[Pramāṇa](https://indike.org/pramana/) › [Studies](https://indike.org/pramana/ins) › [Polity, law and society](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity) › [Mughal Administration](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.sarkar-1920) › c3 # Mughal Administration c3: Contents Mughal Administration c3 - **Language:** English ### Contents ### [c3.1](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.sarkar-1920.c3.1) CHAPTER I.—THE GOVERNMENT : ITS CHARACTER AND AIMS ... 1—15 Previous studies of Mughal administration, 1—Mughal administrative system influenced Hindu and British Governments, 3—aims of Mughal State, 4—foreign elements in Mughal administration, 6—military nature of the government, 8—State factories, 10—excess of records, 12—law and justice, 13—no socialistic activity, 14—people left alone, 15. ### [c3.2](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.sarkar-1920.c3.2) CHAPTER II.—THE SOVEREIGN AND THE DEPARTMENTAL HEADS ... 16—31 Muslim sovereign's powers, 16—no ministerial control, 17—daily life of a Mughal Emperor, 19—chief departments, 22—\*wazir\*, 22—\*bakhshi\*, 25—High steward, 26—judiciary, 27—censor of morals, 30. ### [c3.3](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.sarkar-1920.c3.3) CHAPTER III.—THE TREASURY AND HOUSEHOLD DEPARTMENTS ... 32—54 \*Diwan\*, 32—his position and powers, 32—records that must reach him, 34—some famous diwans' office procedure, 38—Diwan of Khalsa's duties, 41—duties of Diwan of Tankha, 46—Khan-i-saman's duties, 48—\*Buyutat's\* duties, 52. ### [c3.4](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.sarkar-1920.c3.4) CHAPTER IV.—PROVINCIAL ADMINISTRATION ... ... 55—75 Mughal officials dislike and neglect villages, 55—how Government kept touch with villages, 56—\*subahdar\* and his duties, 57—his plan of action, 58—provincial diwan's duties, 62—\*faujdar's\* functions, 63—\*kotwal's\* duties, 66—news-reporters, 71. ### [c3.5](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.sarkar-1920.c3.5) CHAPTER V.—TAXATION . . . . . 76—105 Indian peasants reluctant to pay revenue, 76—reasons, 76—the ryot how treated, 78—\*abwabs\* or exactions condemned by Emperors, but levied by lower officials, 80—anecdote of Shah Jahan, 81—doings of an extortionate diwan, 82—Sadullah's censure of revenue collectors, 84—why revenue officials levied perquisites, 84—\*krori's\* duties, 86—\*amin\*, 87—qanungo, 89—abwabs classified, 90—abwabs described in detail 93. ### [c3.6](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.sarkar-1920.c3.6) CHAPTER VI.—LAW AND JUSTICE ... 106—132 ### [c3.7](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.sarkar-1920.c3.7) Emperor as supreme judge, 106—how Mughal Emperors tried cases, 108—work and powers of qazis, 110—character and sources of Muslim law, 114—classification of crimes in Islam, 116—punishments allowed by Muslim law, 118—private vengeance, &c., 120—death penalty, 123—Penal Code of Aurangzib, 125. ### [c3.8](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.sarkar-1920.c3.8) CHAPTER VII.—PREROGATIVES OF THE EMPEROR ... 133—147 ### [c3.9](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.sarkar-1920.c3.9) Attitude of Jahangir and Aurangzib, 133—twelve things specially reserved for Emperors, 134—darshan described, 134—taslim, 137—elephant combats described, 143—four more prerogatives, 145. ### [c3.10](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.sarkar-1920.c3.10) CHAPTER VIII.—THE SOVEREIGN AS THE HEAD OF RELIGION ... 148—163 ### [c3.11](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.sarkar-1920.c3.11) Religious function of Muslim sovereign, 148—popular longing for a superman spiritual guide, insan-i-kamil or mahdi, 149—Akbar claims to be a divine agent, 151—prostration before Emperor, 154—religious titles of Emperors, 156—Jagat-guru, 156—Shias persecuted under Aurangzib, 158—education as a branch of religion, 161. ### [c3.12](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.sarkar-1920.c3.12) CHAPTER IX.—POSITION OF THE ARISTOCRACY ... 164—180 ### [c3.13](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.sarkar-1920.c3.13) Escheat of every dead noble's property, 164—reasons for it, 166—Emperor's ordinances about escheat, 170—principle underlying escheat rule, 172—bad effect of the system of escheat, 175—Bait-ul-mal, 177—hostages, 180. ### [c3.14](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.sarkar-1920.c3.14) CHAPTER X.—STATE INDUSTRIES ... 181—197 ### [c3.15](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.sarkar-1920.c3.15) Mughal Government its own manufacturer, 181—treasuries (as distinct from stores and factories) named, 183—work in State factories described, 186—chief seats of State industries, 188—condition of artisans, 190—karkhanahs, classified list, 191. ### [c3.16](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.sarkar-1920.c3.16) CHAPTER XI.—REVENUE RULES OF AURANGZIB ... 198—220 ### [c3.17](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.sarkar-1920.c3.17) Farman to Md. Hashim, 198—Islamic principles of landtaxation, 200—rules for unalterable assessment, 205—crop-sharing, 211—Harun-al-Rashid’s principles of land-taxation, 213—farman to Rasik-das, 214. ### [c3.18](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.sarkar-1920.c3.18) CHAPTER XII.—OFFICIAL LETTERS ... ... ... 225—237 ### [c3.19](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.sarkar-1920.c3.19) Persian letter-books extant, 225—how letter-books were published, 226—Hindu \*munshis\*, 227—style and seals of \*farmans\*, 229—seals and entitlature, 229—classes of official letters, 233—office-procedure about \*farmans\*, 234—contents of a typical letter-book, 237. ### [c3.20](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.sarkar-1920.c3.20) CHAPTER XIII.—MUGHAL RULE: ITS ACHIEVEMENTS AND FAILURE . . . . . 238—256 ### [c3.21](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.sarkar-1920.c3.21) Mughal rule gave India administrative union and homogeneity, 238—but not nationality, 239—Muslim gifts: history, 239—contact with the outer world, 241—monotheistic Hindu sects, 242—Sufi brotherhood, 243—social manners of N. India Islamised, 243—architecture and art, 244—strength of the Muslim position in India, 245—Muhammadan settlers Indianised, 246—disruptive forces in State, 248—people make no progress, 250—decline of the aristocracy, 251—causes of deterioration of Indian Muhammadans, 252—weakness of all oriental monarchies, 253—the lessons of Indian history, 255. ### [c3.22](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.sarkar-1920.c3.22) CHAPTER XIV.—SOURCES OF INFORMATION ... ... 257—264 ### [c3.23](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.sarkar-1920.c3.23) \*Ain-i-Akbari\*, criticised, 257—\*Dastur-ul-aml\* described, 258—its contents, 259—\*Mirat-i-Ahmadi\*, its value, 261—\*Manual of Officers' Duties\*, described and analysed, 262—other sources, 263. --- Source: [https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.sarkar-1920.c3](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.sarkar-1920.c3) · Pramāṇa