[Pramāṇa](https://indike.org/pramana/) › [Studies](https://indike.org/pramana/ins) › [Polity, law and society](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity) › [Shudras in Ancient India: A Social History of the Lower Order down to circa A.D. 600](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.sharma-1958) › c19 # Shudras in Ancient India: A Social History of the Lower Order down to circa A.D. 600 c19: General Index Śūdras in Ancient India: A Social History of the Lower Order down to circa A.D. 600 c19 - **Language:** English ### General Index ### [c19.1](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.sharma-1958.c19.1) (It also includes Sanskrit and Pāli words, especially names of castes, peoples and books, which are in general use) ### [c19.2](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.sharma-1958.c19.2) .A ### [c19.3](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.sharma-1958.c19.3) Abastanoi, a people, 25 Ābhīra (people and rulers), 36-8, 225, 268, 326, 336 Ābhīrī, an Āryan dialect, 38 aborigines, 33, 60, 71, 248, 312, 324 Ācārya, 333 \*A Code of Gentoo Laws\*, 1 \*Ādi Parvan\* (of the \*Mahābhārata\*), 161, 223 Afghanistan, 196, 198 Africa, 9 Age of Consent Bill (1891), 3 Agni, 15, 17, 19, 60-2, 83-4 Agni Vaiśvānara, 14 āhiṇḍaka, 226, 336 Ahura, 39 Ahura Mazda, 74 \*Aitareya Brāhmaṇa\*, 35, 45, 53, 64-7, 69 Aitareya (author), 69 Ajātaśatru of Magadha, 149, 150 Ajīgarta of the Aṅgiras clan, 71 Ājīvika sect, 152, 187, 324 Alexander, 34, 159 Alina, a people, 18 Allahabad Inscription of Samudra Gupta, 329 \*Amarakośa\*, 247, 254, 257, 279, 290-2, 322 Amarasiṃha, 247, 262, 285 Ambaṣṭha king, 35 Ambaṣṭhas, 35, 42, 225, 290, 336 Aṃśumatī (the Yamunā river), 14 Ānanda, 200 Andhras (tribe), 72, 226-7, 326, 331, 336 Andhra Pradesh, 196, 329 Aṅga (king), 50 Aṅga (people), 182 Aṅgiras (clan), 23, 71, 146 Aṅgulimāla (robber), 146 \*Aṅguttara Nikāya\*, 91 Antyāvasāyin (untouchable), 336 Anus, a people, 18 \*Anuśāsana Parvan\* (of the \*Mahābhārata\*), 246, 248, 253, 274, 280, 284, 287, 289, 291, 327 Āpastamba (lawgiver), 91, 102, 107, 111-2, 116-7, 119, 120, 123, 125-7, 131, 133-4, 139, 143, 145, 204 \*Āpastamba Dharmaśūtra\*, 75, 106, 127, 133, 143-4, 158 \*Āpastamba Śrautasūtra\*, 47, 77, 84 aphamiotai, 182 Apipāla, 305 \*Āraṇyaka Parvan\* (of the \*Mahābhārata\*) 237 Arbuda, 268 Arcasid, 195, 340 Archer coin of Kumāra Gupta, 342 Arikamedu, 196-8 Aristotle, 172 Arrian, 35, 163, 174, 181, 185 \*Arthaśāstra\* of Kauṭilya, 6, 157-60, 161-2, 165-6, 168-9, 172-3, 175, 183, 187, 189-90, 200, 205-6, 240, 250, 256, 259, 264, 268, 317, 333, 336 artisans' guild, 248 artisans, in the Rg-Vedic period, 30-3; in the later Vedic period, 53-4, 54-6, 82, 88; in the pre-Mauryan period, 98-101, 111-2, 115, 119, 137, 152, 154-5; in the Mauryan period, 159, 162, 165-7, 195-71; in the post Mauryan period, 195-9, 241; in the Gupta period, 258-9, 262-5, 286 Āruṇi, 60, 73, 85 Ārya-deśa, 38 Āryan commoners, 24 Āryan community, 18, 31-2, 78, 230, 314 Āryan culture, 335 Āryan freeman, 86 Āryan languages, 28, 38 Āryans, 9-24, 26-30, 32-3, 35-40, 42, 69, 73-4, 80-4, 88-9, 91, 201, 236, 252, 314, 331-2 āryas, 9-10, 17, 21-2, 34-6, 59, 68, 80, 84, 109, 116-7, 129, 137, 145, 171, 179-81, 316-7 Ārya Samāja, 2 Āryan śūdras, 33, 314 Āryāvarta, 91, 227, 328, 335 Asahāya (commentator), 258 Asia, 9 Aśoka, 151, 182-3, 190, 317, 337-8 Aśokan Inscriptions, 159, 174, 181, 183, 187, 192, 234, 236, 317 ### [c19.4](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.sharma-1958.c19.4) Assam, 256, 339 aṣṭādaśa śreṇi, 332 Asuras, 14-5, 75 Aśvaghoṣa, 247 Āśvalāyana Gṛhyasūtra, 134 Āśvalāyana Śrautasūtra, 47, 52, 77 Aśvamedhika Parvan (of the Mahābhārata), 280 Aśvapati Kaikeya, 41 Aśvins, 23, 81 Atharvan priest, 18, 22 Atharva Veda, 10, 13, 24, 31, 33-7, 43-4, 47, 55, 57, 73, 75, 87, 134 Atharvans of Iran, 22 Ātreya, 50 Aṭavi, 182 Athens, 183 Atri, 225 Attica, 105 Atuka (a sharecropper?), 257 Auḍra, 334 Avanti, 183, 288, 334 Āvantya, 333-4 āvṛta, 336 āyogavas, a mixed caste, 60, 177, 185, 225-6, 229, 336 āyurveda, 261 ### [c19.5](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.sharma-1958.c19.5) B ### [c19.6](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.sharma-1958.c19.6) Babylonia, 27 Bactrian Greeks, 192 Bādarāyaṇa, 42 Bādari, an old teacher, 135 Bainda, a people, 50 Bailey, H. W., 9, 26 Balasore district, 339 Balbūtha, 27 Balhikas, 36 Bali, 69 Banaras, 139, 197, 305 Bangladesh, 339, 343 Battle of Ten kings, 18 Baudhāyana (lawgiver), 91, 113, 118, 123-5, 130-1, 133, 135-7, 141, 145, 333, 336 Baudhāyana Dharmasūtra, 131, 158 Baudhāyana Śrautasūtra, 46 Begram (Afghanistan), 198 Bengal, 1, 256, 270, 330, 331, 339 Bhagavān, 308 Bhāgavata Purāṇa, 246, 293 Bhalānas (tribe), 18 Bhandarkar, D. R., 230 Bhandarkar, Sir, R. G., 3 Bharata, 247 Bhāratas, 19, 41 Bhārata War, 37 Bharhut, 92, 199, 338 Bhāsa, 191, 232 ### [c19.7](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.sharma-1958.c19.7) Bhaṭṭasvāmin, a commentator, 164-5 Bhavisya Purāṇa, 70, 246, 294 bhikṣus, 306 Bhṛgu, 225 bhṛjyakantḥa (also bhūjakaṇṭaka), a mixed caste, 333, 335-6 bhūmidānapraśaṃsā (of the Mahābhārata), 327 Bihar, 29, 91, 95, 259, 329, 331-2, 335 Bimbisāra, 148, 182 blacks (aborigines), 23 Bodhisatta, 98, 107, 147, 151 brahma, 58, 63-4 Brahmā, 28 Brahmakhaṇḍa (of the Brahmavaivarta Purāṇa), 337 brāhmaṇas (priests), work on, 4, 7; in the early Vedic period, 20, 34-5, 41, 46; in the later Vedic period, 57-8, 61, 64-5, 71, 72-3, 80, 82-4, 86-7; in the pre-Mauryan period, 94, 96-7, 100, 102, 104-5, 113-5, 117-20, 123-32, 136-48, 150, 152-4, 156; in the Mauryan period, 174, 176-8, 183-5, 187, 189; in the post-Mauryan period, 202-3, 206-23, 225, 228-9, 230, 232, 233-7, 239; in the Gupta period, 245, 248, 253, 256-8, 265, 267-8, 272-88, 293, 297, 300, 302-3, 305-11, 312, 317, 319, 321; contrast with the śūdras, 322, 326, 328, 330, 333, 334-6, 338-40, 343 Brāhmaṇas, literature, 46, 48, 71 Brahmāṇḍa Purāṇa, 234, 238, 281 Brahma Purāṇa, 299 Brahmanism, 22, 242 Brahmarṣideśa, 191 Brahmāvarta, 191, 335 Brahmavaivarta Purāṇa, 327 brahmicide, 22 Brazil, 183 Bṛhadāraṇyaka Upaniṣad, 86, 89 Bṛhaddevatā, 69 Bṛhaspati, the Smṛti of, 15, 245-6, 248, 250-52, 255, 258, 262, 266-7, 270, 272, 274-6, 285-6, 290, 297, 303, 307, 327-8 Bṛhat Saṃhitā, 247, 258 Britain, 1 Broach, 341 Buddha, 43, 94, 96, 306 Buddhism, its attitude towards the lower orders, 146-55, 190 Buddhists, 96, 242, 324, 338 Buddhist lexicon, 44 Buddhist missionaries, 338 Buddhist monks, 199, 338 Buddhist Saṃgha, 203, 306 ### [c19.8](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.sharma-1958.c19.8) Buddhist śūdras, 211 Buddhist towns, 342 Bühler, G., 128, 326 Burnell, A. C., 123 Byzantine coins, 340 ### [c19.9](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.sharma-1958.c19.9) C ### [c19.10](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.sharma-1958.c19.10) Cachār district, 256 cailāsaka (a kind of goblin), 236 Cambridge History of India, i, 93 4. caṇḍālas, in later Vedic society, 71-2, 87, 89, 93, 126-7, 132, 134; in pre-Mauryan society, 138-9, origin of, 139; their absorption in brāhmaṇical society, 140; their material conditions and occupation, 141-2; comparison with the niṣādas, 143, 145-7; in Jain texts, 147-8; in Kauṭilya, 172, 174-5, 177, 185-7; in the post-Mauryan period, 221, 225-9, 232; in the Gupta period, 276-7, 281, 283, 286, 289-93, 295, 308, 336 Candra Gupta II, 254, 282, 342 Candra Gupta Kumāradevi Coin, 341 Candragupta Maurya, 157, 172, 182, 324 Cārudatta, 288 Caturvargacintāmaṇi, 304 Celts, 54 Central Asia, 195, 341 Central India, 256, 258 chalcolithic society, 21 Chamba grants, 329 Chāndogya Upaniṣad, 52, 75-6, 89 Childers, 105 China, 195, 197, 341 Chinas (people), 37, 344 Chinese travellers, 320 Christian era, 37, 242, 246, 322, 326 Colebrooke, 1 Council of Twelve, 54 corvée, 101, 171, 241 Cretans, 182 cuñcus (mixed caste), 227, 336 cult of Viṣṇu, 232 Cunda, the śūdra artisan, 98 Cuttack, 339 Cyavana (ṛṣi), 286 ### [c19.11](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.sharma-1958.c19.11) D ### [c19.12](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.sharma-1958.c19.12) Dadhiti, a royal sage, 12 Dahae, "a great group of Scythian tribes of horsemen and warriors", 19, 26, 39 Dakṣa Śiva, 308 Dambhodbhava (king), 60 Dāmodarpur copper plate inscriptions, 270, Daradas (people), 37, 324 Darbha Śātāniki, 61, 81 dāsakarmakarakalpa, a section in the AŚ, 179 Dāsas (people), 9-12; Dāsas and the Dasyus, 19-17, 19-23; Dāsas in the Ṛg Veda, 24-5, 45; in the later Vedic period, 50-51 dāsas (slaves) in the pre-Mauryan period, 102-5; distinction between the dāsas and the āhitakas (mortgaged people), 178-9, manumission of 180-81; in the post-Mauryan period, 201, 218, 226-7; in the Gupta period, 252-62, 279-81, 336. Also see slaves and slavery. Dasyus (people), 9-18; 21-2; 25-6, 35, 72, 226, 279 Dauṣmanta, 336 Deccan, 196, 200 Delhi, 305 Dhanurveda Saṃhitā, 295 Dharmaśāstra, 2, 5, 7, 32, 36, 62, 90, 93, 255, 306, 320 Dharmasūtras, 5, 60, 6-7, 78, 89, 90-91, 93-4, 97-8, 101, 122-3, 125-8, 131-4, 138-41, 143-5, 150, 153, 157-8, 160, 163, 171-2, 175, 177, 184-5, 190, 230, 242, 245, 283, 316, 319, 327, 332, 335-6, dhigvaṇa (mixed caste), 226-7, 336 dhivara, 336 Dhṛtimitra (prathamakulika), 270 Dīgha Nikāya, 91, 138, 149, 151, 201, 332 Dikshit, M. G., 197 Diodorus, 34 Dirghatamas, 23, 25, 69 Divodāsa (prince), 27 Divodāsas (priests), 23 Divyāvadāna, 192 ḍombas, 290-91 Draconian measures (of Manu), 277 Drāhyāyaṇa Śrautasūtra, 473 Draviḍas, 38, 139, 144, 269, 333-4 Dṛṣadvati, 38, 191 Druhyus (people), 18 Duryodhana, 97 Dutt, N. K., 4 ### [c19.13](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.sharma-1958.c19.13) E ### [c19.14](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.sharma-1958.c19.14) Eastern India, 334 Eastern Nepal, 289 Eastern U. P., 95, 331-32 East India Company, 1 Eggeling, J., 68 Egypt, 160, 235, 313 ### [c19.15](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.sharma-1958.c19.15) Elphinstone, M., 2 England, 2 epics, 32, 42, 293, 313 Europe, 93 Europeans, 3, 9, 34 ### [c19.16](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.sharma-1958.c19.16) F ### [c19.17](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.sharma-1958.c19.17) Fa-hsien, 276, 278, 286, 290-91 Fick, R., 4, 141, 148 flāmen (Latin priests), 22 Frisians (people), 54 ### [c19.18](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.sharma-1958.c19.18) G ### [c19.19](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.sharma-1958.c19.19) Gadādhara, 299 gahapati, 4, 98-9, 105, 115, 117-8, 153, 155, 167, 207 gaṇapāṭha of Pāṇini, 143 Gaṇapati, 309 Gaṇapati Śāstri, T., 164, 166, 259 Gāndhāras (tribe), 139 Gaṅgā, 155 Gaṅgā basin, 48, 68, 95-6, 111, 182, 196, 314, 332 Gaṅgamāla Jātaka, 108 Gaṅgamāla, the barber, 126 Gangetic settlements, 33 Gauḍas (tribe) 139 Gautama Buddha, 41, 43, 94-96, 102, 106-7, 111, 138, 147, 149-54, 158, 227, 306 Gautama Dharmasūtra, see Gautama, the law book of, Gautama, the law-book of, 90, 97-8, 106, 109, 112, 118-20, 123, 125, 127, 132-37, 139, 143-4, 153, 158, 204, 207, 211 Gautamiputra Śātakarṇi, 219, 242, 330 Gaya, 199 Geiger, W., 74 Geldner, K. F., 16, 18 Ghaggar Valley, 28, Ghoshal, U. N., 5, 58, 64, 163 Ghurye, G. S., 4 glass technology, 197 Gopatha Brāhmaṇa, 50 Greece, 39, 100, 116-7, 119, 122, 124, 164, 255, 320, 322 Greek city states, 115 Greek rulers, 207 Greeks, 196-7, 232, 242 Gṛhyasūtras, 89-90, 94, 133, 142, 298-9, 312 Gujarat, 334, 337-39, 341 Gupta coins, 341-42 ### [c19.20](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.sharma-1958.c19.20) H ### [c19.21](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.sharma-1958.c19.21) Han, 195, 340 Haradatta (commentator), 126-7, 135-7 ### [c19.22](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.sharma-1958.c19.22) Harappā (culture), 12 Hari (name of an artisan), 309 Harihara, 299 Hariharabhāṣya, 299 Harisena (a śvapāka), 147 Harṣavardhana, 328 Haryana, 48 Haug, M., 66 Hayaśīrṣa Pañcarātra, 248 Hellenistic monarchies, 159 Hemādri, 304 Hesiod, 54 Hillebrandt, A., 3, 19 Himachal Pradesh, 339 Himalayas, 91 Hiraṇyakeśin Gṛhyasūtra, 106 History of India (by J. Mill), 1 Hittites, 27 Homer, 39 Homeric Greece, 39 Hopkins, E. W., 3-4, 79, 239, 246, 296, 316 Horse Sacrifice, 49 Hsüan Tsang, 260, 333, 342 Hūṇas, 334 Huviṣka, 203 ### [c19.23](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.sharma-1958.c19.23) I ### [c19.24](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.sharma-1958.c19.24) Ilyin, G. F., 5 India, 1, 5, 21, 27-9, 37, 39, 76, 90-92, 94, 105, 152, 160, 242, 322 Indian society, 4 Indo-Aryan peoples, 27 Indo-Aryan polity, 54 Indo-Aryans, 27, 39, 45 Indo-Aryan stock, 39 Indo-European kudra tribe, 39 Indo-European origins (of some words), 31 Indo-European peoples, 54 Indo-Europeans, 31, 129 Indo-Greeks, 196, 326 Indore, 265 Indra, 10-11, 14-5, 17, 21-2, 24, 81 Iran, 39, 76 Iranians, 39, 74, 340 iron, 92, 95, 261-2, 292 Ishwarchandra Vidyāsāgar, 2 Isidāsī (daughter of a cart driver), 104 Italy, 183 Itarā (mother of Aitareya), 69 I-tsing, 247 ### [c19.25](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.sharma-1958.c19.25) J ### [c19.26](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.sharma-1958.c19.26) Jagannātha Tarkapañcānana, 253 Jaiminīya Brāhmaṇa, 46, 49, 61 Jaimini, 97, 135 ### [c19.27](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.sharma-1958.c19.27) Jaina śūdras, 211 jajmānī, 160-1, 341 Jakkhas, see Yakṣas, Janaka, 41, 97 Jānaśruti (king), 43, 52, 74 Jātakas, 91-2, 99, 106-9, 129, 134, 139-42, 147, 151, 154-5, 200 Jayākhya Saṃhitā, 309 Jaya Saṃhitā (original text of the Mahābhārata), 47 Jayaswal, K. P., 57-8, 62, 118, 203, 326 jewellery (in post-Mauryan period), 198 jhallas, a despised caste, 227, 333-4 Jhalwar, 334 Jolly, J., 224 ### [c19.28](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.sharma-1958.c19.28) K ### [c19.29](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.sharma-1958.c19.29) kaivarta (boatman/cultivator), 226, 272, 307, 336 Kākṣivant, 23 kālaka, 344 Kali age, 192, 207-8, 233-7, 238, 243, 260, 318, 321 Kālidāsa, 247, 291, 301 Kalingas, 139, 162, 289, 317 Kalinga war, 182 Kamalākara Bhaṭṭa, 305 Kāmandaka, 247, 269, 271 Kāmasūtra, 247, 251, 263, 288 Kāmbojas, 117, 289, 334 Kane, P. V., 18, 90 Kaṇva (poet), 23 Kapiñjalāda (ṛṣi), 70 Kapilavastu, 155-6 Kapiṣthala Saṃhitā, 84 karaṇas (mixed caste), 132, 240, 333, 335-6 kārāvara (despised caste), 226-7, 336 karmakara (hired labourers), 30, 49, 103, 105-10, 112, 145, 164-7, 171, 190, 194, 201, 205, 248, 257, 259-60 karmakartā, 49 kārukararakṣaṇam, a section in the AS, 168 kārūṣa, 333, 335 Kashmir, 269 Kāśi, 105, 107 Kassites, 27 Kāṭhaka Saṃhitā, 79, 84-5 Kāṭhaka school, 79 Kathiawar, 334 Kātyāyana Śrautasūtra, 47, 52 Kātyāyana, the Smṛti of, 245, 250, 253-4, 258, 269, 271, 273-4, 279, 301 Kauśika (ṛṣi), 310-11 ### [c19.30](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.sharma-1958.c19.30) Kauṣītaki Brāhmaṇa, 46 Kaulika, 344 Kauṭilya, 6, 92, 114, 157-9, 160-66, 168-81, 183-90, 204-6, 216-7, 236, 240, 250, 252-3, 255, 259, 264-6, 275, 281, 316-7, 324, 329, 331, 333, 336 Kavaṣa Ailūṣa (priest), 69, 79 Kāveripattanam (port), 196 Keith, A. B., 22, 51, 56, 65-6, 87 Ketkar, S. V., 4 Khasas, 333-5 Kikaṭas, 12 king, 29-30, 34, 53-63, 67, 70, 86, 99-100, 108, 116-8, 123, 136, 142, 147-51, 159, 162-3, 167, 172 Kirātas, 50, 290, 334 Kol (tribe), 258 Kolikas (tribe), 257 Kosala, 95, 114, 182 Koṭivarṣa, 270 Kṛṣṇa (Asura), 145; vaiṣṇavite, 246, 308 kṛṣṇalas, 330 Kṛṣṇaśeṣa, 305 kṣatra, 58, 63-64 kṣatriyas (warriors), work on, 4, 5, 7; in the early Vedic period, 20, 32, 34, 41; in the later Vedic period, 40-41, 53, 60-61, 63-4, 71, 76, 83, 87; in the pre-Mauryan period, 94, 97, 102, 113-5, 118-9, 123-4, 126-32, 136, 152-3; in the Mauryan period, 172-4, 176-78; in the post-Mauryan period, 192, 203, 207-11, 214-16, 219-20, 223-5 233, 259; in the Gupta period, 253, 268-70, 273, 275-80, 284, 287 302-3, 307, 309, 324, 333 5, 337-8, 343 kṣattā (kṣatr), 56, 132, 185, 225-7, 229, 290 kṣudras (mixed caste), 289 Kṣudrakas (tribe), 218 Kūdrói (Gk.), 39 Kudrós (Gk.), 39 kukkuṭaka (kuṭaka, kaukuṭika), 132, 225, 227, 336 Kullūka, 193-4, 210, 212, 217, 222-4, 229, 231-2 Kumāra Gupta, 342 kumārāmātya (district officer), 270 Kumārila Bhaṭṭa, 298 Kurmāli (language), 29 Kūrma Purāṇa, 233-4 kurmis (caste), 259 Kuru Pañcālas, 46 Kurus, 191 Kuṣāṇas, 176, 195-6, 207, 232, 235, 242, 318, 329, 330, 340-41 ### [c19.31](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.sharma-1958.c19.31) Kuṣāṇa gold coin, weight of, 330 ### [c19.32](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.sharma-1958.c19.32) labourers (workers), 5; in the later Vedic period, 87; in the pre-Mauryan period, 95, 101-3, 107-11, 114, 127, 129, 153, 155; in the Mauryan period, 161, 162-66, 168-70, 171, 175; in the post-Mauryan period, 204; agricultural labourers in the Gupta period, 250-52, 265-67, 316, 321 Lacedaemonians, 182 Laṅkāvatāra Sūtra, 247 later Vedic Literature, 46-47 Latin, 196 Lātyāyana Śrautasūtra, 47 Licchavis, 333 Līlāvatī (prostitute), 306, 226-7, 336 ### [c19.33](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.sharma-1958.c19.33) M ### [c19.34](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.sharma-1958.c19.34) Madanapāla, 70, 305 Madanikā (slave girl), 288 Madgus (tribe and mixed caste), 226-7, 336 Mādhava (divinity), 237 Mādhyandina (recension), 85 Madhyānta Vibhaṅga, 158 Madhya Pradesh, 95, 339 madranābhas (despised caste), 289 Magadhas, 95, 105, 114, 149, 315, 331, 341 māgadha (mixed caste), 132, 176, 226 māgadhi (Prakrit dialect), 295 Mahābhārata, 7, 28, 36, 40, 42, 47, 60, 70, 78, 80, 86, 243, 246, 293, 308, 334 Mahābhāṣya of Patañjali, 191, 230 Mahādeva, 308 Mahārāja Viṣṇudāsa, 282 Mahārāṣtra, 195, 328, 338-9 Mahāvastu, 192, 194, 200, 213 Mahāvīra, 93, 148 Mahāvrṣas (people), 36, 43, 74 Mahidāsa (author), 69 Mahidhara (commentator), 59 Māhiṣakas (people), 289 Māhiṣya, 336 maitra, 326, 333-4 Maitraka rulers (of Valabhī), 256, 326, 339 Maitrāyaṇi Saṃhitā, 84 maitreyaka (despised caste), 22a-7, 336 Majjhima Nikāya, 91, 102, 121 ### [c19.35](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.sharma-1958.c19.35) Makkhali Gosāla, 155 Mālavas (Mālavyas), 218 mallas (wrestlers), 227, 333 Malwa, 91, 268, 334, 341 Māmateya, 23 māṇisakas (mixed caste), 227, 289 Mandasor, 265, 341 Manu, 93, 133, 176, 191-5, 199, 202-33, 236-40, 242-46, 248, 253-4, 257, 266, 270, 272, 277, 281, 284, 291, 296-7, 307, 316, 318-9, 331-7, 340 Manu Smṛti, 113, 247, 326f. Manu Vaivasvata, 286 Manyu (God of Wrath), 16 mārgava (despised caste), 226-7, 336 Marici (lawgiver), 300 Mārkaṇḍeya Purāṇa, 246, 258, 291, 296 Maruts, 15, 49, 60, 81 Marutta Āvikṣita (Ayogava king), 60 Maskarin (commentator), 118, 133 Mātaṅga (son of a caṇḍāla), 147 Mātaṅgas (untouchables), 292 Mathurā, 200, 203 Matsya Purāṇa, 234, 246 Matsyas (people), 194 Mauryas, 318 Mauṣṭikas (despised caste), 227 medas (despised caste), 227, 326, 336 Medhātithi (commentator), 69, 194 Megasthenes, 157, 159-60, 165, 167, 173-5, 181 Mehrauli iron pillar, 262 Mesopotamia, 27 Middle Kingdom (of Egypt), 276, 286, 313 Mid-India, 278 Milindapañha, see Questions of Milinda Mill, J., 1 Mīmāmsā Sūtra, 97 Mitanni (people), 27 Mithilā, 41, 245, 310 Mleccha (tribes & rulers), 235, 237, 239, 268, 273, 281, 290 Moriya clan, 172 Mousikanos (Mousikanoi), 182 Mṛcchakaṭika, 283, 285, 288, 293-4 mrtapas, 229 Muir, J., 2, 4, 18-9 Mujavants, 36 mūrdhāvaṣikta (mixed caste), 97 Mutibas (people), 72 ### [c19.36](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.sharma-1958.c19.36) N ### [c19.37](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.sharma-1958.c19.37) Nakula, 37 Nandarāja, the commentator, 288 Nandas, 11, 157 ### [c19.38](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.sharma-1958.c19.38) Nārada, the Smṛti of, 245, 248-50, 273, 275-76, 281, 296, 326 Nārada Smṛti, 281 Narasimha Gupta, 342 Narasimha Purāṇa, 260 Nārāyaṇa, 308 Nasik, 199 Nasik Inscription, 202, 330 Naṭas, 333, 335-6 naṭa-nartakas, 227 Nāṭyaśāstra, 247, 282-3, 294-5 Nausari, 341 Nayacandrikā, 162 Negroes, 4 Nepal, 245, 249, 339 Nighaṇṭu, 51 Nirukta, 66, 78, 151 niṣādas (nesādas), as people and caste, 50, 75, 78-9, 82, 85, 113, 132, 134, 143; their position in society, 143-4; Niṣāda gotra, 143, 145-6; their status in Kauṭilya, 177; comparison with other castes, 185, 225-7, 289, 331-2, 336 Nītisāra of Kāmandaka, 247 North Black Polished (NBP), 95-96, 182 north-eastern India, 94, 99 Northern India, 94, 141, 160, 242, 245, 255, 262, 290, 308, 334 north-western India, 36, 39, 43, 326, 334 ### [c19.39](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.sharma-1958.c19.39) Orissa, 334, 339 ### [c19.40](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.sharma-1958.c19.40) P ### [c19.41](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.sharma-1958.c19.41) Padma Purāṇa, 300 Pahlavas, 37, 326, 334 Paijavana, 5, 40-42, 296 Painted Grey Ware (PGW), 28, 40, 45, 48, 68, 96 Paippalāda (recension of the AV), 36 Pakistan, 196, 342 Pakthas (people), 18 Pāla grants, 329 Pāla inscriptions, 326, 329, 335 Pāli English Dictionary, 109 Pāli texts, 32, 94, 103-5, 108, 115, 126, 129, 138-9, 143, 163, 180 Pallava land grant, 257, 263 Pallava Prakrit copper plate, 329 Pañcāla, 61, 81, 191 Pañcalantra, 285 Pañcaviṃśa Brāhmaṇa, 46, 69 Palamau, 335 pāṇḍusopāka (despised caste), 226-7, 336 ### [c19.42](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.sharma-1958.c19.42) Pāṇini, the grammar of, 43, 59, 90, 99, 100, 106, 117, 138, 143, 186, 218, 220, 323 Paṇis, 20 Paṇṇavaṇā (Jain work), 192 Pārada, 334 Parāśara, 70 pāraśavas (despised caste), 132, 177, 185, 225, 336 Paraśurāma, 40 Pargiter, F. E., 269 Parṇaka (people), 50 Parthians, 192, 207, 242, 326 Paruṣṇī (river), 18 Patañjali, 138, 191, 195, 201, 205, 218-20, 222, 224, 229 paulkasas (pulakaśas, pulakusas, puk-kusas, pukkasas), 50, 71, 89, 132, 141-2, 145-6, 177, 185, 225-8, 292, 295, 336 Pauṇḍraka, 334 peasants, 95, 238, 257-8, 261, 312, 315, 317 Persia, 27 petty bourgeoisie, 321 Pharaohs, 313 Pillar Edict iv (of Aśoka), 183 pottery (of post-Mauryan period), 198 Prajāpati, 49, 73, 80-81, 252 Prākṛit, 295 Pramati (incarnation), 237 Pratardana Daivodāsi, 24 Pravāhaṇa Jaivali, 41 Pravarasena II, 339 Pre-Aryan peoples, 37-8 Pṛṣadhra, 286 Pulindas (tribe), 38, 72, 174, 289-90 Puṇḍras (people), 72 Panjab, 37, 91 punch-marked coins, in the pre-Mauryan period, 95; in the Mauryan period, 182 Puṇjiṣṭhas (people), 82, 332 Purāṇas, 32, 42, 70, 192, 233, 267, 293, 304, 310-11, 313, 317 purohita, 172 Purkutsa (Vedic chief), 15, 24 Pūrus (tribe), 18 Puruṣasūkta (of the Ṛg Veda), 24, 32-4, 68 Pūṣan (divinity), 49, 59, 80-81 Puṣpadha, 333, 335 ### [c19.43](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.sharma-1958.c19.43) Q ### [c19.44](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.sharma-1958.c19.44) Questions of Milinda (Milindapañha), 194, 201, 207-8 ### [c19.45](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.sharma-1958.c19.45) R ### [c19.46](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.sharma-1958.c19.46) Raghavānanda (commentator), 213 Raghunandana, 305 ### [c19.47](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.sharma-1958.c19.47) Raikva, 43, 52 Rājagaha, see Rājagṛha, Rājagṛha, 200, 206 rajakas (washermen), 307 rājanya, 34, 49, 53, 56-8, 61, 78, 82-3, 219, 279, 308, 333; see also kṣatriya rājanyabandhu, 72 Rajshahi district, 343 Rajasthan 334 Rajghat (Banaras), 197 rājuka, 183 Rākṣasas, 14, 17, 27 Rāma, 301 Rāma Mārgaveya (priest), 65 Rāmāyaṇa, 301 Rammohan Roy, 2 rathakāras (wheelwright), 31, 55, 57, 61, 76-9, 82-3, 85, 88, 132; their position in society, 142, 145 176; comparison with other castes, 185, 263, 290 'red' polished Kuṣāṇa ware, 198 Ṛg Veda, 10, 13, 15-6, 18-9, 23-7, 30-36, 39, 44, 47, 75, 78, 81, 87, 314 Ṛg Vedic Āryan society, 30 Ṛg Vedic tribes, 78 Rhys Davids (Mrs), 155 Rhys Davids, T. W., 95, 142 Roman empire, 236, 340 Roman gold coins, 195 Roman kings, 22 Romans, 92, 183, 185 Rome, 100, 116-7, 164, 200, 241, 321-2, 320 Roth, R., 9 Rudra, 82, 331 Rudradāman, 241, 330 Rudraloka, 309 Rudra Paśupati, 77, 81-2 ### [c19.48](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.sharma-1958.c19.48) S ### [c19.49](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.sharma-1958.c19.49) Śabaras (people), 38, 72, 139, 174, 290 Sadānā (dialect), 29 Saddālaputta, the potter, 98 Saddharmapuṇḍarika, 192, 213 Śaikha (mixed caste), 333, 335 sairandhra, also sairindhra (mixed caste), 326-7, 336 Śaivism, 309, 324, 334 Śakāra, a character in the Mṛcchakaṭika, 294 Śakas, 37, 192, 207, 235, 241-2, 289, 326, 334 Śākyas, 155 Sāmaññaphala Sutta, 149 Sāma Veda, 75 Sāmavidhāna Brāhmaṇa, 123 ### [c19.50](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.sharma-1958.c19.50) Sambastai (people), 35 Śambūka (śudra ascetic), 301 Saṃhitā (Vedic collection), 19, 47 Saṃhitās, of the Black School of the Yajus, 46, 64, 74 Samskāras (sacraments), 297-300, 311 Samudra Gupta, 254 Samudra Gupta-Candra Gupta coin, 341-2 Samudra Gupta coin, 341 Saṃyutta Nikāya, 91 Sanakānikas (people), 282 Śaṅkara (commentator), 43, 86 saṅkarikas (despised caste), 227 Śāṅkhāyana Brāhmaṇa, 46 Śāṅkhāyana Śrautasūtra, 47, 51, 80 Sanskrit, 34, 295 Śānti Parvan (of the Mahābhārata), 5, 40 41, 238, 243, 246, 248, 251 2, 260, 268-9, 279-81, 284, 293, 296, 313, 327, 330 Śārṅgadhara, 299 Sarasvati (river), 28, 38, 40, 191, 214 Śarvilaka (brāhmaṇa), 288 Sasaram, 335 Śatapatha Brāhmaṇa, 46, 55-6, 60, 63, 86, 72, 75, 85 Sātavāhanas, 92, 196, 219, 241, 273, 318, 328, 330 Sātavāhana inscriptions, 329 Sātavāhana Ware, 198 satī, 2 Sātvata, 333-4 Satyārtha Prakāśa, 2 Satyāṣādha Śrautasūtra, 47 saugandhas (mixed caste), 289 Śaunaka (lawgiver), 225 śauṇḍika (despised caste), 227 Śauraseni (dialect), 295 Saurāṣṭra, 268 Sāvatthi (Śrāvasti), 92 Sāyaṇa (commentator), 14-5, 21, 36, 55-6, 66, 69, 72, 82 Scythian tribes, 20, 26 Selagas (people), 75 Sena grants, 329 Senart, E., 3, 20, 76 seṭṭhis, 4, 97, 99, 104-5, 115, 117, 139 Shamasastry, 164, 179 Śibis (people), 42 Simhavarman, 234 Sind (Sindh), 35, 182, 269 Sirkap, 196-8 Śiva, 306, 309 Śiva (tribe), 18 Skanda Gupta, 342 Skanda Purāṇa, 327 slave girl, 23 slaves, 2-3, 5, 21, 23; in the Rg Vedic period, 24-5, 27, 33-4, 45; in the later Vedic period, 50-51, 52-3, 87; in the pre-Mauryan period, 103-6, 106-14, 115-16, 121-2, 129, 148-52, 154-6; in the Mauryan period, 163, 165, 167, 170-71, 175, 177-83; in the post-Mauryan period 203, 216-8; in the Gupta period, 252-6 slavery, and production, 103-5, 182-3 slave society, 183 Socrates, 54 Sodrai (tribe), 34 Soma, 14-5, 53, 79, 84-5 Somamiśra, 305 South-East Asia, 341 South India, 256, 263, 308, 334 Soviet Central Asia, 196 Sparta, 53, 317 Spartans, 74 Śrautasūtras, 47, 52, 54, 76, 84-5 Śrī Śātakarṇi, 200 Strabo, 159, 163, 174, 181 Sudās (Vedic hero), 17-8, 41 Sudākṣiṇa Kṣaimi, 69 Sudarśana lake, 241 suddas, 43 Sudhanvas, 333, 335 Śūdrācāra, 305 Śūdrācāracintāmaṇi (of Vācaspati-miśra), 305 Śūdrācāraśiromaṇi (of Kṛṣṇaseṣa), 305 Śūdradharmabodhini (of Madanapāla), 305 Śūdraka, 247 Śūdrakamalākara (of Kamalākara Bhaṭṭa), 305 Śūdrakṛtyatattva (of Raghunandana), 305 śūdra labour, 98 Śūdrapaddhati (of Apipāla), 305 śūdra rulers, 268 śūdras, 1-8, 22, 28, 32; śūdra tribe, 33-42; military functions of the śūdra tribe, 42-3; ambiguous position of the śūdras, 46-54, 56-91, 94-6, 98-9; their population, 100, 102-6, 109; non-serving śūdras and the distinction between the śūdra son and others, 102-14; their different roles, 114-6; their politico-legal status in pre-Mauryan times, 116-123; their social disabilities, 124-5; their food and occupations, 126-9; marriage rules, 130-32; rite of initiation, 133-4; types of their education, 134-5; offering of funeral oblation, 136; five low occupations, 137, five despised castes, 138-9, 142; śūdras and antyayonis, 143-4; their admission into the Buddhist order, 146-50; Jaina attitude towards them, 150-52; tendencies to equate vaiśyas and śūdras, 153-4; protest of the lower orders, 154-6; Kauṭilya on the functions of the śūdra varṇa, 160; śūdra cultivators, 161-2; Kauṭilya's measures regarding them, 164-8, 175-6; main changes in their position in the Mauryan period, 171-74; śūdras vis-à-vis the slaves, 177-82; their position in post-Mauryan times, 191-94, 199-225, 229-44; their position in Gupta times, 245-8, 252-3, 256-91; 293-324; 333-5, 340-2 śūdra varga (of the Amarakosa), 248, 265, 270, 279, 285, 290-92 Sukālins (pitaras), 232 Śunaḥśepa, 71 Śuṅgas, 326 Śūrasenas, 42, 191 Sūrya, 59 sūtas, 31, 82, 176, 226, 229, 269, 290 Sutlej, 28 Sūyagaḍam, 121 svādukaras (mixed caste), 289 śvapacas (despised caste), 228, 283 śvapākas, 70, 176, 185, 225-6, 283, 289, 292, 308, 336 Śvetaketu, 50, 73 Swami Dayanand, 2 Śyāparṇas (priestly clan), 65 ### [c19.51](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.sharma-1958.c19.51) T ### [c19.52](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.sharma-1958.c19.52) Taitsang, the Tang emperor, 341 Taittirīya Brāhmaṇa, 46, 63, 75, 81, 84 Taittirīya Saṃhitā, 61, 82, 85 Tamil-Malayalam Commentary (of the Arthaśāstra), 161 Tamluk (port), 196 Tang, 341 Tantravārttika (of Kumārila Bhaṭṭa), 298 tantric, 304, 324 Tantricism, 309 Tarukṣa (Dāsa chief), 23, 27 Taxila, 196-7 tax-paying cultivators, 259 Thailand, 97 The Age of Imperial Unity, 94 Thera (male monk), 148 Therigāthā, 148 Tilak, B. G., 3 Tosali, 287 trade, land trade with Central Asia and China, 195; overseas trade with the Roman empire, 195; exported commodities, 195; import of crude glass, 197; steel export to the Roman empire, 197 See also ‘traders’ traders, 92, 105, 165, 267-8 Trasadasyu, 15, 24 Tretā age, 30 Tukhāras, 37 Turvaśas (tribe), 18 ### [c19.53](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.sharma-1958.c19.53) U ### [c19.54](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.sharma-1958.c19.54) Udaya (king), 126 Ugras, 132, 144, 226, 290, 336 untouchables, 71; in the pre-Mauryan period, 132, 138-40; origin of 144-6; in the Mauryan period, 173, 187; in the post-Mauryan period, 227-9; in the Gupta period, 289-91, 323, 336 U. P., 259 Upāli (monk), 138 Upaniṣads, 47, 49, 53, 89 Upapurāṇas, 302 Upper Gaṅgā, 28 U. S. A., 183 Uśij, 23, 69 Uśīnaras, 289 Uttarādhyayana (Jain text), 147 Uttarāpatha, 196 Uvaṭa (commentator), 59 ### [c19.55](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.sharma-1958.c19.55) V ### [c19.56](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.sharma-1958.c19.56) Vācaspatimiśra, 305 Vāgurikas (tribal people), 174, 344 vaidehakas (mixed caste), 226, 229, 290, 336 vaidya (mixed caste), 289, 344 Vaijavāpa Gṛhyasūtra, 298-9 Vaiśālī, 182, 270, 309 Vaiṣṇava, 232 Vaiṣṇavism, 207, 232, 308-9, 311, 324 Vaiśvadeva ceremony, 283 vaiśyas, in the early Vedic period, 32, 34, 44; in the later Vedic period, 37, 49, 52-3, 57-64, 65, 68, 71-2, 75-8, 80-82, 84, 86-7; in the pre-Mauryan period, 94-5, 97, 102, 113-7, 119, 123, 126, 128-32, 136, 142, 152, 153-4, 156; in the Mauryan period, 161-3, 165, 174, 176-7, 184; in the post-Mauryan period, 192-4, 202-3, 206, 232-3, 236, 238, 243; in the Gupta period, 253, 257, 258-9; vaiśya-śūdra social formation, 260-61, 278, 270, 272, 276-84, 287, 289, 298, 301-3, 307-9, 311, 316-21 vaiśya varga (of the Amarakosa), 257, 290 Vājasaneyi Saṃhitā, 62, 72, 80, 84 Vajrasūci, 247, 294, 307, 310-11 Valabhī, 256, 334, 337 Vana Parvan (of the Mahābhārata), 310 Varāhadāsa (brāhmaṇa), 282 Varāhamihira, 247, 268 Vardhamāna Mahāvīra, 41 varṇa (division and system), 32-3, 72-3, 80, 95 varṇa, 243, 248, 260, 298, 305, 315; as a mechanism for production and distribution, 323, 330, 332, 336-8, 340 varṇasaṃkara, 333 varṇāśrama ideals, 247 Varuṇa, 17, 35, 71 Vasantasenā, 288, 311 Vasiṣṭha, 18, 70, 91, 113, 118, 123, 127, 130-31, 133, 136, 143, 153-4, 156, 184, 216, 231-32, 242, 263, 281, 311, 336 Vasiṣṭha Dharmaśāstra, 280 Vasiṣṭha Dharmasūtra, 158 Vāsudeva, 308, 341 Vaṭadhāna, 333-4 Vatsa (ṛṣi), 69 Vātsyāyana, 247, 288 Vāyu Purāṇa, 234, 237, 281, 286-7 Vedānta Sūtra, 42 Vedas, 28, 72, 75, 128, 133-4, 144, 187, 231-3, 269, 271, 293-4, 296, 308, 313 Vedic Aryans, 40 Vedic gods, 81 Vedic Index, 20, 50, 68, 89, 316 Vedic Indians, 21-2, 70, 73-4 Vedic pantheon, 22 Vedic texts, 35, 131, 133 veṇas (mixed caste), 142, 145, 186, 225, 227 Veṇa, the tyrannical king, 143 Videgha Māthava, 96 Vijanma, 333, 335 Vijñāneśvara (commentator), 285 Vilāla, 344 Vinaya Piṭaka, 91, 106, 109, 137, 155 Vindhya, 195 Viṣāṇin (people), 18 Viṣṇudharmottara Purāṇa, 248, 327 Viṣṇu Purāṇa, 78, 208, 238, 243, 246 Viṣṇu Smṛti, 246 Viṣṇu, the God, 308, 311, 327 Viṣṇu, the Smṛti of, 245-6, 257, 263, 265-6, 273-5, 277, 287, 296 Viṣṇuvarddhaki, 344 Viśvedevas (all Gods), 81 ### [c19.57](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.sharma-1958.c19.57) Viśvāmitra, 18, 41, 71, 221, 311 Viśvantara Sauṣadmana, 65 Viśvarūpa (commentator), 287 vrata, 10, 304, 331, 333 vrāta, 10, 62 vrātyas, as unbrāhmaṇised Āryans, 62, 74, 82; as a mixed caste, 176, 333-4 vrātya theory, 331, 333, 335, 338 Vṛtra (enemy of Indra), 22 Vyāsa, 70, 300, 311 ### [c19.58](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.sharma-1958.c19.58) W ### [c19.59](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.sharma-1958.c19.59) Weber, A., 3, 29, 82 Wei dynasty, 341 wergeld, 30, 66, 214, 218 West Bengal, 259 Western India, 263, 273, 278, 308, 334, 341 Western Sanskritists, on myths and rituals, 7 Whitney, W. D., 34 William Jones, Sir, 1 Wilson, H. H., 15, 17 ### [c19.60](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.sharma-1958.c19.60) Y ### [c19.61](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.sharma-1958.c19.61) Yādava (tribe), 15 Yadus, 18 Yājñavalkya, the Smṛti of, 245, 249, 252-3, 255, 257, 267, 268-9, 275-7, 281, 283-6, 289, 294, 296-7, 301-2, 307 Yajur Veda, 75 Yajus texts (Black and White), 57, 59, 61, 68, 79, 82, 84, 331 Yakṣas (people), 292 Yamunā (river), 14 Yāska (commentator), 78-9 Yavanas, 90, 117, 132, 180, 289, 326, 334-5 Yogghama (commentator), 162 Yudhiṣṭhira, 37, 50, 59, 86 Yuga Purāṇa, 193, 235 --- Source: [https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.sharma-1958.c19](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.sharma-1958.c19) · Pramāṇa