An Encyclopaedia of Indian Archaeology v1.c26.220

Language: English

v1.c26.220.1

Cheramanangad, hood stones from, 130; umbrella stones at, 130 Chettipatti, Jaina centres at, 301 Chevayur, sarcophagus at, 275 Chhindwara (Dt), 121 Chiadah (Dt Purulia), tools from, 56; vase, bowl, etc. at, 237 Chick pea *see Cicer arientium* Chikalda, 53 Chikalia, implements at, 23 Chikanhalli, 126; megalithic burial sites at, 124 Childe, V.G., 16, 88, 112, 115, 167, 185, 319 Chilka (Orissa), 211 *Chilotherium intermedium*, 307 China, 2, 8, 160, 260, 278, 312, 358; archaeological complexes of, 58; caltrops from, 358; Chekiang Province of, 260; cord-marked pottery in, 226; north, 3; south, 6, 59 Chinese Celadon Ware, 162 Chinese coins, 196 Chinese Turkistan, 353; Kharosthi use of, 369 Chingleput (Tamil Nadu), 25, 26; dolmenoid cists in, 112; shell objects at, 111 Chini Kanji Da Ther, sherds at, 91 Chirand, 56, 99, 110, 133, 189; antimony rod at, 342; bangles from, 224; beads from, 99, 216, 331; *bhupura* from, 263; black-and-red ware at, 94, 235, 236, 237; Black-slipped Ware at, 240; bone and ivory styli from, 370; bone arrowheads at, 137; bone awls at, 176; bone tools at, 56; bowl and dish from, 237; burnt-brick structures at, 142; ¹⁴C-dated Neolithic sites of, 170; ¹⁴C dates available from, 57; cast copper coins at, 171; celts from, 99; ceramic assemblages of, 98; chalcolithic culture at, 139; copper kohl sticks at, 342; cultivation of rice at, 47; dice from, 178, 179; discs at, 179, 190; ear ornaments of bone from, 223; female figurines, 267, 339;

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figurines of humped bull and *nāga* (snake) at, 338; flesh-rubbers at, 346, 347; hoes at, 181; *Hordeum vulgare* (barley) from, 6; human figurines at, 340; *Lathyrus sativus* (*kesari*, *mattari*) from, 8; *Lens culinaris* (lentil, *masur*) from, 8; needles at, 183; Neolithic culture at, 142; NBPW at, 140; occurrence of barley, wheat, etc., at, 47; *Oryza* (rice) at, 6; ovens at, 183; *Pisum arvense* at, 8; pit-burials at, 99; pottery at, 225, 246, 320; settlement at, 289, 290; sherds at, 237; sling-ball of, 187; socketed arrowheads from, 99; spindle-whorls from, 187; spouted *kamaṇḍalu* from, 265; stems of dishes-on-stand from, 99; terracotta marks (*pratīśirṣa*) from, 141, 182; terracotta gamesmen from, 179; toy-balance of terracotta at, 190; *Triticum* (wheat) at, 7; vessels from, 189, 236; votive tanks at, 277, 278 Chirki, chert handaxe from, 21; factory site from, 22 Chirki-Nevasa, Acheulian industry at, 25;

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stratigraphical evidence at, 192 Chirugada (Dt Midnapur), Neolithic sites at, 56 Chiruti, ruins of capital city at, 157 chisel(s), 35, 46, 51, 52, 56, 57, 58, 61, 63, 66, 68, 78, 85, 90, 101, 102, 107, 110, 121, 125, 136, 140, 142, 150, 153, 171, 178, 324 *Cital*, 282 Chitra Abri, chipped and ground stone tools from, 58 Chitradurga (Dt), magalithic burial sites in, 124 Chitrakut, Neolithic remains at, 54 Chitramerur, Vairamega *taṭāka* at, 303 Chittagong, early farming communities in, 44 Chittaur, Acheulian tools at, 285 Chittaurgarh, Acheulian tradition from, 24 Chittoor (Andhra Pradesh), 25, 28; Mesolithic awls from, 176 Chokahatu (Dt Ranchi), tombs at, 120 Choli, 27; chert-bearing rocks at, 286 chopper(s), 41, 42, 200, 201, 212, 334 chopper and chopping tools (Sohan type), 19, 25, 26, 212; *see also* Sohan industry chopping tools, 66, 200, 331 Chosla, PGW at, 241 Chota Nagpur, 18, 89, 120; Asura sites in, 172; menhirs in, 115; plateau, 44; region, 17, 48 Chota Nagpur region (Dt Mirzapur), Mesolithic factory site located in, 46;

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Neolithic culture of, 46 chrono-cultural periodization, 56 chrono-stratigraphic evidence, 192 chronology, 48, 57, 78, 111-12, 118, 124, 133, 136, 202, 208, 246, 254, 281, 307, 309 Churangarh, fortification walls at, 152 *Cicer arientinum* (chick pea, *chana*), 7, 105 *Cinnamomum tamala* Nees (*dalchini*), 8 CIRCUS reactor, 192 cist or slabbed cist, 112, 115, 116, 119, 123, 124, 125, 126, 127, 128, 129, 130 cist burial, 115, 116, 122, 125 cist circle, 119 cisterns, 162 citadel, 79, 80, 81, 82, 85, 86, 162, 297, 298, 303 Citrullus lanatus (melon), 7 *Citrullus* Sp., 7 *Citrus* Sp., (lemon), 7 Clactonian/Block-on-block technique, 25, 30, 331-32 clamps, 136 Clason, A.T., 1, 2 clay figurine(s), 347; cattle and human beings, 76 cleaver(s), 198, 200, 212, 285, 309, 332 cleaver-dominated culture, 20 Clutton-Brock, J., 4, 315 coarse grit-tempered red ware, 46, 60, 125 Cochin, tridents at, 111; Russet-coated Painted Ware from, 111 Cochin-China, 368 *Cocus nucifera* L. (coconut palm), 7 Coimbatore, megaliths at, 111; Neolithic tools at, 68 Coimbatore (Dt), Black-and-red Ware in, 248; silver coins of Augustus, in, 112; slab cist in, 127 Coimbatore-Madurai area, Russet-coated Painted Ware in, 258, 259 coins, 4, 10, 14, 133, 151, 162, 163, 177, 293, 328, 337, 369; Acyu, 172; Alexander, 10, 255; Arab, 196; Augustus, 112, 178; Ayodhyā, 173; Bṛhaspatimitra II, 173; Bull/Horseman type, 12, 14, 153; cast, 10-11, 146; Ceylonese, 196; Chālukyas of Bādāmi, 13; Chālukyas of Vengi, 13;

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Chandragupta, 156; Chinese, 196; Cola, 196, 260, 297; conventionalized lion device, 13; Deccan and South India, 12-13; Delhi, 12; Die-struck, 11-12, 13; Double-die, 11; early Caliphate dynasty, 196; Eran, 112; Foreign, 196; Gadhaiya, 12, 14, 155, 335; Govindacandra, 172; Gupta period, 12, 14, 171; Indo-Greek, 138, 171; Indo-Parthian, 171; Indo-Sassanian, 14, 154, 171; Kalachūri kings, 145, 161; Kangra, 12; Kṣatrapa, 146, 172, 196, 297; Kushan, 12, 142, 168, 171, 172, 196, 293; late Sātavāhana period, 173; Maitrakas of Valabhī, 172; manufacture, 10; manufacturing technology, 320; Mitra and Janapada, 138; Mughal, 171; Muslim, 146; Narwar, 12; Negama (Taxila), 11; North India, 12, Pala, 156; Pāṇḍya, 196; Parthian, 11, Persian and Greek, 196; Philip Ariddaus, 10; punch-marked, 7, 10, 11, 13, 112, 132, 138, 143, 144, 145, 146, 147, 149, 151, 157, 251, 271, 335; Punjab, 12; Puri-Kushan, 168; Rajput, 171; Roman, 132, 145, 149, 151, 162, 168, 172, 196, 297; Sakas, 11; Satakarni, 172; Sātavāhana, 132, 145, 149, 171, 259; seated-goddess type, 12, 14; Śeṣadatta, 174; Sinhalese, 196; Sultanate, 171; technique of casting, 11; tenon-and-mortise device, 11; Tiberius, 178; Tripuri-Janapada, 145; Ujjain, 277; Vāsudeva, 13; Viṣṇukuṇḍin, 161; weight standard, 13-14; Western Gangas, 13; Western Kṣatrapas, 12, 13, 146; *see also numismatics* coins (bronze), 263 coins (copper), 11, 13, 112, 128, 173; cast, 140, 143, 171; punch-marked, 140, 145, 150, 171; Puri-Kushan, 161 coins (gold), 12, 13, 172;

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Diodotus, 10; Gupta, 156, 326, 327; Roman, 149, 150 coins (silver), 13, 275; punch-marked, 140, 149, 150, 171, 327; Roman, 150; Sassanian, 145 Cola coins, 196, 297, 367 Colbert, E.H., 308 Cole Park (Tezpur), architectural relics at, 158 comb(s), 95, 100, 141, 147, 154, 343-46, 354 common pea, 104, 105, 122 conch-shell, 360 conoid, 125 Coorg (Dt), megalithic burial site in, 124; pottery vessels in, 126 copper, 107, celts of, 74; coin, 11, 13, 112, 128, 140, 143, 145, 150, 161, 171, 173; hilt, 121; objects, 109, 121, 138, 139, 140; pins, 76, 90; smelting, 322; tin alabaster, 69; tools, 91, 102, 104; use of, 46, 75 Copper Age culture, 95 Copper-Bronze Age, beads, 216; culture, 18 copper bronze technology, 324-25 Copper Hoard, 167, 176, 177, 231, 324, 327, 328; Ganga Valley, 289 Copper Hoard culture, 74, 195, 201, 231, 327, 328, 350, 352, 354; artefacts, of, 178, 325, 352; objects, 42, 166; technology, 324, 325 copper-plates, 152, 163, 172, 360; grants, 159; inscription, 173, 174 copper punch-marked coin, 171, 271 Coromandel coast, perforated Chinese coins along, 196 cord-marked pottery, 59, 226, 227 cores, 59, 106, 285, 333;

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microlithic 161 cotton, cultivation of, 85 cranial remains, 116 cream-slipped bichrome ware, 90 cream-slipped ware, 97, 102, 106 crescents, 66, 142 *Crocodylus*, fossils of, 309 *Crocodylus biporcatus*, 307 *Crocodylus palaeindicus*, 307, 308 cromlech, 116, 118, 120 cross-cultural dating method, 59 *Crotalaria juncea* (san), 7 crucible(s), 137, 320-21 cruciform monoliths, 123 Cuddapah, 25 *Cullavagga*, 182 cult objects, 262-65 Cunningham, A., 79, 354, 366 *Cuon alpinus* (Indian wild dog), 4 cup-on-stand, 88, 125 *Cupressus torulosa* D. Don (devidiar), 8 Curlius, Quinties, 360; accounts of, 325 Cuttack, Barabati fort at, 161