[Pramāṇa](https://indike.org/pramana/) › [Studies](https://indike.org/pramana/ins) › [Reference works](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference) › [An Encyclopaedia of Indian Archaeology](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989) › v1.c19.s15.12 # An Encyclopaedia of Indian Archaeology v1.c19.s15.12 An Encyclopaedia of Indian Archaeology v1.c19.s15.12 - **Language:** English ### [v1.c19.s15.12](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v1.c19.s15.12) After this interval wells are reported from sites of the middle of the 1st millennium B.C., almost coeval with the emergence of the NBPW \[4.18.1\]. Significantly enough ring-wells also make their appearance around this period (Pande, 1966, pp. 207-19). At most sites of the early historical period wells are generally lined with baked brick. There are, however, also instances of stone-lined wells, particularly in the n.-w., e.g. at Sirkap and Kalawan, a large Buddhist establishment at Taxila (Marshall, 1951, pp. 116, 322). At Sirkap in the main entrance hall there are remains of two small wells constructed of rubble stone. One of these, circular on plan, is 'partly engaged in the eastern wall' and is earlier than the other one, square on plan and close to the former. However Marshall regards both to be refuse wells like the wells 'unearthed in the Sirkap and Bhir Mound cities, where every drop of water, other than rain-water, had to be fetched either from Tamranala stream or from wells in the low-lying ground outside the walls.' However he has not recorded details about the 'wells in the low-lying ground outside the walls'. The two wells have been dated by him to the Śaka period, i.e., about the middle of the 1st century B.C. when, according to him, the stone fortifications of Sirkap were built. In one of the chambers in Block D of Sirkap has been found a well, the top of which is square and is constructed of stone while the portion below is circular and faced with lime and river sand (Marshall, in \*ASI-AR 1914-5\*, p. 18). The well at Kalawan is located about 140 m from the foot of the hill, 3·5 m in depth with a stone lining about 91 cm at the mouth (Marshall, 1951, p. 322). At Zaro Dheri or Zar-ki-Dheri, about 21 km from Mansehra, a circular pit, about 1·98 m in diameter, has been found to the n. of the monastic buildings; it is made of large diaper masonry lining and is in all likelihood a well (\*ASI-AR 1922-3\*, p. 96). - [Previous: v1.c19.s15.11](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v1.c19.s15.11) - [Next: v1.c19.s15.13](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v1.c19.s15.13) - [Up: v1.c19.s15](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v1.c19.s15) ## Linked texts (4) - [Zaro Dheri](https://indike.org/pramana/inp.site.zaro-dheri) - [Kālawān (Chaḍaśilā)](https://indike.org/pramana/inp.site.kalawan) - [Bhir Mound](https://indike.org/pramana/inp.site.bhir-mound) - [Sirkap](https://indike.org/pramana/inp.site.sirkap) --- Source: [https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v1.c19.s15.12](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v1.c19.s15.12) · Pramāṇa