste rules and excommunications, etc., 332-34; on caste, state and law, etc., 160-63. Gautama Buddha. See Buddha. Gāyatrī, 32. Geldner, on guilds, 309. Gītā, Bhagavad, on bases of dharma, 353-54; on duty, 338-39. Goethe, on Śakuntalā, 278. Golden age, 5, 27, 153, 195, 205, 349. Government, activity of, in Yājñavalkya, 174-76; and material progress of the people, 45-46; and public opinion, 360; and society, 9; as leader and teacher, 351-52; as saviour of society, 349; basic principles of the Hindu theory of, Chap. XII; Buddhist and Jain theories of, Chap. VIII; form of, 357 et seq.; functions of, 35-36; importance of, in Mahābhārata, 30-31, in Rāmāyaṇa, 68-69; limitation of loyalty to, 44-45; local g., 49-50, in Manu, 78; necessity and functions of, 349 et seq.; origin of, in Mahābhārata, 27-28, 28-29; of the science of, 22; personal, 358; primary function of, 41-42; spirit of, 40-41; standard of, 64-65; theory of, checked by facts, 335-36; theory of the art of, 335; governmental organisation, 46-47; governmental theory, position and scope of, 22-23. See also King and State. Grāmādhipati, 189. Grāmaṇī, 50. Grand Vizier, compared to chief minister, 127. Greece, compared to India, 102; Greek idealism, 337; social organisation, 358. Grihya Sūtra, 157, 158. Grotius, on state of nature, 28. Guild, in Buddhist records, 312-13; in Dharmaśāstras, 315-17; in Epics, 312; in Gautama, 309-11; in Kauṭalya, 314-15; in later times, 319-20; internal organisation of, 317-18; rules of apprenticeship in craft-guilds, 319; social and other organisations, 331-34. See also Corporation.
c17.11
Guṇabhadrâcârya, 221, 227. Guṇâḍhya, 292, 295. Gupta, age, 268; empire, 185.
c17.12
Harem, in Kâlidâsa, 278; in Kauṭalya, 122-23. Haribala, 242. Hârīta, 173. Harivaṃśa Purâṇa, Jaina, 227, 347. Harmony, between Brâhmaṇas and Kṣatriyas, 33-34, 72; general, 35; in republics, 66-67. Harṣa, 379; and his works, 284. Harṣavardhana, 350. Hegel, on state, 345. Hemachandra, 227, 228. Herodotus, 347. Hīnasâmanta, 252. See also Officer. Hindu(s), 221, 269, 293, 299; social organisation of, 331-34, 347. Hindu Law, 99, 102. Hindu mind, characteristics of, 1-2. Hindu theory of society and government, 343 et seq. See also Government, Society, State, King. Hindu thought, 336-37; comparison with European political thought, 337-38, 345. Hitopadeśa, 156, 292. Hobbes, on state of nature, 28, 29. Hooker, on state of nature, 29. Hopkins, on guilds, 319; on Smṛti, 169; on Sūtras, 158.
c17.13
Incarnation, Boar, 193; Tortoise, 199. India, in comparison to Greece or Rome, 102; law in, 166; literature in, 268; Machiavellianism in, 149; salt monopoly in, 128; schools in, 157; small states in, 92. Indian, character and comparison with West, 2; political thought and its character, 3, 4; social thought, 2, 4. Indo-Aryans, 11. Indra, 15, 16, 23, 31, 32, 74, 76, 116, 127 n., 152 n., 223, 229, 242, 246, 247, 294. Indrajâla, 192. Inheritance, law of, in Kauṭalya, 102-103. Irrigation, in Kauṭalya, 114-15. Itihâsa-Purâṇa, 185. I-tsing, 282, 284.
c17.14
Jâgīr, 78. Jaimini, 168, 242. Jaiminīya Nyâyamâlâvistara, 168. Jaina (s), 220, 221, 228, 243, 269, 290, 340, 347, 351. Jaina, cycle of ages, 221-22; Kulakaras, 222, 223; literature, 377-78; order, 328-31; political theory, 220 et seq.; Râmâyaṇa, 227; Siddhânta, 225-26; Sīmandhara, 223; Sīmantaka, 223; Sūtras, 228; theory of caste, 225-26; theory of origin of society, 222-24; Tīrthakaras, 340, 341. Jainism, 97 n., 117, 202, 220, 225, 229 and Buddhism, 312-31, 340. Jalhaṇa, 301. Janapada, 174; as element of state, 147. Jarâsandha, 55. Jâtaka (s), 210 et seq., 290; caste in, 210-12; commentaries on, 219-20; dates and description of, 210-11; guilds in, 312-13; king and ministers, etc., in, 212-14. Jâtakamâlâ, 214-16. Jayaswal, K. P., on date of lawgivers, 158. Jīmūtavâhana, 182, 183. Jinasena, 227. Jinasenâcârya, 221. Jina, 87. Jīvandhara, 227. Jolly, 91, 158, 169. Jones, W., 159, 169. Judges, castigation of, in Kauṭalya, 189. See also Justice. Justice, administration, etc., of in Manu, 84-88; in ukra, 260-64; as basis of stability of state, 44, 81; courts of and their procedure, etc., 134-40. See also Judge. Justinian, 159.
c17.15
Kaikeyi, 68. Kāla, 60. Kalhaṇa, 380; and his works, 288-89. Kaliyuga, 198, 199, 299, 349, 353. Kālidāsa, 156, 217, 269, 280, 286, 297, 357, 379; and his works, 278-79. Kalpa, 199, 222, 223; Sūtra, 158; Vṛkṣa, 195. Kāma, 215, 242; as aim of life, 349; science of, 157; Sūtra of Vātsyāyana, 147n. Kāmandaka, 93, 149 n., 150, 151 n., 243, 245, 267, 299, 363, 364, 365, 367, 373. Kanika, 60, 60n., 127n., 296. Kaniṣka, 268. Kant, on state, 96. Kaṇṭakaśodhana, 134. Kārikās, 219. Karma, 7, 330, 339. Karmabhūmi, 244. Kaśyapa, 34. Kathākoṣa, 294. Kathāsaritsāgara, 156, 292. Kātyāyana, 168, 169, 173, 318. Kauṇapadanta, 126, 127 n. Kauṭalya, 91, 92 n., 152, 155, 156, 157, 171, 175, 176, 189, 191, 229, 231, 233, 241, 243, 245, 248, 290, 308, 344, 346, 349, 351, 352, 358, 359, 360, 361, 362, 365, 367; administrative organisation in, 121 et seq.; army in, 133; Arthaśāstra of, 91-93; council in, 124-26; criminal law in, 120; departments of state in, 128 et seq.; doctrine of Maṇḍala in, 144-45; famine, pestilence and other calamities, etc., provided for in, 116-19; foreign relations in, 144-46; functions of state in, 96 et seq.; guilds in, 314-15; irrigation and forests, etc., in, 114-16; justice, courts of, and procedure in, 134-40; king's time-table and duties in, 121-22; law of inheritance in, 102-103; law on divorce, etc., in, 99; law on entertainment, etc., in, 103-104; law on gambling in, 104-105; law on honour of women and adultery, etc., in, 100-102; law regulating professions, etc., in, 105-106; means of communication in, 140-42; meteorology in, 114; ministers and their qualifications, etc., in, 126-27; on asceticism, 97-98; on witchcraft, 98-99; origin of state according to, 95; Penal Code of, 135; politics as independent science in, 91; prince's education in, 124; provinces, etc., in, 133; regulation of manufactures, sales, etc., 107-13; relation of politics to other sciences in, 94-5; republican polity in, 95; revenue, 143; salaries, etc., of officers, etc., 131-33; seven elements of state and three powers of king, 147-49; state as a business concern, 107; succession, 123; village economy, 113-14. See also Cāṇakya, Viṣṇugupta and Kauṭilya. Kauṭilya, 92. See Kauṭalya. Kavi, 23. Kavirāja, 297, 298, 380. Kāyasthas, 175, 253. Keith, on Jātakas, 210. King, and the people, 18; as celestial being, 31-32; as people's servant, 346; as synonymous with state and government, 8; behaviour of, 40-41; behaviour and policy of, 55-61; council of, 124; creation of, 16; duties of, in Agni Purāṇa, 187-89, in Bṛhaspati, 153-155, in Jātakas, 212-14, in Kālidāsa, 277, in Manu, 75-76, in Yājñavalkya, 174-76, in Vedas, 18; elements he is made out of, 246-47; firmness required of, 16; harem of, 122-23; learning in, 356; loyalty to, 31-32; position and function, etc., of, 281-83; qualification of, in Mahābhārata, 46-47, in Manu, 75, in Śukra, 247-48; three powers of, 147-48; time table of, in Śukra, 248-50; time table and duties of, in Kauṭalya, 121-22. See also Government, State and Sovereigns. Kingship, in Manu, 74; of Brāhmaṇas, etc., 355-56; origin of, in Aśvaghoṣa, 217. See also Sovereignty. Kirātas, 25. Konow, on Śūdraka, 273.
c17.16
Kośa, as element of state, 147. Kośala, 49, 215. Koṣṭhâgâra, 107. Kṛṣṇa, 199, 227, 339. Kṛṣṇadeva Râya, 303–307: forest tribes, 307; income and expenditure, 305-306; officers in, 304-305; spies, 307; state activities, 306; war, 307. Kṛita, 153, 195, 215, 353. See also Yuga. Kṣapaṇakas, 153. Kṣatriyas, 47, 52, 55, 57, 64, 67, 70, 71, 72, 73, 76, 83, 84, 87, 88, 100, 102, 137, 160, 161, 162, 163, 164, 167, 187, 196, 208, 209, 210, 211, 241, 253, 254, 262, 299, 304, 339, 340, 355-56, 357-58. Kṣemendra, 292, 380; and his works, 295-96. Kula. 262. Kulakara, 222. See also Jaina. Kumârapâla Prabodha, 228. Kumârila Bhaṭṭa, 169. Kûrma Purâṇa, 187, 199. Kuru (s), 20, 25. Kubera, 247.
c17.17
Labour, division of, 337-38. Laghu Arhannîti, 227. Laissez-faire, 352. Lakṣmî Vyâkhyâna, 183. Lalitavistara, 219. Laṅkâ, 69. Laski, on division of society, 343. Latimer, on religion, 350. Law, about divorce, etc., in Kauṭalya, 99; about entertainments, etc., in Kauṭalya, 103-104; about honour of women and adultery, etc., in Kauṭalya, 100-102, and justice in Manu, 81-84; and its interpretation, 353-54; books, 70; criminal, in Kauṭalya, 120; in Kauṭalya, 135, in Manu, 73-74: of inheritance in Kauṭalya, 102-103; of nature, 60; on defamation, in Manu, 84; on gambling, 104-105; regulating professions, guilds, etc., 105-106; rule of, 39-40; sources, etc., of, in Agni Purâṇa, 191-92, in Baudhâyana, 168-64; in Yâjñavalkya, 173-74; suits, matters giving rise to, in Manu, 88 n. See also Dharma. Lawyers, in Śukra, 268. Lekhakas, 127. Likhita, 173, 353. Local government, 49-50. Locke, on property, 79; on state o nature, 28. Logic of the Fish, 95. Lokapâlas, 199. Lokâyata, 93, 94 n., 153. Lomaprabhâchârya, 228. Loyalty, limitation on, 44-45
c17.18
Machiavelli, 5, 61, 61n. Machiavellianism, 60, 149, 280, 281, 362. Mâdhava Yajvâ, 151 n. Mâdhavâchârya, 168, 183, 201. Mâgha, 157, 297, 380; and his works, 296. Mahâbhârata, 67, 70, 75, 79, 90, 91, 126 n. 127 n., 152, 156, 157, 187, 195, 197, 243, 245, 267, 270, 290, 295, 296, 297, 339, 341, 344, 346 349, 350, 354, 355, 356, 357, 358, 362, 366, 372, 373; and Manu, 71; ethics of the battlefield, 62-64; foreign policy and reason of state, 54-61; guilds in, 312; importance of government in, 30-31; origin of government in, 27-28, 28-29; political matter in, 20 et seq.; republics in, 66-67; standard of good government in, 64-65. See also Epic. Mahâdeva, 235. Mahâkachchha, 116. Mahâkachchhavardhana, 117. Mahâsâmanta, 206, 203. Mahâsenâchârya, 227. Mahâvîra, 204, 340. See also Jainism. Maine, II., on Sûtras, 160. Maitrâyaṇî Saṃhitâ, 50, 50 n. Maitrîbala, 215. Majumdar, on guilds, 315. Mahinda, 210. Malli Nâtha, 299. Mânavadharma Sûtra, 157.
c17.19
Mandala, 150, 156, 193, 241; and its kings, 363-64; doctrine of, 144-45. Manu (lawgiver), 38, 68, 70 et seq., 91, 125, 150, 156, 157, 159, 167, 168, 169, 170, 171, 172, 173, 176, 177, 178, 179, 182, 189, 229, 245, 316, 339, 341, 346, 349, 350, 352, 353, 356, 360, 363, 364, 366, 367; chastisement in, 75-76; code of, 70; duties of king in, 75-76; espionage, 90; foreign policy and military affairs, 89-90; judicial administration and procedure, 84-88; kingship in, 74; law in, 73-74; law and justice in, 81-84; local government, 78; matters for law-suits, 88n.; ministers and other officials, 77; punishment, 89; qualification of king, 74; social order in, 71-73; supervision of officials, 78-79; taxation in, 79-81. Manu (Rāja), 29, 51, 95, 186, 187, 295, 354. Manu Smṛiti, 70 n. See also Manu. Mārga, 258. Mārkaṇḍeya Purāṇa, 185, 196-97. Mātali, 242. Matsya Purāṇa, 197-98, 350, 354, 358. Mauryan empire, 115. Max Müller, on Indian mind, 1; on Manu, 70. Māyā, 187. 192. Maya (writer), 363. Medhātithi, 169, 182. Megasthenes, on Mauryan Empire, 115. Merutuṅgācārya, 255, and his works, 289-90. Meteorology, in Kauṭalya, 114. Military affairs, in Manu, 89-90. Mīmāṃsā, 173; Sūtra, 168. See also Pūrva M. Mīmāṃsaka, 163. Minister (s), in Jātakas, 214; in Kauṭalya, 126-27; in Mahābhārata, 47-49; in Manu, 77; in Somadeva, 233-35. Mitākṣarā, 173 n., 183, 183 n. Mitra, as element of state, 147. Mitrārtha, 192. Mlecchhas, 292. Mokṣa, 348; science of, 157.
c17.20
Monarchy, in Ancient India, 357 et seq.; nature and origin of, in the Vedas, 14-18; position and functions of, in Somadeva, 231-33. Mṛicchhakaṭika, 269, 271, 273. Mṛityu, 31. Mudrārākṣasa, 286-87. Mughal (s), 78, 127; M. Empire, 140, 227. Muṇḍaka Upaniṣad, 356. Muslim dominion, legal commentaries under, 183.
c17.21
Nābhāga, 63. Nābhi, 223. See also Jaina. Naiṣadhīya, 297. Nami, 228, 229, 294. Nārada (lawgiver), 20, 64, 127, 155, 168, 169, 170, 176-77, 179, 316, 317, 319, 323, 353. Nārada (sage), 348, 351. Nārāyaṇa (God), 38. Nārāyaṇa (writer), 292, 380. Nātha (writer), 299. Natural rights, 8. Nature, law of, in Europe and Vedas, 18-19; state of, in Mahābhārata, 27-30; in Kṣemendra, 295. Nāyaka, 252. Nihśriṣṭārtha, 192. Nīlakaṇṭha, 299. Nirvāṇa, 211, 348. See also Mokṣa, Jātakas. Nītiprakāśikā, 266. Nītisarvasva, 152 n. Nītiśāstra (s), Chap. IX, 295, 308, 359, 363, 367, 378. Nītivākyāmṛita, 241, 242. Nivṛittimārga, 348. See also Pravṛittimārga. Norman-Angevin, 127. See Chancellor. Nṛisāmanta, 252. Nṛisimhaprasāda, 183. Nṛisimha Purāṇa, 198. Nyarbudi, 18. Nyāya, 173, 347.
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Oaths, Somadeva, 241. Oppert, Gustav, on Śukranīti, 245. Optatus, St., on kingship, 345.
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Ordeals, in Bṛihaspati, 179-80; in Śukra, 263-64; Yuân Chwâng on, 180 n. Origen, on law, 347.
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Pact, 29, 206, 208-209. Padma Purāṇa, 170, 198, 227. Padmagupta, 380, and his works, 288. Padya, 258. Pāli, 204; Fable in Pāli literature, 290 et seq. Pañchatantra, 150, 291, 292, 379. Pāṇḍavas, 20, 64. Parāśara, 126, 173, 180-81, 183, 353. Paraśu Rāma, 34. Pariṣad, 178. Parliamentary procedure in Buddhist Saṃgha, 324-27. Pasenadi, 352. Peace, kinds of, 365. Piśuna, 126, 127 n. Pitṛis, 32. Plato, 3, 337, 356. Policy, 364-66; Essence of, by Kāmandaka, 150. See also foreign policy. Political power, as a trust, 346. Politics, as an independent science, 91; Bṛihaspati on, 153-54; connection of, with other branches, 5-6; in relation to other sciences in Kauṭalya, 94-95; science of, 126. Popular element, in Bṛihaspati, 177-78; in Manu, 84 et seq. See also Democracy. Pradyumnacharita, 227. Prajāpati, 15, 16. Pratarddana, 63. Pratiśruti, 222. Pravṛittimārga, 348. See also Nivṛittimārga. Priest, 130, 235; relation of, to king, 13-14; royal priest in Manu, 77. See also Purohita. Prince, education of, in Kauṭalya, 124. Prithu, 194, 200, 351. Prithvirājarāso, 301. Provinces, in Kauṭalya, 133. Pufendorf, on state of nature, 28.
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Punishment, in Manu, 89. See also Chastisement and Danda. Purāṇa (s), 15 n., 130, 173, 178, 183, 185 et seq., 203, 208, 221, 224, 228, 231, 243, 266, 274, 297, 300, 310, 342, 357, 359, 363, 367, 375; contents of, 186-87; names and couplets of, 185 n. et seq. See also Ādi P., Harivaṃśa P., Itihāsa-P., Kūrma P., Mārkaṇḍeya P., Matsya P., Nṛisimha P., Skanda P., Uttara P., Varāha P., Vāyu P., Viṣṇu P. Purohita, 14 n., 54, 213, 214. See also Priest. Puruṣa, 225. See also Brahma (God). Puruṣaparīkṣā, 293-94. Puruṣasūkta, 341. Puruṣottama Bhaṭṭa, 267. Pūrva Mīmāṃsā, 168.
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Rājan, 150, 188, 206. Rājanti, 156. See also Politics and Government. Rājamārga, 140, 258. Rājanyas, 212, 357. Rājasūya, 18 n., 46, 132. Rājatarangiṇī, 288-89. Rājyāṅgāni, 149 n. Rakṣoghnarakṣitam, 136. Rāma, 67 et seq., 198, 227, 300, 351. Rāmacharita Mānasa, 267. See also Tulasī Dāsa. Rāmadāsa, 301-302. Rāmāyaṇa, 24, 67 et seq., 270, 297, 373; guilds in, 312; ideal king, 67-68; importance of government in, 68-69. See also Adhyātma R. and Jaina Rāmāyaṇa. Rāṣṭrapatha, 141. Rathyā, 140. Rāvaṇa, 67. Reason of state; 54 et seq., 219. Religion, definition of, by Latimer, 350; importance of, in installation of kings, 15. See also Dharma. Republic (s), in the Mahābhārata, 66-67. Republican oligarchies, 357; polity, in Buddhist Scriptures, 216-17, in Kauṭalya, 95, Revenue, in Kauṭalya, 143-44; in Śukra, 265; in Viṣṇu, 171-72. Rex is lex, 358. Rhys Davids, on Buddhist Scriptures, 203. Ṛigveda, 11, 12, 17, 17 n., 18, 18 n., 50n., 225, 308, 309, 320. Rik, 93. See also Ṛigveda. Ṛiṣabhadeva, 223, 225, 227. Ṛiṣis, 42, 194, 199, 200. Ṛitvijas, 54. Rome, compared to India, 102. See also Greece. Rousseau, on idealism, 337; on state of nature, 28. Rudra, 38, 60.
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Sabhā, 17, 17 n. Śaiva, 152. Śaka, 268. Śākhās, 169. Śakra, 60. Śākta, 152. Sakti, 180 n. Salaries, etc., of officers in Kauṭalya, 131-33. Sāma, 93, 192. Samāhartṛ, 127. See also Officer. Sāmanta, 252. Sāmaveda, 11, 371. Saṃgha, Buddhist, 309; 320 et seq.; constitution of, 321-22; features and parliamentary procedure of, 324-27; relation with state, 333. Samiti, 17, 17 n. Samavrata, 173. Sanatkumāra, 351. Śaṅkara (God), 260. Śaṅkarāchārya, 353. Śaṅkha, 173, 353. Sannidhātṛ, 127. See also Officers. Sanskrit literature, a characteristic of, 268-69; classical, Chap. X; drama in, 270 et seq.; fables in, 290 et seq.; historical works in, 287 et seq., medieval, 299-300; miscellaneous works in, 297 et seq.; tale in, 292 et seq. Sanyāsa, 348. Sarabha, 49. Sarvajña Nārāyaṇa, 299. Śāsanārhaka, 192.
c17.28
Śāstra (s), 154, 157, 200, 356; Mānava-dharma S., 157. See also Dharma-śāstra. Śatagrāmādhipati, 189. Śatapatha Brāhmaṇa, 13, 15, 15 n., 17 n., 19, 19 n., 372. See also Brāhmaṇa (Scripture). Śatapati, 50. Śātātapa, 173. Śatruñjaya, 56. Satya Hariśchandra, 298. Satya Yuga, 193. Satyānṛta, 72. Saundara Nandam Kāvyam, 217. Secret intelligence department, duties of, in Kauṭalya, 139-40. Sarāi or rest-house, 258-59. Seven elements of state, 147-48; perversion of, 148 n. Shamasastry, on Arthaśāstra, 91. Śibis, 215. Siddhis, 197. Śikṣāsamuchchaya, 219. Śiṣṭas, 163, 169, 354. Śiva, 23, 127 n., 185, 292. Skanda, 60. Skanda Purāṇa, 168, 185, 201. Slav, character, compared to Indian, 2. Smṛiti, 73, 157, 160, 163, 168, 169, 170, 173, 181, 181 n., 183, 185, 191, 193, 196, 201, 208, 221, 308, 311, 353, 354, 358, 359, 363; classified, 170; dates of, 169-70; sections of, 173 n. See also Law books. Smṛiti Chandrikā, 183. Social order, in Manu, 71-73; S. order and state, 246; S. organisation among Hindus, 331-34. Society and Government, 9, 343-45; and state, 8; origin of, in Jaina works, 222-24. Socrates, 356. Soma, 15, 16. Somadevasūri, 229 et seq., 243, 245, 295, 351, 356, 359, 380; army in, 239; foreign policy, 241; homage to state, 230-31; knowledge in rulers, 231; ministers, etc., 233-36; position and functions of monarchy in 231-33; priest, 236; spies, 237; treasury, 238-39. Sovereign, 9, 246-47; qualifications of, 247-48. See also King.
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Sovereignty, 9; elements of, in Somadeva, 238-39; gradations of, in Śukra, 250. See also Kingship and Monarchy. Spies, 366-67; in Agni Purāṇa, 190; in Kauṭalya, 138; in Kṛṣṇadeva Rāya, 307; in Somadeva, 237. See also Espionage. Śrauta Sūtra, 157, 158. Śreṇi, 174, 262. Śroṇika, 227. Śreṣṭhin, 309. Śrī-Harṣa, 297, 380. Śrīmad Bhāgavata, 187, 199-200, 201. Śrīśa Chandra Basu, on Smṛitis, 170. Śrotriyas, 76, 81, 86, 161, 167. Śruti, 73, 168, 169, 201, 353, 354. See also Vedas. State, activities, in Kṛṣṇadeva Rāya, 305; and corporations, 310-11; and society, 8; as a business concern, in Kauṭalya, 107; as summum-bonum, in Somadeva, 230-31; economic activities of, 352-53; educational, 351-52; foreign, 344-45; functions of, in Bṛihaspati, 154-55; in Kauṭalya, 96 et seq.; in Śukra, 259-60; harmony among states, 18, in state, 16-17; limbs of, in Śukra, 246, 246 n.; nature of, in India, 4; officers of, in Śukra, 251-53; origin of, in Kauṭalya, 95; purpose of, in Buddhist Scriptures, 206; regulation of manufactures and sales in Kauṭalya, 107-13; seven elements of, 147-48; their perversion, 148 n. See also Government and King. Stuarts, ideas of kingship of, 358. Subandhu, 379; and his works, 282. Succession, in Kauṭalya, 97, 123; in Śukra, 250. Śuddhodana, 247, 218. Śūdraka, 271, 272-73, 379. Śūdra(s), 7, 47, 67, 71, 72, 73, 80, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 97, 100, 102, 120, 137, 161, 162, 163, 164, 166, 170, 171, 181, 193, 195, 196, 199, 210, 241, 253, 262, 285, 295, 299, 304, 340, 341, 342, 355. Śukra, 94 n., 245, 267, 341, 346, 353, 359, 360, 362, 365, 366, 367. Śukranīti, 245-66, 320; administration, etc., of justice in, 260-64; capital in, 256-57; court in, 254-55; foreign policy in, 265-66; functions of state in, 259-60; means of communication and serais in, 258-59; officers in, 251-53; society and state in, 246; sovereign, his qualifications and grades, etc., in, 246-50; succession in, 250. Śaradūsa, 300. Sūta, 47. Sūtasamhitā, 201. Sūtra, 160, 168, 170, 374; Bārhaspatya, 151; Grihya, 157; Jaiminīya, 346-47; Jaina, 228; Śrauta, 157; Uttarādhyayana, 228-29. See also Dharmasūtra. Sūtrālaṅkāra, 218, 269. Śvavṛitti, 72. Svāmin, as element of state, 147; as government or state, 150. Śvetāmbara, 228. See also Jaina. Sylvain Lévi, on Aśvaghoṣa, 269; on Pāli, 204; on Sanskrit literature, 268.
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Taittirīya Brāhmaṇa, 15, 15 n., 372. See also Brāhmaṇa (Scripture). Tālikoṭa, battle of, 303. Tantravārtika, 169. Tārānātha, 214, 219. Tātparyadīpikā, 201. Taxation, in Agni Purāṇa, 191; in Mahābhārata, 51-53; in Manu, 79-81; in Somadeva, 240. Teutonic character, compared to Indian, 2. Thomas, F. W., on Arthaśāstra, 151. Three powers of king in Kauṭalya, 147-48. Tirthakaras, 225, 227. See also Jaina. Trayī, 93. Treitschke, on realism, 5. See also Machiavelli. Tretāyuga, 36, 193, 199, 353. Tripitaka, 203. See also Buddhism and Buddhist. Trivargamahendramātaliśaijalpa, 242. Trivikramabhaṭṭa, 297.
c17.31
Tulasî Dâsa, 267, 300. Turkish Grand Vizier, 127. See also Minister and Officers.
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Upaniṣad(s), 11, 290, 309, 320, 372. See also Chhândogya U., Muṇḍaka U. Upapurâṇas, 185 et seq., 187, 193, 198, 376. Upekṣâ, 192. Uśanas, 56, 94, 125, 152, 173. Utopia, 5. Uttara Purâṇa (Jaina), 227. Uttarâdhyayana Sûtra, 228-29.
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Vaiśâlâkṣa, 23, 127n. Vaiśampâyana, 266, 367. Vaiśeṣika, 347; V. Sûtras, 350. Vaiṣṇava, 152, 198. Vaiśravaṇa, 31, 247. Vaiśyas, 47, 52, 53, 67, 71, 83, 84, 87, 88, 97, 100, 102, 137, 160, 161, 162, 163, 167, 181, 196, 210, 241, 253, 262, 299. Vâjasaneyi Saṃhitâ, 12. Vajjians, 217. Vajrasûchî, 218-19. Vakîl, 127. See also Minister and Officer. Vâlmîki, 67, 68, 124, 227, 274, 296, 297, 298, 300. Vânaprastha, 198, 348. Varâha, 198. Varâha Purâṇa, 198. Varṇa, 6. See also Caste. Varṇâśrama, 160. Vârtâ, 94, 95, 152. Varuṇa, 16, 19, 60, 74, 87, 247. Vasiṣṭha, 157, 158, 164 n., 166-67, 173, 180, 229, 311. Vâsudeva (writer), 298. Vâtavyâdhi, 126, 150, 365. Vatsa, 88. Vâtsyâyana, 95 n., 147n. Vâyu, 246, 247. Vâyu Purâṇa, 195-96. Veda (s), 11, 15n., 27, 56, 72, 73, 93, 94, 149, 160, 162, 163, 168, 173, 181, 183, 185, 196, 199, 200, 218, 310, 311, 317, 318, 342, 354, 356. See also Atharvaveda, Ṛigveda, Sâmaveda Yajurveda. Vedic, age, 124; literature, 11 et seq. 371-72; period, in connection with caste, 6. Veṇa, 28, 193, 194, 197, 199. Vernacular literature, 300 et seq. Vidura, 267. Vidyâpati Bilhaṇa, and his works, 287-88. Vidyâpati Ṭhâkura, 293. Vijayanagar Empire, writings in, 303. See also Kṛiṣṇadeva Râya. Vijñâneśvara, 169, 173 n., 182, 183n., 354. Village, in Kauṭalya, 133; economy in Kauṭalya, 113-14; tribunal, 135. Vipra, 193, 195. See also Brâhmaṇa and Dvija. Virajas, 28. Viśûkhadatta, 380, and his works, 286, 287. Viśâlâkṣa, 126, 127n., 149n., 229. Viṣṇu (God), 16, 22, 23, 28, 37, 185, 198, 260. Viṣṇu (lawgiver), 168, 169, 170-72, 173, 183. Viṣṇu Bhâgavata, 348. Viṣṇu-Gupta, 151n. See also Châṇakya and Kauṭalya. Viṣṇu Purâṇa, 197. Viṣṇudharmottara, 358. Viṣṇuśarman, 291. Viśvâmitra, 55, 296. Viśveśvara, 189. Vivâdârṇavasetu, 267. Voting, etc., in Saṃgha, 325-27. Vyâsa, 173, 199 n., 280. Vyavahâra Khaṇḍa, 168.
c17.34
Wâqiâh Nawîs, 140. See also Minister and Officer. War, 365-66, and Diplomacy, 367; ethics of, 362-63. See also Battlefield. West, comparison with India, 2-3. Willoughby, on Eastern mind, 1. Winternitz, on Arthaśâstra, 91. Witchcraft, in Kauṭalya, 98-99. Witnesses, in Kauṭalya, 136-38; in Śukra, 263.
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Yādavas, 152. Yājñavalkya, 15, 155, 169, 170, 172—76, 182, 183, 188, 316, 317, 319, 323, 354. Yajurveda, 11, 12, 371. Yajus, 93. Yama (God), 16, 31, 39, 74, 247. Yama (lawgiver), 173. Yaśastilaka Champū, 229, et seq., 242. Yaśodhara, 242. Yavanas, 25.
c17.36
Yogavāsiṣṭha, 207, 351. Yuan Chwang, on administration, 356; on ordeals, 180 n. Yuga, see Age: Dvāpara Y., Kali Y., Satya Y., Tretā Y. Yudhiṣṭhira, 20, 26, 37, 46, 55, 56, 60, 67, 354, 362. Yuktikalpataru, 244-45
c17.37
Zend Avesta, 12 n.
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The first of these causes is the natural mixture of nations and characters, especially after the settlement of the barbarians in the Roman provinces. The second is the influence of the Christian religion, which, in its primitive purity, was perhaps less favourable to the spirit of conquest than the polytheism of antiquity. If the public faith of the Romans was corrupted by the introduction of foreign superstitions, it may at least be observed that the virtues of the primitive Christians were of a passive and unresisting nature. The third cause is the decay of the arts and sciences, and the general decline of literature, which accompanied the progress of the empire towards its dissolution. The fourth cause is the enormous weight of the public taxes, which exhausted the industry and patience of the people, and rendered them indifferent to the fate of a government which they could no longer support. The fifth cause is the corruption of the military discipline, and the frequent rebellions of the legions, who were more formidable to their own sovereigns than to the enemies of the state. The sixth cause is the weakness and incapacity of the later emperors, who were often the creatures of the court or the army, and who sacrificed the public interest to their own private ambition or security.
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It is not my intention to enter into a detailed examination of these various causes, which have been so often and so ably discussed by the historians of the decline and fall of the Roman empire. I shall content myself with observing that the ruin of the Roman power was not the effect of any single event, or the result of any particular policy, but the gradual consequence of a long series of errors and misfortunes, which undermined the foundations of the state, and prepared the way for its final overthrow. The barbarians, who had long been the terror of the frontiers, at length became the masters of the provinces; and the empire, which had once extended its dominion over the greater part of the known world, was reduced to a narrow territory, and finally extinguished by the sword of the conqueror.
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The history of the decline and fall of the Roman empire is a subject of the highest importance, and one which deserves the most serious attention of the statesman and the philosopher. It teaches us that the prosperity of nations is not eternal, and that the most powerful empires may be subverted by the same causes which have destroyed the most insignificant states. It warns us against the dangers of luxury, corruption, and ambition; and it reminds us that the stability of government depends, in a great measure, on the virtue and intelligence of the people.