[Pramāṇa](https://indike.org/pramana/) › [Studies](https://indike.org/pramana/ins) › [Reference works](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference) › [An Encyclopaedia of Indian Archaeology](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989) › v1.c14.s2.6 # An Encyclopaedia of Indian Archaeology v1.c14.s2.6 An Encyclopaedia of Indian Archaeology v1.c14.s2.6 - **Language:** English ### [v1.c14.s2.6](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v1.c14.s2.6) The first significant archaeological discoveries in the desert were made by Stein in 1940-41 (Stein, 1942), when he located some early historical settlements along and on the dry bed of the Ghaggar in the then Bikaner state, now Dt Ganganagar, and in addition Harappa \[4.9\] sites in Bahawalpur state, now part of Pakistan, where the same river is known as the Hakra. Later, in 1950-52, Ghosh of the ASI carried out further exploration and trial diggings in the SARASVATĪ VALLEY and located some 25 Harappa \[4.9\], 20 PGW \[4.15\] and a large number of early historical \[4.18.2\] sites of what he called RANG MAHAL culture between Hanumangarh and Anupgarh (Ghosh, 1952). Excavation at RANG MAHAL itself was conducted by Hanna Rydh in 1953 (Rydh, 1959). Large-scale excavation at another site, KALIBANGAN, by Lal and Thapar of the ASI from 1961 to 1969 not only uncovered a large fortified Harappa settlement with the characteristic Harappa pattern of citadel and lower town but also an older fortified settlement of pre-Harappa \[4.8\] age. The pre-Harappa pottery turned out to the same as what had been found by Ghosh at SOTHI in the valley of the DṚṢADVATĪ, an affluent of the Sarasvatī, also now dry, and other sites. - [Previous: v1.c14.s2.5](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v1.c14.s2.5) - [Next: v1.c14.s2.7](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v1.c14.s2.7) - [Up: v1.c14.s2](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v1.c14.s2) ## Linked texts (2) - [Harappā](https://indike.org/pramana/inp.site.harappa) - [Kālībangan](https://indike.org/pramana/inp.site.kalibangan) --- Source: [https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v1.c14.s2.6](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v1.c14.s2.6) · Pramāṇa