Republics in Ancient India, c. 1500 B.C.–500 B.C. c19.110

Language: English

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*Sabhā*, 3, 15, 18, 28, 32, 34, 35, 36, 39, 40, 46, 49, 54, 55, 60, 63, 72, 75, 76; age and origin of, 4, 5, 33, 43; as aristocratic oligarchy, 15; compared with, *boule*, 48, *darbār*, 34; composition and strength of, 3, 18, 34, 38, 45; as council, hall, 34, forerunner of *santhāgāra*, 34, gambling in, 41; distribution of spoils in, 74; features of, 37; functions of, 33-34, 40-42, 73; independent existence of, 44-45; main evidence for, 32-33; meaning of, 34-35, 43n 2; membership grades and qualifications for, 34, 35, 36, 40, 42; nature of, 32, 32n 3; relation to *samiti*, 3, 42ff; role in electing king, 15; —ruled states, 237; ruling with *samiti*, 18, 42ff; as socio-religious centre, 41; as sole governing power, 17-18, 32ff *Sabhācara*, 34, 40, 41 *Sabhāga*, 35, 40 *Sabhām*, 36, 40 *Sabhā Parvan*, on Mallas, 174 *Sabhāpati*, 33, 34, 35; qualities for, 41-42; tenure of, 42 *Sabhāsads*, 34, 35, 40, 41, 44 *Sabhāsāha*, 35, 36 *Sabhā-samiti*: characteristics of, 45-48; desire for peaceful co-existence in, 46-47; disagreements in, 44; evidence for type of government, 43-48; evolution of type of government, 46; leadership qualities for, 44; prestige and power of, 44-47; relative origin of, 42; in *Ṛg Veda*, 33; type of political community, 42ff, 237 *Sabhāsthāṇu*, 34, 41 *Sabhāvatī*: meaning of, 38-39; parliamentary language, 39; in *Ṛg Veda*, 39, *sabhā* etiquette, 36 *Sabhāvin*, 41 *Sabhe*, 44 *Sabhya*, 19, 34, 35, 40; tenure of, 48 Sacred tank, of Licchavis, 108.

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*See Pokkharaṇī* Sacrifice, 5, 60-61 Sadānīrā (Gaṇḍaka), river, 98, 137, 141, 143, 144, 179 *Sajātānām*, 21 Sajis, 134n 9 Sajjanela, 213 *Śak*, 192, 193 *Sāka*, 191, 192 Sakala, 112, 155 *Sakarṇajanakam*, 202 *Sakhānaṁ*, 190 Sakka, 190 Sakkassa, 190 Sakkesu (Sakyesu), 190 *Śaktā*, 192 Śākya, 190, 192 Śākyamuni, 85, 161, 182, 184, 208. *See Buddha* *Sakyānaṁ*, 190 Sakyas, 1, 7, 92, 147, 148, 155, 156, 161, 166, 174, 179, 182, 183 187, 188, 191, 194, 202, 208, 210, 211, 215, 222, 223, 224, 227, 229, 238, 240, 241; *amaccās* of, 198; assembly, 185, 193, 196, 203, activities of, 196, 198, decision-making in, 204, number in, 197, procedure in, 199-200, succession of *rājās* in, 196; *Bhojakās* of, 196; compared with Licchavis, 190; conduct of, 196; connexion with Kuru-Pāñcāla, 202; council of, 197, 198; extinction of political power of, 132, 182, 186, 205, 206, 216, 219, 242; feuds with Koliyas, 188-90, 203; girl with leprosy, 209-10; judicial administration of, 200; migration of, 202-3; *rājās* of, 189, 214; republic of, 2, 183, 184, 186-90, 193, 195; senate of, 186; subject to Kosalas, 182-83, 184, 185, 186; territory of, 91, 174, 193-95, 204; townships of, 185; *uparājās* of, 197 Sāla grove, 173 *Salākās*, 113, 114; —*gāhāpaka*, duties and qualifications of, 113 *Samana* Gotama, 183. *See* Buddha *Sāma Veda*, 4 *Sambodhi*, 236 *Samitayaḥ*, 45 *Samiti*, 26, 32, 33, 46, 54, 55, 56, 60, 63, 72, 75, 76; compared with senate, *ecclesia*, 48; composition and strength of, 3, 45;

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discord in, 53, 54; distribution of spoils in, 52, 74; in election of king, 5, 23; independent existence of, 44-45, 47, 50ff; as king's council, 19; kings in, 48; meaning of, 27, 43n 2, 51n 4, 56-57; origin and growth of, 4, 5, 33, 42, 43, 51, 56, 73; as popular assembly, 76-77; religious functions of, 52, 78; ruling with *rājās*, 15, 48-60. *See also rājās*; ruling with *sabhā*, 3, 18, 42-48. *See also sabhā-samiti*; ultimate authority of, 47; women in, 38 *Samitiḥ*, 20 Sāmityas, 51 Samnites, 131 *Samrāṭ*, 61, 65 Samudra Gupta, 134, 142; republics during the time of, 13 Samvajjis, 81, 82, 97 *Saṁyutta Nikāya*, 225, 230, 235; on Sakya, 190 San-fa-shi, 81 *Saṅgha*: Buddhist, 96, 115, 148, 169; constitutional significance of, 9; definition and nature of, 9-11, 12-13; distinguished from monarchy, 11; executive of, 10; of Licchavis, 98; of Mallas, 175; numerical strength of, 10; role in election of king, 15; term for republic, 9; —*mukhyas*, 110. *See also gaṇa* *Saṅgrāmāḥ*, 45 *Sannivesa*, 162, 163 Sanskrit literature, 83, 88; on Licchavis, 85, on council, 110; on Vajjis, 83 *Santhāgāra*, 103, 114, 151, 165, 178, 197, 198-99, 200; at Kesaputta, 235; relation to Vedic *sabhā*, 34; of Sakyas, 189, 195 *Śānti Parvan*, on *saṅgha* and *saṅgha-mukhyas*, 110 *Sapatnā*, 21 Sāpūga, 213 Sarasvatī, river, 66, 137 Sarayū (Ghāgrā), river, 213, 221 *Sārvabhauma*, 61 Sa-skyong, 156 Sātakarṇi, 142 *Śatapatha Brāhmaṇa*, 34, 61, 140, 144, 158; Videhas in, 137;

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on worship in *sabhā*, 41 *Śataśāradāya*, 30 Śaunaka, 43 Sāvatthi, 171, 184, 185, 193, 195, 229 Savitar, 66, 73-4, 77 Sāyaṇa, 38 Schapera, I.: on political communities, 15n 7; on territorial sense in tribal peoples, 32 Second Punic War, 99 *Senā*, composition and strength of, 45 *Senāpati*, 101, 109, 117, 118, 121, 153, 154; number in Licchavi *gaṇa*, 99; tenure of, 107 Senate (Roman): relations with *patres-familias*, 43; women in, 40 Seng-ge, 156 Seṇīya (Bimbisāra), king, 124 Seyaṇaa, 124 Shama Sastri, R., 15; on elective kingship, 19, 25 Shampaka, 204 Sharma, R. S.: on interpretation of *gaṇa*, 8,9; on *sabhāvatī*, 38-40; on *vidatha*, 3-4, 70-76, 79 Siddhārtha (Mahāvīra's father), 160, 161, 165, 166; influence of, 165; a powerful king, 164 *Siddhārtha-putra*, 160 *Siddhattha-Khattiya*, 164 *Siddhatthe-rājā*, 164 Sidh (Sidha), 194 Sind, 13, 239 Siṁha (Seng-ge), 156 Sinipura, 191 Sīvalī, princess, 153 Smith, V. A.: on Licchavis, 87, on justice, 117, on origin of, 88, on Tibetan home of, 61; on location of Kusinārā,` 174 Socrates, trial of, 120 Solon's system, property qualification in, 37 Soma, 20, 21, 30, 51, 55, 63, 65, 77, 130 Somanassa, 141 Śona, river, 229 Sonuttara, 212 Sources, analysis of, 60 Sovereignty and sovereign, 55 Sparta, 48; area of, 103; continuity in form of government, 17; councillors of, 29; resentment of Athens, 132;

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women in, 116 Spring festival, 115 *Śraiṣṭhya*, 21 Stevenson, S., 162 Struggle for power, in *rājā-samiti* government, 57-58 *Stūpa*, 155, 170, 174, 185, 186, 193, 218; Moriyas' ember, 221; and Nāga king, 212; in Rāmagāma, 211 Suddhodana (Buddha's father), 186, 187, 188 Sūdhīna, 152 *Śūdra*, 50 *Sujāta Jātaka*, on *kolaphala*, 207 *Sumaṅgala-Vilāsinī*: on *aṭṭhakulikā*, 83, 247; on Sakyas, 192 Suṁsumāragiri, 218, 219, 227, 228, 230 Sunakkhatta, 95, 96 Śuṅga period, 133 Suppavāsā Koliyadhītā, 215 Śūrasenas, 136 Śūravarman, 26 Suruci, 141, 152 Surūpa, 36 Sūryā, 64, 77 *Sūtas*, 41, 158 *Suttadharas*, 109, 117 *Sutta Nipāta*, on Sakya, 192 *Suvīrāḥ*, 74 *Svarājya*, 61n 3 Śvetaketu Āruṇeya, 156 Śvetambaras, 161 Sword-bearer, 153 Symbol of royalty, 128. *See also* Royal insignia