24. *Kir-kirāqi-khanah*. At first explained by Blochmann (*Ain.* i. 87*n*) as evidently meaning a wardrobe; but in his addenda (616) he derived it from the Turki words *Kurk* and *Yaraq*, meaning "the fur of the supplex". Beveridge (*Tuzuk*, i. 45*n*) accepts this meaning. In Shaikh Suleiman Efendi’s *Chagatai-Osmanli Worterbuch* (ed. by Kunos), *Kirqu* is translated as sparrow-hawk. Forbes (*Hindustani Dic.*, 544) explains *qirqirā* as the damoiselle crane, *Ardea virgo*. But the author of *Mirat-i-Ahmadi* with his lifelong experience as a Mughal provincial diwan clearly explains *Kirkirāq* as "whatever is ordered by the Emperor for his dress &c., such as *chikan-dozi*, *naqqashi* &c." (ii. 184.) We must therefore accept this last meaning.

c14.s5.t2.5

In *Zawabit* (14*a*), *Kirkiraqi* is mentioned as a branch of the department of plate and saucers. In the Jaipur palace records it is included in the jewelled ware department.

c14.s5.t2.6

25. Bedding and advance-tents for the Emperor’s journeys (*bistar-khanah* and *pesh-khanah*).

c14.s5.t2.7

26. Apparel of children (*rakhwat*, wrong plural of *rakht*).

c14.s5.t2.8

27. The same of *khawases*. But elsewhere the *Zawabit* (14*a*) speaks of *rakhwat* or trappings for (*a*) leopards (*b*) elephants, (*c*) the *haveli*, and (*d*) the *barish-khanah* or monsoon-house.

c14.s5.t2.9

28. Goldsmiths’ department (*zargar-khanah*), *Ain.* 18.

c14.s5.t2.10

29. Blacksmithy (*ahangar-khanah*).

c14.s5.t2.11

30. Jewellery store (*jawahir-khanah*), *Ain.* and Marathi.

c14.s5.t2.12

31. Goldware (*tela-alat*).

c14.s5.t2.13

32. Silverware (*nuqra-alat*).

c14.s5.t2.14

33. Inlaid-ware (*murassa-alat*).
34. [?] Copperware and cauldrons.
35. Gold embroidery (*zardoz-khanah*).
36. Ivory work (*dandan-i-fil*).
37. Setting shells (*khatambandi-khanah*).
38. Perfumery (*khush-buh- khanah*), *Ain.* 73.
39. Rose-water department (*gulāb-khanah*). [If rose-water was included in the general perfumery department, then I am inclined to read the expression as *kalāwant-khanah* or State musicians’ department. Aurangzib however broke up this establishment some years before the *Zawabit* was written in its final form.]
40. Oil or ghee (*raughan*).
41. Mint (*dar-ul-zarb*), *Ain.* 16 ; Marathi.
42. Paintings (*naqqash-khanah* or *taswir-khanah*), *Ain.* 107.
43. Dispensary (*dawai-khanah* or *shafa-khanah*), Marathi.
44. Shawls, *Ain.* 91.
45. Scarf-weaving (*chirabafi-khanah*).
46. *Ilaqabandi-khanah*, factory of silk cords and tapes.
47. Cloth store (*kotha* or *kuthi-i-parcha*) ; Marathi.

c14.s5.t2.15

This was quite different from the *mahal* of *Kathra-i-parcha* mentioned in the *Mirat-i-Ahmadi* (ii. 179) as one of the sources of State income in Gujrat. It meant the custom duty on cloth, and this meaning comes out clearly from its popular title, *mahal-i-sad-panj*, or the branch of five per cent, because in Aurangzib’s reign the rate of duty on goods sold was 5 per cent for the Hindus, 3½ per cent for the Christians and at first 2½ per cent, then nothing for the Muslim traders.

c14.s5.t2.16

D. OFFICES OR DEPARTMENTS of administration and Court-life :—

c14.s5.t2.17

48. Band-room (*naqqar-khanah*), *Ain.* 47, and Marathi.

c14.s5.t2.18

49. Artillery (*top-khanah*), including all classes of fire-arms and munitions. The Marathas had a separate store for gun-powder, called *daru-khanah*.

c14.s5.t2.19

50. Buildings department (*imarat-khanah*); *Ain.* 222 ; Marathi.

c14.s5.t2.20

51. Records (*daftar-khanah*), Marathi.

c14.s5.t2.21

52. Emperor's chapel (*ja-namaz-khanah* or *tasbih-khanah*).

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53. Store-room for heirless property (*kotha-i-bait-ul-mal*).

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54. Purchase department (*ibtia-khanah*).

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The Marathas had a *saudagari kosh*, to designate this.

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55. Free food kitchens (*bulghur-khanah*, or more usually *langar-khanah*).

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56. School (*talim-khanah*). In Firuz Shah's time called *ilm-khanah*. A Marathi historian translates *talim-khanah* as the wrestling school.

c14.s5.t2.27

57. Department of hire and wages, (*kiraya wa ajura*).

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58. Games (*chaughan, chaupar*, &c.) *Ain.* 297—307.

c14.s5.t2.29

59. In the 17th and 18th centuries there was a department called *Bewa-khanah* for the maintenance of the widows of the Emperors, who lived in the Sohagpura suburb of Delhi.*

E. The Emperor's Personal Service :—

c14.s5.t3.1

60. Kitchen (*matbakh* or *bawarchi-khanah*), *Ain.* 57 ; Marathi.

c14.s5.t3.2

61. Drink or butlery (*abdar-khanah*). *Ain.* 55 ; Marathi. Some Persian works read *sharbat-khanah*, some *sharab-khanah*, but the latter term cannot here mean a wine-cellar. The Marathi histories name *sharbat-khanah* and also *sharabi-khanah*.

c14.s5.t3.3

62. Fruits (*mewah-khanah*), *Ain.* 64.

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63. *Bhanda-khanah* (large earthen pots.)

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64. *Sahat-khanah* (conservancy or latrine).

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65. Store of *kauris* or small shells (to serve as the lowest small change), *Khar-muhra-khānah*.

c14.s5.t3.7

66. *Charkhi-khanah*, store of fire-wheels. (I reject the possible reading *Kharch-khānah*.)

c14.s5.t3.8

67. *Majmua-khanah* (? Miscellaneous).

c14.s5.t3.9

The above five are given in the *Zawabit*, which contains, in addition, nine illegible names of *kar-khanahs*. The Marathi histories add the following three—

c14.s5.t3.10

68. *Ambar-khanah* or granary.

c14.s5.t3.11

69. *Zarayat* or *jins-khanah* ; [this *jins-khanah* would correspond to the *ajnas* department in the Mughal empire, i.e., the store of things from which the mansabdars were supplied as part payment in kind.]

c14.s5.t3.12

70. Theatre or *natak-khanah*, besides the *sahat-khanah* and *sharbat-khanah* already noticed under other heads. The printed Persian text of Afif's *Tarikh-i-Firuz Shahi* gives nothing new except *Shakra-khanah* and *zarād-khanah* (which I correct into *nuqra* and *zar-doz* respectively), and *rikab-khanah*, and *tashtdar-khanah*, meaning the stores of trays and ewers, which are included by the *Zawabit* in the kitchen department. In the *Akhbarat-i-darbar-i-muala* we find three other names, *shora-khanah*, *bulbuli-khanah* (department of singing-birds),* and what looks like *‘ilur-khanah*, which may be a mistake for *yuz-khanah* (department of hunting leopards or dogs ; No. 8 above.)

c14.s5.t3.13

∗ Br. Mus. Persian MS. 6598, f. 55 a. Irvine's Later Mughals, i. 254 n.

c14.s5.t3.14

∗ *Tasht-dar*, a servant who pours water on the hands when washing; an ewer-holder, also called *aftabchi*. Shora (salt petre for cooling drinks.) The quarter of Delhi where the royal singing birds were kept and which contains the tomb of Sultana Raziyya, is still called *Bulbulikhanah*.

Mughal Administration c14.s5: § 5. Classified list of karkhanahs.

Contents

§ 5. Classified list of karkhanahs.

A. Animals :—

C. Factories and Stores:—

E. The Emperor's Personal Service :—