The Administration of the Sultanate of Dehli c17: Index
The Administration of the Sultanate of Dehlī c17
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Index
c17.1
Abbasids, 3, 9, 19, 23, 24, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 34, 35, 36, 38, 43, 59, 66, 73, 78 f.n., 84 f.n., 87 f.n., 91, 94, 105, 122, 123 f.n., 135 f.n., 158, 176, 189, 208 f.n., (also, see Baghdād) Abbasid tradition in the administration of Dehlī, 3, 4, 18 Ābdārkhānah, 69 f.n. ‘Abd-u’l-‘Azīz, 36 f.n. Accountant-General, 10, 84 Achæmenid, 90 Abū Bakr, 22, 53 —Naṣr Mishkān, 82 f.n. —Rijā, 81 f.n. Abū-’l-‘Abbās Aḥmad, 36 —Faraj a’r-Rūnī, 178 —Fatḥ al-Mu’tṣid-bi’llah (vide Mu’tṣid-bi’llah) —Qāsim Kathīr, 81 f.n. ‘Adah, 161 ‘Ādil Shāh Sūr, (vide ‘Adlī) ‘Adl, 170, 171, 173 ‘Adlī, 172, 185, 229 ‘Aḍud-u’d-dawlah, 24 Afghāns, 1, 7, 8, 13, 14, 122 f.n., 124, 136, 152, 156, 159 f.n., 196, 207, 209, 226, (also, see Lodīs, Sūrs) Afwāj-i-qalb, 139 Āghāchi, 65 Agriculture, Improvement of (vide Amīr-i-kohī) Aḥadīs, 154 f.n. Aḥkām-i-tauqī‘, 88 Aḥmad Ayāz, 51 f.n. —bin Fīrūz, 261 —Ḥasan, 201 —Niyāltigin, 197, 201
c17.2
Aides-de-camp, 62 ‘Aīn-u’l-mulk, 81 f.n., 82 f.n. Akaṭ Khān, 144 Akbar, 2, 8, 14, 15, 50, 118, 129 f.n., 176 f.n., 188, 203, 224, 233, 234 Akhrāwat, 187 Akhūrbek, 71, (also, see Stables, Pā’igāh) Akram Faidī, 186 ‘Alamkhānah, 69 f.n. ‘Alā-u’l-dīn Mas‘ūd Shāh, 28, 54 f.n. —Muḥammad Khaljī, 5, 15, 19, 29, 30, 31, 32 f.n., 45, 47, 48 f.n., 52, 66 f.n., 67, 91, 98, 106, 107, 108 f.n., 110, 114, 116 f.n., 118, 120, 121, 122, 124, 128, 129, 130, 138, 140, 141, 144, 145, 155, 162, 166, 169 f.n., 172, 174, 176, 180, 181, 187, 195, 199, 200, 208, 210, 213, 215, 223, 226, 250, 251, 257 —Rūmī, 161 f.n. Al-Ḥākim (vide Ḥakim) ‘Alī, 158 —Ismā‘īl, 161 Alms, (vide Charity) Al-Mustaḍī-bi-amr-i’llah (vide Mus-taḍī-bi-amr-i’llah) Al-Mustakfī-bi’llah (vide Mustakfī-bi’llah) Al-Mustanṣir-bi’llah, (vide Mus-tanṣir-bi’llah) Al-Mutawakkil-’ala’llah, (vide Mu-tawakkil-’ala’llah Abū ‘Abd-u’llah Muḥammad) Alp Arsalān, 160 f.n., 161 f.n. Altūntāsh, 62 f.n. ‘Alūfah, 240 Ambassadors, 57, 58, 92
c17.3
Ambulances, 150 ‘Āmil, 208, 209, (also, see Mutaṣarrif, Shiqqdār) Amin, 209, 259, 260, (also, see Munsif, Mushrif) Amir, 131, 151, 153, 154, 158, 194, 197 f.n., 202 f.n., 224, 239. —Ḥājib, 61, 62, (also, see Bārbek) —i-bahr, 156 —i-dād, 10, 11, 92, 158, 161, 162, (also see Dādbek) —i-hazārah, 153 Amīri-i-ṭarab, 244 Amīr-i-kohī, 127, 128 —i-majlis, 72 —i-panjāh, 153 —i-ṣadah, 153 —i-shikār, 72, (also, see Royal Hunt) —i-tuzuk, 65 —u’l-ḥujjāb, 62 f.n. —u’l umarā, 59, 93 Amlāk, 134, 241, 242, 243 Amriyat, 94 f.n., 136 f.n. A’n-Nāṣir-li-dīn-i’llah (vide Nāṣir-li-dīn-i’llah) Anṣār, 22 Appraisement, 104, 105, (also, see Hazr) Aqṭā’, 122-125, 239, 240, (also, see Assignments) Aqṭā’dār, 122 f.n. (also, see assignees) Arabia, 141 Arabic, 186 Arabs, 23 Archers, 68, 72, 147, 149 (also, see Dhanuks) Architecture, 88, 225 Arḍ-i-mumlikat, 102 ‘Arḍ, 137, 138, 152, 199 (also, see ‘Arḍ-i-mumlāk, Dīwān-i-‘arḍ) —i-mumlāk, 10, 85, 86, 137, 199 (also, see ‘Arīḍ)
c17.4
Army, 7, 52, 66, 71, 75, 96, 132, 133, 161, 194, 199, 217 (also, see Artillery, Cavalry, Infantry, Soldiers, Troops) ‘Arrādah, 146 A’r-Rāḍī, 93 Arsalān Kohī (Amīr, 181) Art, 5, 10, 72, 73, 133, 177, 178 (also, see Architecture, Calligraphy, Culture, Music, Painting, Poets) Artillery, 140, 145, 156, (also, see Siege engines) Assessment of state demand on agricultural produce, 103-110, 121, 234, 260, (also, see Kharāj, Revenue, State demand on agricultural produce, ‘Ushr) Assignees, 122, 125, 126, 128, (also, see Aqṭā’dār) Assignments, 81, 83, 109, 122, 125, 133, 137, 155, 176, 199, 238, 239, 240, (also, see Aqṭā’) Auditor-general, 10 Aurangẓīb ‘Ālamgīr, 129 ‘Awfī, 179 Awqāf, 160 Ayālat, 197 f.n. ‘Azīz Khummār, 158 A’ẓ-Ẓāhir (vide Ẓāhir)
c17.5
Bābur, 1, 2, 8, 14, 38, 109, 118, 129, 136, 149, 156, 184, 213 Badā’ūn, 179 f.n. Badr-i-Chāch, 16, 35, 182, 229 Baghdād, 4, 9, 24, 38 (also, see Abbasids) Bahāṭiyāh, 258 Bahlahdār, 65 Bahmanī Kingdom, 16, 37 Bahr, 156 Bahrām Khan, 18 — Shāh, 54 f.n., 70, 93 f.n.
c17.6
Bait-u'l-māl, 241, 242 (also, see Treasury) Bakht-yār Khaljī (vide Muḥammad bin Bakht-yār Khaljī) Bakkar, 202 Baksariyahs, 144 Baldhar, 207 Balban, 4, 5, 28, 30, 60 f.n., 67, 71, 91, 93, 120, 123, 128, 138, 139 f.n., 141, 142, 143, 152, 163, 166, 179, 192, 194, 195 f.n., 214, 223, 228 Banjar, 233 Banjarās, 147, 148 Banners, 148, 188 (also, see Flags, Qūr-khānah, Standards) Bārbek, 61, 203, (also, see Amīr Ḥājib) Barīd, 89, 90, 91, 92, 211, 212 (also, see Barīd-i-mumālik, Dhāwah, Post, Ulāgh, News Agency) Barīd-i-mumālik, 10, 89 (also, see Barīd) Battle array, 137, 149 Bāz Bahādur, 185 Beggars, 191, 192, 193 Bengal, 123, 126 f.n., 140, 142, 143, 144, 145, 152, 156, 179, 194, 213 Bhāga, 110 Bhairavī chakra, 256 Bhairo Bhattī, 120 f.n. Bhaktī movement, 169, 222 Bhāṭiyah, 258 Bhojpūr, 215 Bihār, 123 Biyānah, 124 Boats, 156 Bohrahs, 257 Booty, 137 (also, see ghanīmah) Brahman (poet), 183 Brahmans, 97, 100, 206, 219, 227 Branding (vide Dāgh) Bridges, 148 Buddhists, 257
c17.7
Budget, 132, 133 Bughrā Khān, 30, 51 f.n., 143, 153, 194, 195 f.n. Buhlūl Lodī, 7, 50 f.n., 52, 73, 183, 202, 203, 231 Buwayhids, 24, 59
c17.8
Cairo, 35, 37, 38 Caliph, Caliphate, 3, 9, 16, 23, 24, 25, 26, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 43, 46, 53, 54, 59, 74, 77, 96, 158, 173, 230, 231, 232 (also, see Eastern Caliphate, Imām, Khalīfah, Khilāfat, Western Caliphate) Calligraphy, 181 Camping, 148 Canals, 127, 241, 242, 243 (also, see Irrigation) Cannon, 145 Caravanserais, 219 (vide also, sarā'is) Carmathians, 254 (also, see Karmathians) Catapults, 146 Cavalry, 72, 99, 137, 140, 141, 142, 149, 155, 250, 251, 252, 253 (also, see Doaspah, Murattab, Sawār) Censor of public morals, 11, (also, see Muḥtasib) Centurion, 153 Cesses, 98, 112, 113, 118, 130 (also, see Imposts, Taxes) Ceylon, 143 Chachar, 233 Chaitanya, 221 Chaprāsī, 209 Charā'ī, 129, 130, 208, 217, 246, 248, 249. Charity, 35, 132, 192 (also, see Free kitchens, Poor relief) Charkh, 146 Chashnīgīr, 64
c17.9
Chaudhari, 208 Chaurāsī, 204 Chā'ush, 154 Chehrah (vide Ḥuliyah) Chhajjū (vide Malik Chhajjū) Chhappah, 245 Chhattah, 245 Chief, 249, (also, see Hindu Chiefs) Chief Engineer, 145 (also see Engineering department) Chittor, 140 Chogān, 141 Cholī-mārgīs, 256 Chungī-i-ghallah, 245 Coins, 20, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 37, 38, 89, 100, 261, 263 Colleges, 68, 175, 177, 182, 186, 188, 190, 224, 229 (also, see Madrasah) Commander-in-Chief, 9, 18, 136, 137, 153, 157 Commissariat, 10, 69, 137 (also, see Provisions) Council of state, 77, 78 Court (royal), 9, 10, 46, 77, 78, 92, 190 Court ceremonial, 4, 9, 57, 61 (also, see Court etiquette, Darbār) --etiquette, 10, 73 (also, see Court Ceremonial, darbār) Courts of justice, 157-160 Court martial, 157 Criminal code, 173, 174 Cultivator, 51, 104, 106, 107, 110, 111, 112, 118, 120, 121, 128, 193, 204, 205, 222, 234, 235 (also, see Peasant) Culture, 3, 5, 7, 72, 177, 224 (also see Architecture, Art, Colleges, Hindi poetry, Hindu culture, Learning, Literature, Music, Painting, Poets)
c17.10
Dabīr, 87, 88 (also, see Dabīr-i-khās, Dabīr-i-sarā, Dīwān-i-inshā, Munshī-i-ḥadrat) --i-khās, 86, 87, 88 f.n., 179 (also, see Dabīr, Dīwān-i-inshā, Kātib-i-khās, Munshī-i-ḥadrat) --i-sarā, 65 Dādbek, 175 (also, see Amīr-i dād) Dādbekī, 246 Dāgh, 138, 199 Dalālat-i-bāzārhā, 244 Damīk, 27 Dāngānah, 98, 129, 244, 246 Darbār, 57, 58, 60 (also, see Court ceremonial, Court etiquette) Darībah, 98 --i-tambūl, 245 Dār-u'l-'adālat, 159 f.n. --u'l-Islām, 25, 27, 28, 31 (also, see Muslim world) --u'l-Islām mint, 31, 32 Darwishes, 191 (also, see Faqīrs) Dā'ūd (Mullā), 186 Daulatābād, 211 (also, see Deogīr) Dawātdār, 65, 134 Deccan, 45, 133, 136, 140, 144, 145, 172, 195, 203, 261 Dehlī, description of the city of, 188, 198 Deogīr, 46 (also, see Daulatābād) Deputy governor, 201 Descriptive rolls of soldiers (vide Ḥuliyah) Dhānuks, 144 (also, see Archers) Dhār, 213 Dhāwah, 211 (also, see Barīd, Post) Dhimmis, 2, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 103, 113, 168, 176, 219, 227 (also, see Hindus) Discipline, 154 Dīwān, 70, 92 (also, see below) --i-Amīr-i-kohī, 128 (also, see Amīr-i-kohī) --i-'ard, 85, 86, 137, 138 (also, see 'Arḍ)
c17.11
Dīwān-i-inshā, 12, 86, 87 (also, see Dabīr, Dabīr-i-khāṣ) —i-ishrāf, 134 (also see Mushrif, Mushrif-i-mumālik) —i-khawāṣ, 191 —i-khātam, 86 —i-maẓālim, 157, 158, 159 (also see Maẓālim) —i-mustakhrij, 200 —i-naẓar, 134 (also, see Nāẓir) —i-qaḍā, 85, 157, 159-160, 175 (also, see Qaḍi, Qaḍi-i-mumālik) —i-rasā’il, 86, 87 f.n. —i-risālat, 85, 86, 87, 175 (also, see Ṣadr, Ṣadr-u’ṣ ṣudūr) —i-riyāsat, 158, 167, 169-173 (also, see Economic control, Ra’is) —siyāsat, 157, 158, 159 —i-ṭalab-i-aḥkām-i-tauqī‘, 88 —i-wizārat, 70, 84, 85, 126, 134, 199 (also, see Wazīr) Doāb, 52, 115, 116 f.n., 117 f.n., 201, 202, 215 Do-aspah, 141, 250, 251, 252, 253 Dravida, 228 Durbāsh, 75 f.n. Dūrī, 129, 244 Eunuchs, 63, 64 Expenditure, 10, 46, 81, 84, 95, 132
c17.12
Fakhr-u’d-dīn ‘Iṣāmī, 4 —kotwāl, 51 f.n., 123 Falakhun, 146 Famine relief, 106, 134, 192, 219 (also, see Free kitchens) Faqīrs, 131, 190, (also, see Darwīshes) Farīd, 107, 124, 129 (also, see Sher Shāh) Farmān 88 —i-ṭughrā, 88 Farrāsh 65 (also, see Farrāsh-khānah) Farrāshkhānah, 69 f.n. (also, see Farrāsh) Fārs, 179 Fatḥ Khān, 48 f.n., 199 Fatḥ-nāmah, 87 Fatḥpūr Sīkri, 188 Fatimids, 23, 24, 38, 87 f.n. Faujdār, 201, 214 Fil-khānah (vide, Pil-khānah) Finance, 80, 89, 95, Chapter VI, 194, 200 Firearms, 144, 145 (also, see Artillery) Fīrūz Khaljī, (vide Jalāl-u’d-dīn Fīrūz Shāh Khaljī) —Shāh, 6, 12, 13, 17, 18, 27, 36, 37, 48 f.n., 50 f.n., 66 f.n., 67, 68, 69, 70, 74, 80 f.n., 81 f.n., 82 f.n., 84, 85, 96, 98, 99, 102, 110, 114, 115, 117, 120, 122, 123, 124, 125, 126, 127, 128, 129, 130, 131, 137, 138, 141, 142, 150, 151, 155, 158, 162, 163, 167, 168, 172 f.n., 174, 179, 182 f.n., 187, 188, 189, 190, 191, 192, 195, 199, 200, 206, 210, 215, 216, 219, 224, 237, 243, 244, 254, 255.
c17.13
Eastern Caliphate, 9, 26, 28, 40, 53 Economic control, 5, 11, 46, 169-173, 226 (also see Dīwān-i-riyāsat, Ra’is) Education, 10, 66, 68, Chapter IX, 176-187, 192 Egypt, 9, 28, 30, 31, 34, 35, 180 Elephants, 69 f.n., 71, 142, 143, 149 (also, see Pil-khānah, Shaḥnah-i-fīl) Engineering department, 147, 148, 188 (also, see Chief engineer) Epigraphy, 20, 30 Espionage, 91, (also, see Spies)
c17.14
Fīrūz Shāh ibn Abū Bakr, 261 — Shāh Zafar, 261 Flags, 150, 151 (also, see Banners, Qūr-khānah, Standards) Foot soldiers, 99 (also, see Infantry) Forts, 140, 146, 147, 156, 173, 214 Forty, 9 Foṭahdār, 209, 259, 260 (also, see Muḥaṣṣil, Khazānahdār, Khazān-chī, Treasurer) Free kitchens, 192, 219 Fruit growing, 128, 129
c17.15
Gaharwār, 98 Gargaj, 146 Garrisons, 139, 140 Gaur, 228 (also, see Lakhnautī) General Histories in Arabic and Persian, 15 Ghair-wajhī, 155, 239 Ghanīmah, 96, 99 Gharī, 248 Ghariyāl-khānah, 69 f.n. Ghaznah, 3, 26, 228 Ghaznavids, 3, 4, 11, 25, 26, 60, 74, 86, 87, 91, 102, 106, 122, 139, 140, 142, 152, 153, 178, 188, 197, 233, 258 (also, see Maḥmūd of Ghaznah and Mas‘ūd of Ghaznah) Ghiyāth-u’d-dīn (amīr), 36 f.n. —dīn Balban (vide Balban) —u’d-dīn bin Sam, 26 —u’d-dīn Maḥmūd of Ghor, 26 —u’d-dīn Tughluq, 5, 9, 32, 54 f.n., 107, 114, 115, 122, 123, 126, 128, 129, 139, 151, 152, 167, 181, 192, 193, 213. Ghūr, 126, 150 Ghūrids, 91, 122, 178 (also, see individual sultans) Ghuzz, 152 Gopa, 207
c17.16
Governor, 11, 25, 48 f.n., 66, 76 f.n., 81, 88 f.n., 89 f.n., 90, 121, 128 f.n., 132, 158, 159, 160, 161, 163, 190, 192, 194, 195, 196, 197, 198, 199, 200, 201, 202 f.n., 213, 214, 217, 218, 223, 227 (also, see Muqṭi‘, Walī) Grāmanī, 121 f.n. Grāma-kuta, 258 Granaries, 111, 192 Grassī, 210 Greek fire, 145 Greek political ideas, 19 Greeks, 152 Gujrāt, 6, 13, 128, 140, 143, 145, 203, 210, 240, 258 Gul Chandra, 152 f.n. Gul farūshī, 245 Gumāshtah, 208, 209 Guns, 145 (also, see Artillery, Cannon) Gurjāra-Pratīhara, 210 Gwalior, 223
c17.17
Ḥadīth, 42 Haibat Khān, 118 Ḥājib, 61, 62, 75, 134, 158, 159 (also see below and Amīr Ḥājib, Dār-bek, Ḥijābdār, Sayyid-u’l-ḥujjāb, Sharaf-u’l-ḥujjāb) Ḥājib-i-faṣl, 62 — —i-faṣṣal, 62 — —i-kabīr, 62 f.n. — —i-khaṣ, 62 f.n. — —u’l-ghurabā, 4 f.n. Ḥājī Khalaf, 35 —Rajab Burqa‘ī, 35 —Sa‘īd Ṣarṣarī, 34 Ḥajjāj, 25 Ḥakīm II, 35 Ḥamīd Khān, 50 f.n. —Rājah, 225 f.n.
c17.18
Hanafīs, 160 Handicrafts, 184 Haqq-i-shurb, 102, 241, 242, 243 Hariyānah, 228 Hasan ‘Alā Sajzī, 15, 16, 29, 30, 31, 32, 180, 187, 229 Hashm-i-atrāf, 139 — -i-qalb, 139 Hayātī, 181 Hazār, 202 f.n. Hazr, 105 (also, see Appraisement) Headman, 11, 51, 118, 120, 121, 207, 211 (also, see Mukhiyā, Muqaddam) Heirless property, 100 Heretics, 254 Hijābdār, 62 f.n. Hīmū, 172 Hindī poetry, 185, 225 Hindpat, 203 Hindu, 39, 40, 50, 94, 98, 162, 213 (also, see below) —chiefs, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 11, 51, 119, 120, 197, 199, 200, 206, 207, 208, 210, 211, 223, 224, 226 (also, see Tributary chiefs) —culture, 169, 182, 183, 185, 186, 187, 224 —notions regarding assessment of state demand on agricultural produce, 103-105 —notions regarding monarchs, 40, 41, 44, 48 —notions regarding proportion of state demand to agricultural produce, 111, 112, 113, 126 —origin of imposts, 129, 130 —litigants, 162 —traders, 226 Hindus, attitude towards the sultans, 228 —, economic condition of, 225-227 —, employed as revenue officials, 3, 4, 11, 106, 113, 206, 207, 223 —, employed in the army, 3, 143, 144, 152, 153, 223 —, general treatment of, 3, 49, 51, 168, 191, 192, 208, 213, 214, 219 et seq. —, influence of Islam on, 8, 169, 183 —, social condition of, 227, 228 —, take interest in education, 8, 183 —, treated as dhimmīs, 2, 3, 97, 98, 168, 227 Hīrānya, 110 Hisbah, 46, Chapter VIII, 157, 164, 166, 167, 174 (also, see Dīwān-i-riyāsat, Muhtasib, Ra’īs) Hospitals, 150, 188, 193, 218, 219 Household, 10, 57, 58, 59, 60, 66, 69, 70, 71, 73, 75, 132, 133, 148, 190, Chapter IV (also, see Royal) Household eunuchs, 63, 64 —minor officials, 64, 65 —troops, 10, 63, 75 (also, see Khāṣah Khail) House of Tughluq, 114, 136, (also, see Qarāwinah, Tughluqids. House tax, 248 Hulāgū Khān, 23 f.n., 28, 71 Huliyah, 138, 139, 199 Humāyūn, 1, 2, 8, 14, 17, 38, 60, 109, 120, 136, 140, 145, 148, 184, 191, 226 —Bahmanī, 78 f.n. Husain Shāh Sharqī, 7, 202
c17.19
Ibāhatiyahs, 169, 254-257 Ibrāhīm Lodī, 1, 8, 38, 53, 145, 149, 184, 195 —Shāh Sūr, 38 Iḥtisāb, 167, (also, see Muhtasib) Iḥtisābī, 246
c17.20
Ijmā‘, 44, 48 Ikhtiyār-u’d-dīn Aitkin, 93 f.n. Iltutmish, 4, 19, 27, 35 f.n., 50 f.n., 54 f.n., 67, 123, 124, 128, 140, 159, 161 ‘Imād-u’d-dīn Raiḥān (vide Raiḥān) Imām, 22, 32, 37, 94, 95, 103, 242 (also see Caliph, Khalīfah) Imāms (of mosques), 175 Imārat-i-‘āmmah, 194 — -i-istilā, 194 — -i-khāṣṣah, 194 — -i-tafwīḍ, 194 — -i-tanfīdh, 194 Import duties, 98 Imposts, 98, 129, 130, 131 (also, see Cesses, Taxes) Improvement of agriculture, 132, (also, see Amir-i-kohi) In‘ām, 240 Income, 10, 84, 95 Indrapat, 203 Infantry, 64, 72, 137, 142, 143, 144, 149, 253 Inflation of valuation, 126 Inns, 218 (also, see Sarā’i) ‘Irāq, 103, 136 Irregular troops, 155, 239 (also, see Ghair-wajhi) Irrigation, 103, 111, 112, 126, 127, 192, 241 (also, see Canals) ‘Īsā Khān, 53 f.n. ‘Iṣāmī, 4 Islām Shāh Sūr, 9, 74, 148, 153, 168, 184, 187, 191, 192, 195, 202, 214, 231, 238 Isma‘īl ‘Ādil Shāh, 133 Ismā‘īlīs, 254, 255, 257 Iṭlāq, 155 (also, see Assignments) Iṭlāqdār, 155 (also, see Assignees) ‘Itrdārkhānah, 69 f.n.
c17.21
Jahāngīr, 12, 50
c17.22
Jaipūr, 69 f.n. Jajnagar, 256, 257 Jalālī, 202 Jalāl-u’d-dīn Fīrūz Shāh Khaljī, 5, 29, 31, 50 f.n., 55, 65, 66 f.n., 84, 93 f.n., 128 f.n., 139 f.n., 152, 164, 180 — -Khwārazm-shāh, 136 f.n. Jamālī Dehlawī, 183 Jāmdārkhānah, 69 f.n., 70 Jāmginah, 240 Jāndār, 62, 139 (also, see Royal Bodyguard) Jarā’id, 135 f.n. Jaunpūr, 6, 7, 183, 203 Jawāmi‘-u’l-ḥikāyāt, 179 Jazīrat-u’l-‘arab, 100 Jazzārī, 130, 244 Jhabbah, 245 (also, see Chhappah, Chhaṭṭah) Jināḥ, 149 Jital, 261 Jiziyah, 96, 97, 98, 119, 125 f.n., 168 f.n., 219 — -i-tambūl, 245 Jodhpūr, 140 Judicial officers, 183 (also, see Qāḍīs) Junaidī, 169 Jurists, 3, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 28, 33, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 51, 53, 54, 55, 73, 77, 79, 93, 95, 102, 103, 115, 117, 127, 157, 164, 194, 197, 241, 242, (also, see Muslim Law, Shar‘, ‘Ulamā) Justice, Ch. VIII, 85, 90, 157, 162, 163, 194, 198, 219
c17.23
Kabābī, 246 Kabīr, 169, 221 — -u’d-dīn, 181 Kābul, 142, 213
c17.24
Kāfūr (vide Malik Kāfūr) Kahār, 153 f.n. Kaikā’ūs of Bengal, 195 Kaiqubād, 5, 15, 51 f.n., 134, 152, 153, 155, 180, 218 Kālinjar, 147 Kampil, 202, 214 Kāmrān, 187 Kanāuj, 98, 210 Kandādevī, 215 Karhī, 131, 246, 248, 249 Kārkhānahs, 10, 69, 70, 71, 75, 80 Kārkun, 209, 259, 260 Karmathians, 27, 167 (also, see Carmathians, Bāṭinīs) Kārwāniyān, 148 f.n., (also see, Banjārās) Kashmīr, 145 Katgharahs, 148 Katib-i-khāṣ, 88 (also, see Dabīr-i-khāṣ) Khalifah, 9, 23, 25, 32, 33, 34-37, 38, (also, see Caliph, Imām, Khilāfat). Khāliṣah, 124 Khaljīs, 31, 55, 139, 152, 180 (also, see individual sultans) Khān, 69, 151, 153, 154, 239 —Jahān, 80 f.n., 81 f.n., 82 f.n., 83, 93 f.n. Khānqāh, 186, 192, 213 Kharāg, 102 f.n. Kharāj, 96, 97, 101, 102, 103, 104, 106, 107 f.n., 113, 114, 115, 116 f.n., 117, 119, 131, 132, 205, 219, 235, 236, 237, 243, 248 (also, see below, Revenue, State demand on agricultural produce) Kharāj-i-muḥtarifah-i-Muslim, 246 —i-muqāsimah, 103, 105, 237 —i-muqāṭi'ah, 105, 106 —i-waẓīfah, 103, 106 Kharājī land, 100-103, 113, 117, (also see classification of land)
c17.25
Khārijīs, 38 Kharīṭahdār, 88, 134 Khāṣahdār, 65 Khāṣah Khail, 139 Khāṣahnawīs, 88 f.n. Khāṣ ḥājibs, 62 (also, see Ḥājibs) Khaṭīb-u'l-khuṭabā, 175 Khaṭṭ-i-khurd, 134 Khawāṣ Khān, 192 Khazānahdār, 209, 259, 260 (also, see Khazanchi, Khazinahdar, Muḥaṣṣil, Treasurer) Khazānchī, 209, 259, 260 (also, see Khazānahdār, Khazinahdār, Muḥaṣṣil, Treasurer) Khazīnah, 98 Khazinahdār, 65, 259, 260 (also, see Khazānahdār, Khazānchī, Muḥaṣṣil, Treasurer) Khiḍrāwāt, 244, 246 Khoṭ Khān, 9, 15, 57, 40, 124, 203 Khilāfat, 33, 39 f.n., 231 (also, see Caliph, Caliphate, Khalifah, Imām) Khuṭabat, 175 (also, see Khuṭbah) Khiṭā'is, 152 Khuṭṭah, 203 f.n. Khot, 258 Khudāwandah-i-jahān, 65 Khudāwandzādah, 120 f.n. Khums, 99 Khurāsān, 110 f.n., 136, 179, 187, 211 Khusraw (Amīr), 15, 16, 29, 30, 31 32, 72, 153, 179, 180, 186, 187, 189, 225, 229 Khuṭ, 207, 208, 210, 226, 258 Khuṭbah, 28, 33, 35, 36, 37, 67, 72, 74 Khwājah, 200, 201 —Jahān, 85, 195 —Sarā, 63 f.n. Kilokhrī, 189 King, 23, 25, 53, 57, 76, 80, 90, 104, 185, 200 (also, see Monarch Sultan) Kıshlı Khān, 66 f.n. Kıtābdār, 64 Kıtābī, 245 Kıtāb-i-Fīrūzshāhī, 182 Kıtābkhānah, 69 f.n. Kıūmarth, 54 f.n. Koıl, 187, 190 Konkan, 258 Kotwāl, 10, 11, 92, 140, 162, 173, 193, 214 (also, see Peace, Police) Kroh mīnār, 913 Kūzah-wa-khısht-puzi, 246
c17.26
Laddar Deva, 195 Lāhor, 4, 102, 113, 115, 141, 178, 201, 213 Lakhnautī, 143, 194 (also, see Gaur) Land classification of, 100-103, 233, 234 —, ownership of, 204-206 —, revenue from (vide Kharāj, Revenue, State demand on agricultural produce, ‘Ushr) Law, 9, 23, 44, 45, 46, 50, 157, 165, 175, 176, 198, 217 (also, see Shar‘, Muslim law) Lawyers, 80, 159, 164, 176, 195, 241 Learning, 5, 8, 10, 72, 80, 81, 83, 85, 133, 134, 177 et seq, 192 (also, see Colleges) Literature, 15-17, 72, 177 et seq. Local Government, Chapter X Lodīs, 7, 37, 91, 111, 122 f.n., 123, 129, 136, 155, 156, 183, 195, 203, 216, 224 (also, see individual sultans)
c17.27
Madrasah, 177, 210 (also, see Colleges) Madūrā, 215 Maghrıbı, 145 Mahāyāna Buddhism, 257 Mahdawīs, 168 Māhī-marātıb, 151 Mahmūd Gāwān, 192 —of Ghaznah, 3, 24, 26, 82 f.n., 87, 178, 207 —Sharqı, 143 Mahsūl-i-mu‘āmalatı, 234 Maimanah, 149 f.n. Maisarah, 149 f.n. Makhdūmah-i-jahān, 65 Makhdūm-u’l-mulk Shaikh ‘Abd-u’llah, 185 Mālguzārī, 119 f.n. Malik, 69, 153, 154, 239 Mālık (Imām), 160 Malıkah-i-jahān, 65 Malik Chhajjū, 152, 153 f.n. —Kāfūr, 143, 195 —Muhammad Ja‘ısı, 17, 187 —nā’ıb, 10, 93 f.n., 136 f.n. (also, see Nā’ıb-ul-mulk) —u’l-hukamā, 65 —u’l-‘ulamā ‘Abd-u’llah Ajodhanī, 168, 221 f.n. —u’n-nudamā, 72 f.n. Mālwah, 6, 140, 203 Māmūn, 97, 82 f.n. Mandwī, 171 Mandwibarg, 244 Manıcheans, 255 Manjanıq, 145 Mansūr, 103 f.n. Mārahrah, 202 Marā’i, 249 Marhalah, 203 f.n. Marsūm-ı-khıdmatı, 119 f.n. Mash alahdār, 65 Mashrūh, 239 f.n. (also, see Assignments) Masjid-i-Qubbat-u’l-Islām, 178 Mas‘ūd (vide ‘Alā-u’d-dīn Mas‘ūd Shāh)
c17.28
Mas‘ūd Ghāzī, *vide* Salār Mas‘ūd Ghāzī Mas‘ūd of Ghaznah, 12, 26, 81 f.n., 142, 201, 230 — -i-Sa‘d-i-Salmān, 178, 186 Mauryan Empire, 210 Mawājib, 240 Maẓālim, 10, 161 (*also*, see Dīwān-i-maẓālim) Maẓārī, 204 (*also*, see Cultivator, Peasant) Mazdakīs, 255 Measurement, 105, 106, 107, 109 Mecca, 68 Medical relief, 193 (*also*, see Hospitals) Meḥwah, 227 Middlemen, 119, 120, 121, 122, 125. Muḥtar, 70 Military, 81, 85, 93 (*also*, see Army) Milk, 240 Mines, 96, 99, 100 (*also*, see below) Mining, 147 Ministers, 36, 57, 60, Chapter V, 76, 78, 83, 85, 89, 92, 93, 94, 121, 212 (*also*, see below Wazīr). Ministry, 134, 157, 200, 202 (*also*, see Ministers) Mints, 261 Mīr Ātish, 145 (*also*, see Artillery) — *Baḥr*, 214 (*also*, see River Police) — -i-‘imārat, 188 — -i-sāmān, 60 — Saiyad Manjhan, 184 — *Silaḥ*, 63 f.n. Mīrzā Ḥaidar Daghlat, 245 Miyān Buḥwah, 183, 184 — *Ṭāḥā*, 184 — Tān Sen, (*vide* Tān Sen) Modern works (*authorities*), 20, 21 Monarch, monarchy, 5, 7, 24, 25, 33, 34, 35, 39, 40, 42, 46, 47, 48, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 58, 59, 60, 62, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 71, 73, 74, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 83, 85, 89, 90, 92, 93, 131, 132, 133, 158, 159, 161, 175 f.n., 194, 217, 219 (*also*, see King, Sultan) Mongols, 1, 4, 5, 28, 38, 52, 53, 72, 115, 116 f.n., 136, 140, 141, 152, 166, 172, 179, 217, 219 (*also*, see Mughal) Mowāssī, 210 Mu‘āwiyah, 86, 91 Mubārak Shāh (Sayyid), 37 Mubarrat, 240 Mu‘dil, 170 Mufrads, 64, 147, 154 Muftī, 158 Mughul, 1, 2, 60, 69 f.n., 109, 138, 140, 145, 156, 173 f.n., 177, 184, 248, 251, 253 (*also*, see Mongols, Timurids) Muḥadāt, 240 Muḥadhdhab,u’d-dīn, 82 f.n. Muḥallahdār, 193 Muḥammad bin Bakht-yār Khaljī, 123 Muḥammad bin Farīd, 124 — bin Qāsim, 2, 3, 97, 101, 206 — bin Sām, 1, 13, 26, 27, 67, 141, 223 — bin Tughluq, 6, 9, 16, 17, 19, 31 f.n., 33, 35, 44, 47, 52, 66, 67 f.n., 68, 70, 71, 74 f.n., 85, 91, 94, 98, 115, 116 f.n., 122, 124, 125, 126, 127, 128, 129, 132, 134, 138 f.n., 140, 142, 151, 152, 154, 155, 157, 158, 160, 161, 163, 166, 167, 169, 177, 181, 187, 189, 191, 192, 193, 196, 197 f.n., 200, 201, 206, 208, 210, 212, 213, 215, 223, 226, 228. — ibn-i-abī Sa‘d Junaidī, 179 — Khaljī (*vide* ‘Alā-u’d-dīn Muḥammad Khaljī) Muḥammad Khān, 28 — Shāh (the poet), 187 — Shāh Bahmanī, 143 — Sulṭān, 28, 179
c17.29
Muḥaṣṣil, 208, 209 (also, see Khazānahdār, Khazānchi, Khazīnahdār, Treasurer) Muḥtasib, 10, 11, 162, 164, 165, 166, 167, 168, 169, 177 (also, see Ḥisbah) Mu‘izz-u’d-dīn Bahrām Shāh (vide Bahrām Shāh) —Kaiqubād (vide Kaiqubād) —Muḥammad bin Sām (vide Muḥammad bin Sām). Mukhyā, 207 (also, see Headman, Muqaddam) Mulḥids, 254, 255, 256 Multān, 27, 118, 119, 246 Multānīs, 226 Munshī-i-ḥaḍrat, 86 f.n., (also, see Dabīr-i-khāṣ) Munsif, 209, 259, 260 (also, see Amīn, Mushrif) —i-khazānah, 259, 260 —i-munṣifān, 210, 260 Muqaddam, 132, 207, 208, 209, 210, 215, 226 (also, see Headman, Mukhyā) Muqaddar, 128 f.n. Muqṭ‘, 197, 201, 202, 224 f.n., (also, see Governor, Wālī) Murattab, cavalry, 141, 250-253 Muṣādarāt, 246 Musāmaḥat, 108 f.n. Musānaḥat, 240 Muṣḥaf-bardār, 64 f.n. Mushrif, 10, 70, 84, 91 f.n., 208, 209, 259 (also, see Amīn, Munsif, Mushrif-i-mumālik) Mushāhirah, 240 Mushrif-i-mumālik, 10, 84, 85, 91 f.n. (also, see Dīwān-i-ishraf, Mushrif) Mushtāqī, 185 Music, 72, 150, 181, 182, 184, 187, 190, 225 Muslim-Law, 3, 9, 23, 39, 42, 43, 44, 176, 205, (also, see Jurists, Shar‘) Muslim Theories of State, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 47 —world, indivisibility of, 22, 23, 25, 38, 39, 70 (also, see Dār-u’l-Islām) Mustaḍī-bi-amr-i’llah, 26 Mustaghil, 129, 244, 248 Mustakfī-bi’llah, 34, 35, 37 Mustanṣir-bi’llah, 27, 28, 36 f.n. Musta‘ṣim-bi’llah, 23 f.n., 28, 29, 33 Mustaufī, 84 (also, see below) Mustaufī-i-mumālik, 10, 84, 85 Mutafaḥḥiṣ, 158 Mutaṣarrif, 69, 70, 158, 208, 209 (also, see ‘Amil, Shiqqdār) Mutawakkil-‘ala’llah Abū ‘Abd-u’llah Muḥammad, 37, 38 f.n. Mu‘tṣid-bi’llah, 36
c17.30
Naddāfī, 245 Nadīm, 59, 73 Nāḥiyah, 203 f.n. Nā’ib Amīr-i-shikār, 72 —Bārbek, 61 —i-ghaibat, 94 —qāḍī-u’l-quḍāt, 159 —i-mulk, 10, 93, (also, see Malik nā’ib) —wakīl-i-dar, 60 —wazir, 10, 84 Najm-i-Intishār, 72, 177 Nakhūd-i-biryār, 245 Nāmadeva, 228 f.n. Naphtha, 146 Naqīb, 62, 137, 154 —u’l-nuqabā, 62 Nāṣir-li-dīn-i’llah, 26, 27 —u’d-dīn Khusraw, 32, 50, 51 f.n. 53 f.n., 151, 152. —ud-dīn Maḥmūd (Qarāwinah dynasty), 195
c17.31
Nāṣir-ud-dīn Maḥmūd (Shamsī dynasty), 12, 28, 29, 54 f.n., 60 f.n., 127, 191 Nawīsindah, 260 (also, see kārkun) Nilgarī, 245 Nāẓir, 10, 84, 200 (also, see Dīwān-i-naẓar) News agency, 10, 89, 90, 91, 151, 198, 211 (also, see Barīd, Post) Nezahs, 167 Nilgarī, 245 Nīm’ushr, 101, 113 Niṣāb, 96, 101 Niyāzīs, 196 f.n. Niẓām-u’d-dīn, 51 f.n. — Auliyā (the saint), 16, 47, 51 f.n., 166, 190, 225 — -u’l-mulk, 85 f.n. — -u’l-mulk Muḥammad ibn abī Sa’d Junaidī, 179 Nobles, 5, 7, 8, 27, 34, 35, 52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 61, 63, 64, 67, 69, 70, 72, 75, 81, 82 f.n., 90, 92 f.n., 93, 123, 124, 125, 132, 134, 136, 139, 143, 150, 155, 156, 183, 190, 191, 192, 223, 226, 227 (also, see Amīr, Malik, Khān) North-West Frontier, 139 Numismatics, 20, 30, 32, (vide also, coins).
c17.32
Organization of the army, 153 Orissa, 257
c17.33
Pādishah, 2 Padmāvat, 187 Pā’igāh, 69 f.n., 70, 141 (also, see Akhūrbek, Stables) Painting, 184, 187, 229 Panchāyat, 162 Pandit, 227 Pānīpat, 145 Panjāb, 3, 4, 26, 102, 140, 178, 203, 207, 226 Pannī, 129 Parautī, 233 Pardahdār-i-khāṣ, 64 f n. Parganah, 7, 11, 109, 124, 129, 202, 203, 204, 206, 209, 210, 259, 260 Parwānah, 134 Pāṣheb, 146, 147 Patīālī, 202, 214 Patwārī, 207 Pāyak, 143, 144 Pāyak ba asp, 144 Payment, 134, 135, 138 Peace, maintenance of, 11, 47, 92, 215 (also, see Kotwāl, Police) Peasants, 5, 7, 51, 52, 81, 89, 104, 105, 107, 108, 110, 111, 120, 121, 127, 128, 129, 148, 199, 204, 205, 206, 207, 208, 209, 218, 234, 242, 243 (also, see Cultivator) Persia, 76 f.n., 90, 97, 180 (also, see Persian Influence, Persians, Sassanids) Persian Influence, 51, 78 f.n., 90, 97 — language, 186 Persians, 50, 102 f.n., 152 Personal Law, 49 Personnel of the army, 151, 152, 153 Pil-khānah, 69 f.n. (also, see Elephants, Shahnah-i-fil) Poets, 138 (also, see Hindi poetry) Polaj, 233 Police, 10, 156, Chapter VIII, 157, 162, 173 (also, see Mīr Baḥr, Kotwāl, Peace) Poor Relief, 72, 80, 81, 191, 192, 193, 218, 219 (also, see Charity, Free kitchens) Post, 10, 211, 212 (also, see Barīd) Posting of the army, 139, 140 Pratigana, 203 f.n. Presents, 35, 131, 132 Prices, 11, 126
c17.34
Primary Authorities, 11 Princes, 59, 61, 66 Prisoners of war, 68 Privy Purse, 65, 127, 133, 134, 241, 242, 243 Prophet, 22, 23, 24, 31, 33, 42, 43, 47, 53, 64, 76, 77, 102, 149. Province, 11, 60, 69 f.n., 72, 84, 121, 138, 158, 183, 185, 196, 200, 201, 202, 203, 218 Provisions, 10, 147, 148 (also, see Commissariat) Public Works, 132, Chapter IX, 188, 189, 190
c17.35
Qaḍā, 175 Qāḍī, 10, 159, 160, 161, 162, 164, 165, 166, 174, 194 — -i-mumālik, 10, 47, 81, 87, 157, 158, 159, 160, 163, 175, 176 (also, see Qāḍī-i-quḍāt) — -i-quḍāt, 159 (also, see above) — -i-Shīrāz, 201 Qāḍī Mughīth, 45, 46, 98, 226 Qā'im-bi-amr-i'llah, 230 Qalb, 123, see also Afwāj-i-qalb, Ḥashm-i-qalb Qānūn, 108 f.n., 109 f.n., 208 f.n. Qānūngū, 109, 208, 259, 260 Qarāwinah, 139, 152, 195 (also, see individual monarchs, Tughluqids, House of Tughluq). Qariyah, 203 f.n. Qaṣbah, 203 Qaṣṣābī, 246 Qimārkhānah, 246 Queens, 59, 65 Quraish, 22, 31 Qūrbeg, 65, 150 Qūrkhānah, 150 (also, see Royal arms) Quṭb 'Alī, 186 — -u'd-dīn (Shaikh), 190 — -u'd-dīn Aibak, 1, 4, 12, 26, 50 f.n., 91, 101, 113, 114, 139, 150, 152, 153, 170, 178, 198, 202, 207, 213, 216, 223, 224 — -u'd-dīn 'Alwī, 93 f.n. — -u'd-dīn Mubārak Shāh, 5, 9, 16, 30, 32, 54 f.n., 114, 122, 134, 144, 172, 181, 215 Quṭlugh Khān, 19, 33, 34, 35, 134
c17.36
Raḍiyah, 52 f.n., 56, 65, 167 Ra'ī, 233, 234 Rā'ī, 207, 224 f.n., 227 (also, see Hindu chiefs) Raiḥān, 60 f.n. Ra'īs, 169, 170, 171 (also, see Dīwān-i-riyāsat) Rājahs, 224 f.n. Rājan, 185 Rājputs, 50, 98 Rājpūtānah, 140, 204 Rameshwaram, 228 Rānā Sānga, 149 Rānah, 207, 227 Ranthambor, 140 Rāwat, 152 f.n. — 'arḍ, 152 Rāyat-i-'ālā, 203 f.n. Recruitment of soldiers, 137 Registers, 135 Regular troops, 155, 239 (also, see Wajhī) Religious Affairs, Chapter IX, 157, 160, 190 (also, see Ṣadr, Ṣadr-u'ṣ-ṣudūr) Representative bodies, 77, 78 Reserve, 134 Revenue, 47, 81, 84, 95, 100, 102, 196, 108, 110, 111, 113, 117, 118, 121, 129, 197, 198, 199, 201, 204, 208, 222, 234, 235, 236, 260 (also under various heads, e.g., Cesses, Imposts, Jiziyah, Kharāj, State demand on agricultural produce, 'Ushr, Taxes, Zakāt, etc.)
c17.37
Reviews, 89, 137, 138 Rikābkhānah, 69 f.n. Rikāz, 99 f.n. Rismān farūshī, 245 River police, see Bahr Roads, 5, 7, 212 Robes of honour, 27, 34, 35, 36, 58, 70 Roh, 124 Rohtas, 140, 213 Romans, 97, 221 f.n. Rori, 244 Royal bodyguard, 58, 75, (vide Jāndār) — drinks, 65 — epistles, 88 — falconer, 72 — family, 65, 66, (also, vide Princes, Queens) — household (vide Household) — hunt, 71, 72 (also, see Amīr-i-Shikār) — insignia, 74, 75 — kitchen, 59, 64, 69 f.n. — librarian (vide Kitābdār) — physician (vide Malik-u’l-ḥukamā) — sharābkhānah (vide Sharābkhānah) — slaves (vide Slaves) — stables (vide Stables) — steward (vide Mīr-i-sāmān) — taster, (vide Chāshnīgir) — umbrellas, 65, 75 f.n. Rughangarī, 245 Rūḥānī, 1 Rukn-u’d-dīn Ibrāhīm Khaljī, 29, 65, — -u’d-dīn Fīrūz, 52 f.n., 65 Russia, 71 Russians, 152 Rūzi, 244
c17.38
Sābāt, 146 Sabuktigīn, 3
c17.39
Sābungarī, 245 Sadi, 191, 192, 203, 204 Sa’dī, 28, 171, 180, 208 Sa’d-i-manṭiqī, 72, 177, 180 Ṣadr, 157, 176, 177, 180 (also, see Dīwān-i-risālat, Ṣadr-u’ṣ-ṣudūr) — -’alī, 85 — -u’ṣ-ṣudūr, 10, 85, 157, 159, 174, 176, 190 (also, see Dīwān-i-ṣalāt) Ṣafīyah, 99 Sāh, 227 Ṣāḥib-i-barīd-i-lashkar, 151 Ṣāḥib-i-dīwān, 159, 200, 201, 202 f.n. Ṣāḥib-i-dīwān-i-wikālat, 60 — -i-shuṛṭah, 173 Sahm-u’l-ḥashm, 154 Ṣaifī, 184 Sakīt, 202 Sālār, 198 f.n. Salaries, 81, 83, 154, 155, 160, 161, 190, 238, 239, 240, 252 Sālār Mas’ūd Ghāzī, 167 Saljuqs, 24, 152 Sāmānah, 128 Samanids, 3 Sanā’ī, 178 Sanskrit, 182, 183 (also, see Hindu culture) Sāqī-i-khāṣ, 65 Sar-ābdār, 65 f.n. Sar-chatrdār, 65 Sarā’ī, 165, 192, 213, 214, 219 — ’adl, 98, 171 Sarā-paradahdār-i-khāṣ, 64 Sar-chatrdār, 65 Sarhang, 208, 209 Sar-i-khail, 153 Sar-jāndār, 63 Sarkār, 11, 202, 203, 209, 214, 260 Sar-silahdār, 63 Sassanids, 142, 221 f.n. (also, see Persia) Sawād, 103 Sawār, 141, 250, 251, 252, 253 (also, see Yak-aspah) Sāwī, 180 f.n. Sayyidī Maulā, 31, 164 Sayyids, 1, 6, 9, 13, 37, 123, 124 (also, see individual sultans) Sayyid-u’l-ḥujjāb, 62 Schedules of agricultural produce, 107, 108, 110, 118, 207, 231, 232 Schools, 165, 186, 190, 224 Scouts, 150 Secretarial offices, vide Dīwān Sequestration of property, 96, 100 Shabnawīs, 88 f.n. Shāh Jahān, 257 Shāh Muḥammad, 184 Shahnah-i-fīl, 71, 143 (also, see Elephants, Pilkhānah) --i-zarrādkhānah, 63 f.n. Shāh-nāmah-i-Badr-i-Chāch, 182 Shāhpūr, 187 Shahr, 203 f.n. Shāh Rukh, 9, 37 -- Turkān, 65 Shaikh ‘Alā’ī, 168 -- Rizq-u’llah Mushtāqī, 185 --u’l-Islām, 71 f.n., 191 Shaikhs, 190, 241 (also, see Ṣūfīs) Shāktas, 256 Sham’darkhānah, 69 f.n. Shamsābād, 202 Shamsī dynasty, 91 (also, see individual sultans) Shams-u’d-dīn Iltutmish (vide Iltutmish). -- of Bengal, 151 -- Turk, 47 Shar’, 10, 18, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 49, 53, 92, 95, 103, 113, 129, 130, 161, 174, 194, 204, 227 (also, see Jurists, Muslim Law). Sharābdār, 64 Sharābkhānah, 59 Sharaf-u’l-ḥujjāb, 62 Sharaf-u’l-mulk, 85 Sharing, 104, 105, 106, 107, 110
c17.40
Sharqī kingdom, 7, 195, 203 Shasgānī, 262 Sher Shāh Sūr, 1, 2, 8, 9, 53 f.n., 57, 82 f.n., 86 f.n., 107, 108, 109, 110, 118, 119, 120, 122, 124, 134, 138, 140, 144, 145, 147, 152, 156, 159, 184, 191, 192, 193, 195, 202, 209, 210, 213, 215, 216, 219, 231, 232, 233, 234, 259 (also, see Farīd) Shī‘ahs, 38, 254, 255 Shihāb-i-Munmarah, 179 --u’d-dīn ‘Umar, 54 f.n. Shiqq, 11, 128, 201, 202, 203, 209 Shiqqdār, 201, 202, 209, 214, 259, 260 (also, see ‘Āmil, Mutaṣarrif) --i-shiqqdārān, 197 f.n., 209, 260 Sīdī ‘Alī Ra’īs, 38 Sīdī Maulā (see Sayyidī Maulā) Siege engines, 145, 146 (also, see ‘Arradah, Falākhun, Manjaniq, Maghribī) Sih-aspah, 141 Sikandar Lodī, 7, 8, 66 f.n., 91, 98, 100, 124, 125, 138, 159, 167, 168, 172, 183, 184, 191, 208, f.n., 216 -- Shāh Sūr, 231 Sikkah, 74 Silaḥdār, 63 Silaḥkhānah, 69 f.n. Sind, 2, 3, 25, 48 f.n., 97, 128, 199, 202, 210, 224 f.n. Sipah-sālār, 152, 154 Sīrī, 32 f.n. Siyar-u’l-auliyā, 184 Slaves, 12, 27, 63, 64, 66, 67, 68, 139, 149, 155, 156, 170. Social services, 132, 192 Soldiers, 5, 6, 51, 62, 63, 67, 68, 72, 99, 100, 123, 135, 138, 141, 142, 154, 155, 156, 195, 198, 199, 212, 226, 234, 239, 240 (also, see Army, Troopers, Troops) Sondhār, 117, 206 Spies, 91, 92, 150, 212 Stables, 59, 69, 70, 75 (also, see akhūrbek), 312 Standards, 34, 36, 150, 188 (also, see Banners, Flags) State, 23, 40, 41, 47, 52 — demand on agricultural produce, 5, 46, 106, 108, 109, 110, 111, 113, 114, 115, 116, 118, 119, 120, 124, 236 (also, see Revenue, Kharāj, ‘Ushr) Strategy, 149 Ṣūbah, 203 Ṣūfīs, 190 (also, see Shaikh) Ṣulḥi land, 102 Sultan, 9, 25, 26, 27, 30, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 43, 44, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 54, 57, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 68, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 83, 86, 92, 93, 96, 99, 125, 131, 132, 133, 134, 135, 136, 137, 139, 148, 149, 151, 157, 158, 159, 161, 166, 219 (also, see King, Monarch) Sultan’s council, 93 — validé, 66 Sunārgāon, 213 Sūr Dās, 184 Sūrs, 1, 2, 9, 38, 91, 145, 172, 184, 196, 203, 224, 231 (also, see individual sultans). Sutūr, 69 f.n.
c17.41
Tabrīz, 184 Tahbāzārī, 245 Taḥwīldār, 70 Ta‘ī, 24 Tāj-i-Khaṭīb, 180 Tāj-u’d-dīn Rezah, 179 — u’l-mulk, 85 f.n Ṭalai‘ah, 125 Ṭalāyah, 150 Tanah, 261 Tān Sen, 184, 185, 229 Tantras, Tantrism, 256, 257 Ṭuraz, 35, 71, 75 Ṭarf, 202
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Tashrīf, 240 Tashīdār, 65, 69 f.n. Tas‘īr, 110 f.n. Taswīgh, 240 Tauq‘, 88 Taxes, Ch. VI, 23, 97, 98, 99, 112, 118, 120, 130, 131, 132, 194, 197, 244, 247, 248 (also, see under various names as well as Cesses, Imposts) — mentioned by Kautilyah, 246, 247 Tax-farmers, 121, 122, 123 Tents, 148 Thākurs, 224 f.n, 227 Thānah, 214 Ṭibb-i-Sikandarī, 183 Ṭilak, 152 Tīmūr, 6, 9, 13, 37, 40, 76, 118, 120, 122, 124, 129, 136, 144, 156, 183, 195, 224, 251 Timurids, 2, 38 (also, see Mughuls) Tithes, 100, 237 (also, see ‘Ushr) Torture, 174 Towns, 11, 130 Trade, Traders, 70, 96 Travellers, 7, 17, 91, 134 Treasurer, 70, 134, 209, 260 (also, see Foṭaḥdār, Muḥaṣṣil, Khazā-nahdār, Khazānchī). Treasure trove, 96, 99, 100 Treasury, 46, 49, 134, 260 (also, see Bait-u’l-māl). Tributary chiefs, 57, 58, 71, 75, 86, 120, 121, 148, 195, 196, 206, 207, 210, 225 (also, see Hindu chiefs). Tribute, 97 f.n., 119, 197, f.n., 199, 207, 210, 223 Trikkolakkūdī, 215 Trooper, 124, 138, 139 Troops, 80, 133, 137, 138, 155, 194, 214, 239, 259, 260 (also, see Army, Household troops, Wajhī, Ghair-wajhī). Túghluqābād, 189
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Tughluqids, 195 Tughrā, 88 Tughril, 194, 197 f.n. Tumān, 153 Turkey, 38, 76 f.n., 180 Turkish, 186 Turkistān, 141, 180, 216 Turks, 1, 38, 54, 55, 66, 152 Turushkadanda, 98
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‘Ubaid, 177, 182 Udāka-bhāga, 126 ‘Uhdāhdār-i-danhā, 64 f n. Ulāgh, 211, 213 (also, see Barīd) ‘Ulamā, 51, 97, 98, 149, 176, 198 (also, see Jurists) ‘Umar, 103 Umayyads, 23, 138, 150 f.n. Unemployed, 192, 193 Uniforms, 63, 69, 151 Ushers, 58, 62 ‘Ushr, 101, 102, 113, 114, 115, 117, 127, 132, 205, 236, 242 also, see Nim ‘ushr, Tithes) ‘Ushrī lands, 113, 117 (also, see classification of lands) Ustād-u’d dar, 59 ‘Uthmān, 132 ‘Uthmānlī Turks, 38
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Valuation, 125, 126, 133, 155 Vāma-chārī, 256 Vāma-mārgī, 256 Vedic medicine, 183 Viceroy, 203 Vikramadittya, 39 Village, 11, 121, 123, 128, 203, 204, 206, 207, 211, 219
- accountant, 11, 207 (also, see Patwārī)
- communities, 11 Village headman, (vide Headman)
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Wājahadār, 239 (also see Regular troops, Wajhī) Wajhī, 155 (also, see Regular troops, Wajahadār) Wakīl-i-dar, 10, 59, 60, 92
- -dar-i-khānah, 60
- -u’s-saltanah, 60 Wālī, 197, 198, 202 (also, see Governor, Muqtī, Wilāyat)
- -u’l-kharāj, 201, 202 f.n. Waqf, 102 Waqūf, 10, 84, 85, 200 Wārangal, 195 Wazīfah, 240 Wazīr, 4, 10, 73, 78 f.n., 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 88, 93, 94, 158, 159, 190, 200, 201, 258 (also, see Dīwān-i-wizārat)
- -u’t-tafwīd, 79
- -u’t-tanfīdh, 79 Western Caliphate, 23, 28, 145 Wilāyat, 197, 202 Wilāyatdārī, 186 (also, see Wālī) Witnesses, 161 Wizārat, 79, 88 (also, see wazīr) Wujūh-i-māl, 119 f.n.
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Yak-aspah, (see Sawār) Yāqūt, 170 Yazak, 150 f.n. Yazkis, 150 Yogīs, 169, 227 Yudhishtra, 39
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Zāhir, 27, 183 Zamīndār, 207, 212 Zakāt, 23, 95, 96, 98, 99, 132, 191 Zamīn-būs, 73 f.n. Zarradkhānah 69, 151 the *Goths*, the *Vandals*, the *Suevi*, the *Burgundians*, the *Alani*, the *Huns*, the *Franks*, the *Saxons*, the *Thuringians*, the *Rugians*, and the *Heruli*. The names of these tribes are familiar to the reader, but their origin, their migrations, and their settlements are involved in the deepest obscurity. The most probable opinion is that they were all of German or Scythian extraction, and that they had been driven from their native seats by the pressure of the Huns, a formidable nation of Tartars, who had crossed the Volga and the Tanais, and were advancing with rapid strides towards the frontiers of the Roman empire.
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The first of these nations that crossed the Danube was the *Goths*. They were divided into two great branches, the *Visigoths* or Western Goths, and the *Ostrogoths* or Eastern Goths. The Visigoths, under the conduct of Fritigern, implored the protection of the emperor Valens, and were permitted to settle in the province of Thrace. But the perfidy of the Roman governors, and the insolence of the Roman soldiers, soon provoked them to rebellion. They defeated the imperial armies, and Valens himself perished in the battle of Hadrianople.
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The death of Valens was followed by the accession of Theodosius, who, by his wisdom and valour, restored the discipline of the Roman legions, and compelled the Goths to accept a peace, which was rather a truce than a permanent settlement. The Goths, however, remained in the heart of the empire, and their presence was a constant source of danger and alarm. They were no longer the rude barbarians who had first crossed the Danube; they had learned the arts of war and the policy of the Romans, and they were ready to take advantage of any opportunity to assert their independence.
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The reign of Theodosius was the last period of the glory of the Roman empire. After his death, the empire was divided between his two sons, Arcadius and Honorius. Arcadius reigned in the East, and Honorius in the West. The division was fatal to the interests of the state. The two brothers were weak and indolent, and they were governed by their ministers and favourites. The Goths, under the command of Alaric, took advantage of the weakness of the government, and invaded Italy. They besieged and took Rome, and the eternal city, which had for so many centuries been the mistress of the world, was plundered by the barbarians.
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The fall of Rome was a shock to the whole civilized world. It was the end of an era, and the beginning of a new and darker age. The Goths, after the death of Alaric, retired from Italy, and settled in Gaul and Spain, where they founded kingdoms which were destined to last for several centuries. The Vandals, under the command of Genseric, crossed into Africa, and established a powerful kingdom, which for a time threatened the security of the Mediterranean. The Franks, under the command of Clovis, conquered Gaul, and laid the foundations of the French monarchy. The Saxons, under the command of Hengist and Horsa, invaded Britain, and established the kingdoms of the Heptarchy.