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Shudras in Ancient India: A Social History of the Lower Order down to circa A.D. 600 c17.s8: Chapter VII: Peasanthood and Religious Rights

Śūdras in Ancient India: A Social History of the Lower Order down to circa A.D. 600 c17.s8

Language
English

Contents

Chapter VII: Peasanthood and Religious Rights

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(c. A.D. 300—c. 600)

Original Sources

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Texts

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*Amarakośa* or *Nāmaliṅgānuśāsana* of Amara with the comm. of Bhaṭṭakṣīrasvāmin, Ed. A. D. Sharma and N. G. Sardesai, Poona, 1941.

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*Bṛhaspati Smṛti* (this text has been followed), Ed. K. V. Rangaswami Aiyangar, *GOS*, lxxxv, Baroda, 1941. Tr. J. Jolly, *SBE*, xxxiii, Oxford, 1889.

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*Bṛhat Kalpasūtra* and Original *Niryukti* of Sthavira Ārya Bhadrabāhu Svāmin and a Bhāṣya by Saṃghadāsa Gaṇi Kṣamaśramaṇa with a commentary begun by Malayagiri and completed by Kṣemakīrti, 6 vols., Bhavnagar, 1933-42.

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*Bṛhat Saṃhitā* of Varāhamihira with Hindi Tr., Durga Prasad, Lucknow, 1884.

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*Bṛhat Saṃhitā* of Varāhamihira with the comm. of Bhaṭṭotpala, 2 parts, Ed. Sudhākara Dvivedī, Banaras, 1895-7.

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*Jambudvipaprajñaptiḥ* with the comm. of Śānticandra, Bombay, 1920.

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*Jayākhya Saṃhitā*, Ed. Embar Krishnacharya, *GOS*, liv, Baroda, 1931.

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*Kāmandakiya Nitisāra*, Ed. R. L. Mitra, *BI*, Calcutta, 1884. Tr. M. N. Dutt, Calcutta, 1896.

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*Kāmasūtra* of Vātsyāyana with the comm. *Jayamangalā* of Yaśodhara, Ed. Gosvami Damodar Shastri, Banaras, 1929.

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*Kātyāyana Smṛti* on Vyavahāra, Law and Procedure, Ed. with reconstituted text, tr., notes and introduction by P. V. Kane, Bombay, 1933.

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*Laṅkāvatāra Sūtra*, Ed. Bunyiu Nanjio, Kyoto, 1923. Tr. D. T. Suzuki, London, 1932.

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*Mālavikāgnimitra* of Kālidāsa, Ed. P. S. Sane, G. H. Godbole and H. S. Ursekar, Bombay, 1950.

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*Mṛcchakaṭika* of Śūdraka, Ed. and Tr. R. D. Karmarkar, Poona, 1937. Tr. R. P. Oliver, Illinois, 1938.

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*Nārada Smṛti* with extracts from the comm. of Asahāya, Ed. J. Jolly, Calcutta, 1885. Tr. J. Jolly, *SBE*, xxxiii, Oxford, 1889.

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*Narasimha Purāṇa*, 2nd Edn., Bombay, 1911.

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*Nāṭyaśāstra* of Bharata Muni with the comm. of Abhinavagupta, Ed. Manavalli Ramakrishna Kavi, 3 vols., *GOS*, Baroda, 1926-54. Tr. Manomohan Ghosh, Calcutta, 1950.

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*Pañcatantra* in its oldest recension, the Kashmiriān, entitled *Tantrākhyāyikā*, Ed. J. Hertel, *HOS*, xiv, Harvard, 1915. The text in its oldest form, Ed. F. Edgerton, Poona, 1930 (References are made to this text).

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*Piṇḍaniryuktiḥ* of Bhadrabāhu Svāmī, Bombay, 1918.

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*Raghuvamśa* of Kālidāsa, Ed. Raghunatha Nandargikar, Bombay, 1891.

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*Theragāthā Aṭṭhakathā* (*Paramattha Dipani*), the comm. of Dhammapāla, Ed. F. L. Woodward, 2 vols., *PTS*, London, 1940-52.

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*Yājñavalkya Smṛti* with Viramitrodaya and Mitākṣarā, Chaukhamba Sansk. Series, Banaras, Saṃvat, 1986.

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*Vajrasūci* of Aśvaghoṣa, Ed. and Tr. Sujitkumar Mukhopadhyaya, Santiniketan, 1950.

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*Vimāna-Vatthu Aṭṭhakathā*, (pt. IV of the *Paramattha Dipani* of Dhammapāla), Ed. E. Hardy, *PTS*, London, 1901.

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*Viṣṇudharmottara Mahāpurāṇa*, Bombay, Vikrama Saṃvat, 1969.

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*Viṣṇu Smṛti* or *Vaiṣṇava Dharmaśāstra* (with extracts from the comm. of Nanda Paṇḍita), Ed. J. Jolly, *BI*, Calcutta, 1881. Tr. J. Jolly, *SBE*, vii, Oxford, 1880.

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Chinese Sources

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Samuel Beal, *Travels of Fah-hian and Sung-Yun* (Tr.), London, 1869.

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H. A. Giles, *The Travels of Fa-hsien or Record of Buddhistic Kingdoms* (Tr.), Cambridge, 1923.

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James Legge, *A Record of Buddhistic Kingdoms* (being an account of the Chinese monk Fa-hien’s Travels) Tr., Oxford, 1886.

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T. Watters, *On Yuan Chwang’s Travels in India*, Ed. T. W. Rhys Davids and S. W. Bushell, 2 vols., London, 1904-5.

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Muslim Sources

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Edward C. Sachau, *Alberuni’s India* (Tr. & Ed.), London, 1888.

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Inscriptions

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J. F. Fleet, *Inscriptions of the Early Gupta Kings*, CII, iii, London, 1888.

Secondary Works

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J. N. Banerjea, *The Development of Hindu Iconography*, Calcutta, 1941.

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R. G. Basak, “Indian Society as pictured in the Mṛcchakaṭika”, *IHQ*, v.

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R. G. Bhandarkar, *Vaiṣṇavism, Śaivism and Minor Religious Sects*, Strassburg, 1913.

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H. C. Chakladar, *Social Life in Ancient India*, Calcutta, 1929.

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V. R. R. Dikshitar, *The Gupta Polity*, Madras, 1952.

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E. W. Hopkins, *The Religions of India*, London, 1895.

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” ” *The Great Epic of India*, New Haven, 1901.

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G. F. Ilyin, “Osobennosti Rabstva v drevnei Indii”, *Vestnik drevnei istorii* (Moscow-Leningrad), 1 51, No. I, pp. 33-52.

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D. N. Jha, *Early Indian Feudalism: A Historiographical Critique*, Presidential Address, Section I: Ancient India, Indian History Congress, 40th Session, Waltair, 1979.

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A. B. Keith, *The Sāṃkhya System*, Oxford, 1919.

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D. D. Kosambi, “The Working Class in the Amara-kośa”, *JOR*, xxiv, pp. 57-69.

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B. C. Law, *Heaven and Hell in Buddhist Perspective*, Calcutta and Simla, 1925.

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S. K. Maity, *The Economic Life of Northern India in the Gupta Period*, Calcutta, 1957.

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R. C. Majumdar and A. S. Altekar, *The Gupta-Vākāṭaka Age*, Lahore, 1946.

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R. C. Majumdar and A. D. Pusalkar, *The Classical Age*, Bombay, 1954.

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E. P. O. Murray, "The Ancient Workers of Western Dhalbhum", *JRASB*, III Series, vi, 79-104.

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M. A. Murray, *The Splendour that was Egypt*, London, 1949.

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R. N. Nandi, "Aspects of Untouchability in Early South India," *Indian History Congress, Proceedings of the Thirty-fourth Session*, i, Chandigarh, 1973, 120-25.

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D. R. Patil, *Cultural History from the Vāyu Purāṇa*, Poona 1946.

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K. S. Ramaswami Sastri, *Studies in Rāmāyaṇa*, Baroda, 1944.

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H. C. Raychaudhuri, *Early History of the Vaiṣṇava Sect*, Calcutta, 1920.

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R. N. Saletore, *Life in the Gupta Age*, Bombay, 1943.

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A. M. Sastri, *India as seen in the Bṛhat-Saṃhitā of Varāhamihira*, Delhi, 1969.

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R. S. Sharma, "Decay of Gangetic Towns in Gupta Times.", *Journal of Indian history*, Golden Jubilee Volume, 1973, 135-50.

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",, *Indian Feudalism : c. 300-1200*, Calcutta, 1965.

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",, "Indian Feudalism Retouched," *The Indian Historical Review*, i, No 2, 1974, 320-30.

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",, The First Devraj Chanana Memorial Lecture, 1969: *Social Changes in Early Medieval India (c. A.D. 500-1200)*, Delhi, 1969.

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D. C. Sircar, *Studies in the Society and Administration of Ancient and Medieval India*, i, Calcutta, 1967.

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B. S. Upadhyaya, *India in Kālidāsa*, Allahabad, 1947.

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K. J. Virji, *Ancient History of Saurashtra*, Bombay, 1952.

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B. N. S. Yadav, *Society and Culture in Northern India in the Twelfth Century*, Allahabad, 1973.