[Pramāṇa](https://indike.org/pramana/) › [Studies](https://indike.org/pramana/ins) › [Polity, law and society](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity) › [Republics in Ancient India, c. 1500 B.C.–500 B.C.](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.sharma-1968) › c2 # Republics in Ancient India, c. 1500 B.C.–500 B.C. c2: Table of Contents Republics in Ancient India, c. 1500 B.C.–500 B.C. c2 - **Language:** English ### Table of Contents ### [c2.1](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.sharma-1968.c2.1) | Foreword . . . . . | xi | | Preface . . . . . | xiii | | Abbreviations . . . . . | xv | | I. Introduction . . . . . | 1 | | Previous Works and Our Treatment of the Sources . | 1 | | The Interpretation and Definition of the Term \*Gaṇa\* . | 8 | | II. Non-Monarchical Governments in Vedic India . | 15 | | Government with a Ruler Chosen by the \*Viś\* . . . | 19 | | Government of the \*Sabhā\* . . . . . . . . . . . | 32 | | Government of the \*Sabhā\* and the \*Samiti\* . . . . | 42 | | Government of the \*Rājas\* and the \*Samiti\* . . . . | 48 | | Vedic Aristocracies and the Northeastern Republics . | 60 | | The Question of the \*Vidatha\*. . . . . . . . . . | 62 | | III. The Vajjian Confederacy . . . . . . . . . . | 81 | | IV. The Licchavis . . . . . | 85 | | Name and Etymology . . . . . | 85 | | Origin . . . . . | 88 | | Licchavis versus Vajjis . . . . . | 93 | | Geographical Location . . . . . | 97 | | Government and Organization . . . . . . . . . | 98 | | Judicial Procedure . . . . . | 116 | | Foreign Relations . . . . . | 121 | | Political History . . . . . | 123 | | V. The Videhas . . . . . | 136 | | Not the Qualified Champions of Aryan Culture . . | 136 | | Early History and Status . . . . . . . . . . . | 137 | | Name and Etymology . . . . . | 140 | | Geographical Location . . . . . | 144 | | The Videhas and the Licchavis . . . . . . . . | 145 | | Government and Organization . . . . . . . . . | 147 | | Administration of Justice . . . . . . . . . . . | 154 | ### [c2.2](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.sharma-1968.c2.2) Another special Feature of the Republic . . . . . 154- ### [c2.3](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.sharma-1968.c2.3) Later Political History . . . . . . . . . 157- ### [c2.4](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.sharma-1968.c2.4) VI. THE NĀYAS . . . . . . . . . . 159 ### [c2.5](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.sharma-1968.c2.5) Name and Etymology . . . . . . . . 159 Geographical Location . . . . . . . . 161 Government and Organization . . . . . . . 163 The Vajjis and the Nāyas . . . . . . . . 165 Political History . . . . . . . . . 166 ### [c2.6](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.sharma-1968.c2.6) VII. THE MALLAS . . . . . . . . . 169 ### [c2.7](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.sharma-1968.c2.7) Early History and Status . . . . . . . . 169 Name and Etymology . . . . . . . . 171 Geographical Location . . . . . . . . 171 Government and Organization . . . . . . . 175 Foreign Relations . . . . . . . . . 178 Later Political History . . . . . . . . . 181 ### [c2.8](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.sharma-1968.c2.8) VIII. THE SAKYAS . . . . . . . . . . 182 ### [c2.9](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.sharma-1968.c2.9) Kosala versus Kapilavatthu . . . . . . . . 182 Form of Government . . . . . . . . 186 Name and Etymology . . . . . . . . 190 Geographical Location . . . . . . . . 193 Government and Organization . . . . . . . 195 Political History . . . . . . . . . 202 ### [c2.10](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.sharma-1968.c2.10) IX. THE KOLIYAS . . . . . . . . . . 207 ### [c2.11](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.sharma-1968.c2.11) Name and Etymology . . . . . . . . 207 Origin and Early History . . . . . . . . 208 Geographical Location . . . . . . . . 211 Government and Organization . . . . . . . 213 The Koliyas and the Sakyas . . . . . . . 215 Political History . . . . . . . . . 216 ### [c2.12](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.sharma-1968.c2.12) X. LESSER-KNOWN REPUBLICS . . . . . . . 218 ### [c2.13](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.sharma-1968.c2.13) \*The Moriyas of Pipphalivana\* . . . . . . . 219 Name and Origin . . . . . . . . 219 Geographical Location . . . . . . . . 221 ### [c2.14](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.sharma-1968.c2.14) \*The Bulis of Allakappa\* . . . . . 225 Name and Etymology . . . . . 225 Geographical Location . . . . . 225 Form of Government . . . . . 225 Government and Organization . . . . . 226 \*The Bhaggas of Suṁsumāragiri\* . . . . . 227 Name and Etymology . . . . . 227 Geographical Location . . . . . 229 Status and Government . . . . . 229 \*The Kālāmas of Kesaputta\* . . . . . 231 Name and Early History . . . . . 231 Geographical Location . . . . . 233 Status and Government . . . . . 234 Political History . . . . . 236 ### [c2.15](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.sharma-1968.c2.15) XI. CONCLUSION . . . . . 237 ### [c2.16](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.sharma-1968.c2.16) APPENDICES . . . . . 244 A. Buddhaghosa's Etymologies of Licchavi and Vajji . . . . . 244 B. Linguistic Aspect of Our Etymology of Licchavi . . . . . 245 C. Relative Occurrences of the Terms Vajji and Licchavi in the \*Mahāparinirvāṇa Sūtra\* . . . . . 246 D. Buddhaghosa on the Vajjian Procedure of Justice . . . . . 247 E. The Brāhmaṇas of Droṇagrāma . . . . . 248 ### [c2.17](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.sharma-1968.c2.17) MAPS . . . . . A. Approximate Locations of the N.E. Republics . . . . . 1 B. \*Koṭīgāma\*—The Island in the Ganges . . . . . 131 ### [c2.18](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.sharma-1968.c2.18) BIBLIOGRAPHY . . . . . 250 --- Source: [https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.sharma-1968.c2](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.sharma-1968.c2) · Pramāṇa