An Encyclopaedia of Indian Archaeology v1.c2: Contents
An Encyclopaedia of Indian Archaeology v1.c2
- Language
- English
Contents
v1.c2.1
Acknowledgements viii List of Contributors ix Introduction xiii
v1.c2.2
1. ANIMALS, DOMESTICATION OF 1
v1.c2.3
1.1 General Observations 1 1.2 Bovidae 2 1.3 Camelidae 3 1.4 Canidae 4 1.5 Elephantidae 4 1.6 Equidae 4 1.7 Felidae 5 1.8 Suidae 5
v1.c2.4
2. ARCHAEOBOTANY 6
v1.c2.5
2.1 Pollens 6 2.2 Cereals 6 2.3 Fibre Plants 7 2.4 Fruits, Nuts, etc. 7 2.5 Legumes (Pulses) 7 2.6 Oilseeds 8 2.7 Weeds and Forage Plants 8 2.8 Miscellaneous 8 2.9 Wood Remains 8
v1.c2.6
3. COINS, SEALS AND SEALINGS 10
v1.c2.7
3.1 Coins 10 3.2 Seals and Sealings 14
v1.c2.8
4. CULTURES 16
v1.c2.9
4.1 General Observations 16 4.2 Lower Palaeolithic 18 4.3 Middle Palaeolithic 26 4.4 Upper Palaeolithic 32 4.5 Mesolithic 37 4.6 Neolithic 43 4.7 Copper/Bronze Age 69 4.8 Pre-Harappa 75 4.9 Harappa 79 4.10 Late Harappa 89 4.11 Copper Hoard 91 4.12 Ochre-coloured Ware (OCW) 93 4.13 Black-and-red Ware—Upper Ganga Valley 94 4.14 Chalcolithic 95 4.15 Painted Grey Ware (PGW) 107 4.16 Iron Age 108 4.17 Megalithic 110 4.18 Early Historical 130 4.19 Late Historical 151
v1.c2.10
5. DATING, BASIS OF 164
v1.c2.11
5.1 Archaeological 164 5.2 Archaeomagnetic 168 5.3 Carbon-14, 14C, Radiocarbon 169 5.4 Numismatic 171 5.5 Palaeographic and Epigraphic 172 5.6 Thermoluminescent 174
v1.c2.12
6. DOMESTIC AND MISCELLANEOUS OBJECTS 176
v1.c2.13
6.1 Awls 176 6.2 Axes and Adzes (Metallic) 176 6.3 Bells 177 6.4 Bullae 177 6.5 Chisels 178 6.6 Fish-hooks 178 6.7 Games and Amusement 178 6.8 Hammers 181 6.9 Hoes 181 6.10 Knives 181 6.11 Lamps 181 6.12 Locks and Keys 182 6.13 Masks 182 6.14 Nails 183 6.15 Needles 183 6.16 Net-sinkers 183 6.17 Ovens 183 6.18 Ploughshares 184 6.19 Querns, Mullers, Pestles, Mortars 184 6.20 Razors 186 6.21 Saws 186 6.22 Sickles 187 6.23 Sling-balls 187 6.24 Spades 187 6.25 Spindle-whorls 187 6.26 Technical 187
v1.c2.14
| 6.27 Terracotta Cakes | 187 | 11.14 | Painted Grey Ware (PGW) | 241 |
| 6.28 Vessels. Special | 188 | 11.15 | Megalithic | 243 |
| 6.29 Weights and Measures | 190 | 11.16 | Northern Black Polished Ware | |
| | | | (NBPW) and Associated Wares | 251 |
| ## 7. ENVIRONMENTAL ARCHAEOLOGY | **192** | 11.17 | Vesiculated Ware | 257 |
| 7.1 Geochronology | 192 | 11.18 | Megarian Ware | 257 |
| 7.2 Neutron Activation Analysis | 192 | 11.19 | Amphorae | 257 |
| 7.3 Palaeoclimate | 193 | 11.20 | Arretine Ware | 258 |
| 7.4 Palynology | 193 | 11.21 | Rouletted Ware | 258 |
| | | 11.22 | Russet-Coated Painted Ware | 258 |
| ## 8. FOREIGN OBJECTS | **195** | 11.23 | Red Polished Ware | 259 |
| 8.1 Terracotta Objects | 195 | 11.24 | Rang Mahal Ware | 260 |
| 8.2 Glass Objects | 195 | 11.25 | Celadon Ware | 260 |
| 8.3 Metal Objects | 195 | 11.26 | Glazed Ware | 260 |
| 8.4 Seals. Sealings and Intaglios | 196 | ## 12. RITUAL AND CULT OBJECTS | **261** |
| 8.5 Coins | 196 | 12.1 | Amulets | 261 |
| | | 12.2 | Censers | 261 |
| ## 9. GEOPHYSICAL CO-ORDINATES | **197** | 12.3 | Cult Objects | 262 |
| 9.1 Black Cotton Soil | 197 | 12.4 | Disposal of the Dead | 265 |
| 9.2 Deserts | 197 | 12.5 | Head-rests | 267 |
| 9.3 Earthquakes | 201 | 12.6 | Mother Goddess | 267 |
| 9.4 Floods | 202 | 12.7 | Pillars (Memorial) and Sati Stones | 269 |
| 9.5 Fossil Sand-dunes | 203 | 12.8 | Relics and Relic Caskets | 270 |
| 9.6 Laterites | 204 | 12.9 | Sarcophagi | 275 |
| 9.7 Miliolites | 204 | 12.10 | Sex Symbols | 276 |
| 9.8 Quaternary Age | 205 | 12.11 | Votive Tanks | 277 |
| 9.9 River Terraces | 212 | | | |
| 9.10 River Valleys and Changes in | | ## 13. ROCK ART | **279** |
| River Courses | 213 | 13.1 | Distribution | 279 |
| 9.11 Sea Level | 215 | 13.2 | Location | 281 |
| | | 13.3 | Superimposition | 281 |
| ## 10. ORNAMENTS, GEMS, ETC. | **216** | 13.4 | State of Preservation | 281 |
| 10.1 Beads | 216 | 13.5 | Colour and Style | 281 |
| 10.2 Gems, Inlays and Intaglios | 222 | 13.6 | Relative Chronology | 282 |
| 10.3 Other Ornaments | 223 | 13.7 | Contents | 282 |
| | | 13.8 | Other Forms | 283 |
| ## 11. POTTERY | **225** | 13.9 | Motive Behind Rock Art | 283 |
| 11.1 Neolithic | 225 | 13.10 | Dating | 283 |
| 11.2 Pre-Harappa | 228 | 13.11 | Significance | 284 |
| 11.3 Harappa | 230 | ## 14. SETTLEMENTS | **285** |
| 11.4 Late Harappa | 233 | 14.1 | Ecology and Pattern | 285 |
| 11.5 Ochre-coloured Ware (OCW) | 234 | 14.2 | Amphitheatres | 292 |
| 11.6 Black-and-Red Ware | | 14.3 | Ash Mounds | 292 |
| (Non-Megalithic) | 234 | 14.4 | Asura Sites | 293 |
| 11.7 Kayatha Ware | 238 | 14.5 | Baths and Privies | 293 |
| 11.8 Prabhas Ware | 238 | 14.6 | Building Materials | 294 |
| 11.9 Lustrous Red Ware | 238 | 14.7 | Canals and Channels | 296 |
| 11.10 Malwa Ware | 239 | 14.8 | Docks and Wharfs | 297 |
| 11.11 Jorwe Ware | 239 | 14.9 | Fortifications and Moats | 297 |
| 11.12 Savalda Ware | 240 | 14.10 | Ghats | 298 |
| 11.13 Black-slipped Ware | 240 | | | |
v1.c2.15
| 14. 11 Kitchen Middens (Shell Mounds) | 298 | 16. 17 Transport | 335 |
| 14. 12 Monastic Establishments | 299 | 16. 18 Whetstones | 337 |
| 14. 13 Pit-dwellings | 301 | | |
| 14. 14 Water Reservoirs | 302 | 17. TERRACOTTA FIGURINES | **338** |
| 14. 15 Wells and Ring-wells | 303 | | |
| | | 17.1 Animal | 338 |
| 15. SKELETAL REMAINS | **307** | 17.2 Human | 339 |
| | | | |
| 15.1 Animal | 307 | 18. TOILET OBJECTS | **342** |
| 15.2 Human | 316 | | |
| | | 18.1 Antimony Rods | 342 |
| 16. TECHNOLOGY | **319** | 18.2 Caskets | 342 |
| | | 18.3 Combs | 343 |
| 16.1 Agriculture and Irrigation | 319 | 18.4 Flesh-rubbers | 346 |
| 16.2 Burnishers | 320 | 18.5 Mirrors | 347 |
| 16.3 Coins | 320 | | |
| 16.4 Crucibles | 320 | 19. WEAPONS | **350** |
| 16.5 Dies | 321 | | |
| 16.6 Faience | 321 | 19.1 Harappa | 350 |
| 16.7 Furnaces | 321 | 19.2 Copper Hoards | 350 |
| 16.8 Glass | 322 | 19.3 Later Periods | 352 |
| 16.9 Metal | 324 | | |
| 16. 10 Moulds | 329 | 20. WRITING | **359** |
| 16. 11 Potters' Dabbers | 329 | | |
| 16. 12 Pottery Kilns | 329 | 20.1 Graffiti on Pottery | 359 |
| 16. 13 Spindle Whorls | 331 | 20.2 Ink-pots | 359 |
| 16. 14 Steatite | 331 | 20.3 Materials | 360 |
| 16. 15 Stone Tools | 331 | 20.4 Scripts | 361 |
| 16. 16 Textiles | 334 | | |
| | | Index | **371** |