[Pramāṇa](https://indike.org/pramana/) › [Studies](https://indike.org/pramana/ins) › [Polity, law and society](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity) › [Shudras in Ancient India: A Social History of the Lower Order down to circa A.D. 600](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.sharma-1958) › c12.22 # Shudras in Ancient India: A Social History of the Lower Order down to circa A.D. 600 c12.22 Śūdras in Ancient India: A Social History of the Lower Order down to circa A.D. 600 c12.22 - **Language:** English ### [c12.22](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.sharma-1958.c12.22) ⁴ Kullūka interprets the term \*pañcavargam\* in Manu, VII. 154 as five classes of spies, including \*karṣakaḥ kṣiṇavṛttiḥ\* and \*vāṇijakaḥ kṣiṇavṛttiḥ\*. Hopkins takes the word in the sense of minister, realm, city, wealth and army (\*op. cit.\*, p. 69). but there does not seems to be any justification for taking the \*pañcavarga\* in the sense of the five elements of the state, which are generally enumerated as seven. - [Previous: c12.21](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.sharma-1958.c12.21) - [Next: c12.23](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.sharma-1958.c12.23) - [Up: c12](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.sharma-1958.c12) ## Cites (1) - [Mānava Dharmaśāstra](https://indike.org/pramana/in.niti.dharma.manu.7.154) — Manu & Bhṛgu, Sanskrit --- Source: [https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.sharma-1958.c12.22](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.sharma-1958.c12.22) · Pramāṇa