Shudras in Ancient India: A Social History of the Lower Order down to circa A.D. 600 c17.s3: Chapter II: Origin

Śūdras in Ancient India: A Social History of the Lower Order down to circa A.D. 600 c17.s3

Language: English

c17.s3.t1 Original Sources — 7 parts
c17.s3.t2 Secondary Works — 3 parts

Chapter II: Origin

Original Sources

c17.s3.t1.1

*Atharva Veda* (of the Paippalādas), Ed. Raghu Vira, Lahore, 1936-41.

*Atharva Veda Saṃhitā* (School of the Śaunakas), Ed. C. R. Lanman, Tr. W. D. Whitney, *HOS*, vii and viii, Harvard University, 1905. Ed. R. Roth and W. D. Whitney, Berlin, 1856. With the comm. of Sāyaṇa, Ed. S. Pāṇḍurang, Paṇḍit, 4 vols., Bombay, 1895-98. Tr. R. T. H. Griffith, 2 vols., Banaras, 1916-17. Unless otherwise stated the references are to the Śaunaka recension.

c17.s3.t1.3

*Bhaviṣyatkathā* by Dhanapāla, Ed. C. D. Dalal and P. D. Gune, *GOS*, xx, Baroda, 1923.

c17.s3.t1.4

J. W. McCrindle, *Ancient India as Described by Ptolemy*, Calcutta, 1885.

c17.s3.t1.5

” ” *The Invasion of India by Alexander the Great*, Westminster, 1893.

c17.s3.t1.6

*Ṛg Veda Saṃhitā* with the comm. of Sāyaṇa, 5 vols., Vaidika Samshodhan Mandal, Poona, 1933-51. Tr. of the first six Maṇḍalas, H. H. Wilson, London, 1850-7 Tr. in German, K. F. Geldner, *Der Rig-Veda*, *HOS*, xxxiii-xxxvi, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1951-1257.

c17.s3.t1.7

*Vedānta-Sūtra* of Bādarāyaṇa with the comm. of Śaṅkarācārya, 2 vols., *BI*, Calcutta, 1863. Tr. George Thibaut, *SBE*, xxxiv, Oxford, 1890.

Secondary Works

c17.s3.t2.1

H. W. Bailey, "Iranian Arya and Daha," *Transaction of the Philological Society*, London, 1959.

c17.s3.t2.2

V. S. Bhattacharya Sastri, “Śūdra”, *IA*, li, 137-9. T. Burrow, *The Sanskrit Language*, London, 1955. Jarl Charpentier, *Brahman*, Uppsala, 1932. V. Gordon Childe, *The Aryans*, London, 1926. ,, ,, *New Light on the Most Ancient East*, London, 1954. Georges Dumezil, *Flamen-Brahman*, Paris, 1935. ,, ,, “La Prehistoire Indo-Iranienne des Castes”, *Journal Asiatique* (Paris), ccxvi, 109-130. R. Ghirshman, *Iran* (Pelican Series), 1954. N. N. Ghosh, “The Origin and Development of Caste System in India”, *IC*, xii, 177-191. Hermann Grassmann, *Wörterbuch zum Rig-Veda*, Leipzig, 1873. Robert Heine-Geldern, “Archeological Traces of Vedic Aryans”, *Journal of the Indian Society of Oriental Art* (Calcutta), vi, 87-115. G. J. Held, *The Mahābhārata: An Ethnological Study*, London and Amsterdam, 1935. P. V. Kane, “The Word Vrata in the Rgveda”, *JBBRAS*, NS xxix, 1-28. D. D. Kosambi, “Brahmin Clans,” *JBBRAS*, lxxiii, 1953, 202-8. ,, ,, “Early Brahmins and Brahminism” *JBBRAS*, NS, xxiii, 39-46. ,, ,, “On the Origin of Brahmin Gotras”, *JBBRAS*, NS, xvvi, 21-80. ,, ,, “Early Stages of the Caste System in Northern India” *JBBRAS*, NS, xii, 32-48. B. B. Lal, “Protohistoric Investigation” *AI*, No. 9. ,, ,, “The Indo-Aryan Hypothesis vis-a-vis. Archaeology”, Cyclostyled copy of a paper read at the Seminar on “Ethnic Problems of the Early History of the Peoples of Central Asia and India in the Second Millennium B.C.” held at Dushanbe (USSR) from 17 to 22 October 1977. E. Mackay, *Early Indus Civilizations*, 2nd Edn., London, 1948.

c17.s3.t2.3

F. E. Pargiter, *Indian Historical Tradition*, London, 1922. Louis Renou, *Vedic India*, Calcutta, 1957. R. Roth, "Brahma und die Brahmanen," *ZDMG*, i, 66-86. W. Ruben, "Indra's Fight against Vṛtra in the Mahābhārata", *S. K. Belvalkar Felicitation Volume* (Banaras, 1957), 113-26. Robert Shafer, *Ethnography of Ancient India (on the basis of the Mahābhārata)*, Wiesbaden, 1954. R. S. Sharma, "Conflict, Distribution and Differentiation in Rigvedic Society", *IHR*, iv, No. 1, 1977, 1-12.. " " "Forms of Property in the early Portions of the *Ṛgveda*", *Essays in Honour of Prof. S.C. Sarkar*, New Delhi, 1976, pp. 39-50. E. L. Stevenson, *Geography of Claudius Ptolemy*, New York, 1932. Suryakanta, "Kikaṭa, Phaliga and Paṇi", *S.K. Belvalkar Felicitation Volume*, 43-44. J. Wackernagel, "Indoiranisches", *Sitzungsberichte der Koniglich Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften*, 1918, pp. 380-411. R. E. Mortimer Wheeler, *The Indus Civilization* (Suppl. vol. to *CHI*, i), Cambridge, 1953.