[Pramāṇa](https://indike.org/pramana/) › [Studies](https://indike.org/pramana/ins) › [Reference works](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference) › [An Encyclopaedia of Indian Archaeology](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989) › v1.c26 # An Encyclopaedia of Indian Archaeology v1.c26: Index An Encyclopaedia of Indian Archaeology v1.c26 - **Language:** English ## Contents - [v1.c26.70](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v1.c26.70) — 4 parts - [v1.c26.132](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v1.c26.132) — 5 parts - [v1.c26.218](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v1.c26.218) — 4 parts - [v1.c26.220](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v1.c26.220) — 7 parts - [v1.c26.233](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v1.c26.233) — 5 parts - [v1.c26.236](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v1.c26.236) — 3 parts - [v1.c26.247](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v1.c26.247) — 4 parts - [v1.c26.248](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v1.c26.248) — 5 parts - [v1.c26.249](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v1.c26.249) — 4 parts - [v1.c26.252](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v1.c26.252) — 6 parts - [v1.c26.339](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v1.c26.339) — 5 parts - [v1.c26.340](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v1.c26.340) — 4 parts - [v1.c26.343](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v1.c26.343) — 6 parts - [v1.c26.382](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v1.c26.382) — 6 parts - [v1.c26.384](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v1.c26.384) — 4 parts - [v1.c26.447](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v1.c26.447) — 5 parts - [v1.c26.450](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v1.c26.450) — 6 parts - [v1.c26.452](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v1.c26.452) — 4 parts - [v1.c26.517](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v1.c26.517) — 6 parts - [v1.c26.522](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v1.c26.522) — 3 parts ### Index ### [v1.c26.1](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v1.c26.1) Abbevillian, 20, 22, 24; feeble element of, 20; hand-axe, pebble tools, massive flakes in, 23 Abbevillio-Acheulian culture, axes and cleavers (Madras type) at, 165; industries in, 24; subdivisions of, 21 Abbevillio-Acheulian tradition, hand-axes of, 23 Abyssinia, 7 \*Acacia nilotica\* (L.) Del (\*babul\*), 8 \*Acacia\* sp. (\*babul\*), 8 \*Acacia\* spp. (\*Lequiminosae: Mimosodae\*), 47 Acheulian, 24, 26, 27, 31, 39, 165; artefacts, 26; assemblage, 25; culture, 208; facies, 24, 25; habitation, 26; implements, 22, 23, 24, 25, 32; industry, 20, 24, 25, 199; man, 285; period, 285; phase, 22; remains, 23; sites, 200, 285; stages (Early, Late, Middle), 20; times, 200, 281, 286; tools, 24, 30, 199, 200, 215, 285; tradition, 23, 24, 25, 26, 31 Achutrajapuram (Orissa), bronze \*ghanta\* and \*pūrna-ghata\* at, 265 acrophony, 364 Acyu, coins of, 172 Adamgarh, 20, 24, 30, 281; animal remains from, 37; archaeozoological remains at, 1; bones of domestic animals at, 47; bones of domestic pig at, 5; \*Bos namadicus\*, at, 2; ¹⁴C date from, 192; ¹⁴C dated time-spreads of, 170; cattle and dog domestication at, 41; dating, 170; domestic buffalo remains from, 2; domestication of animals at, 314; faunal assemblages from, 314; faunal evidence from, 40, 314; hunting and gathering with stock-breeding at, 41; industries at, 24; Mesolithic awls from, 176; Mesolithic deposits at, 39; Mesolithic levels of, 4; Mesolithic site, 37, 41; microlithic industry at, 47; Neolithic awls at, 176; rock-shelters at, 20, 21, 22, 39, 40, 279, 281, 284, 286, 287; settlers taking to animal husbandry at, 287; skeletal remains of animals at, 314; skeletal remains of domestic dogs (Mesolithic level) from, 4; tool assemblage from, 30 Adichanallur, bridle-bits at, 336; bronze diadems at, 223; celts from 111; dagger at, 356; double-edged sword at, 357; gold diadems at, 223, 327; handled vessels at, 189; hoard of iron swords at, 357; iron arrowheads grouping of, 353; iron axes from, 177; iron sickles at, 187; knives at, 356; knobbed and animal-topped lid-finial from, 249; Megalithic chisels of iron from, 178; Megalithic skull from, 116, 317, 318; moulded plaques at, 347; non-lithic urn burials at, 114; non-Mongoloid brachycephalic race from, 318; pottery at, 249; spearheads from, 357; urn burial objects at, 328 \*Adina cordifolia\* Hook f. (\*haldu\*), 8 Adis of Nefa, 358 adzes (metallic), 45, 56, 57, 58, 59, 63, 66, 68, 76, 121, 136, 176-77, 299, 334 adze hammer, 181 adze wedges, 46 Aegean Megarian Ware, 257 Aegean Sea region, gems in, 222 Afghanistan, 1, 3, 7, 70, 85, 189, 220, 260, 327; import from, 88; silver ores from, 327 Africa, 1, 6, 7, 8, 19, 21, 47, 164, 192, 193, 204, 212, 267, 310, 311, 312, 313, 331; cereal originated in, 6; east, 1; indurated laterite in, 204; north, 1 ### [v1.c26.2](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v1.c26.2) Agarias, 325 agglutinative language, 362 Agra, 290 Agrawal, D.P., 71, 72, 78, 94, 199, 256, 278, 328, 251, 352 Agrawal, D.P., and Kusumgar, S., 86 Agrawal, R.C., Nath, S. and Gupta, S.P., 252 Agrawal, V.S., 278, 339 agricultural economy, 43, 47 agricultural implements, 92, 127, 319 agricultural products, evidence of, 319-20 agriculture and irrigation, 319-20 Agroha, archaeological data from, 151; burnt-birch manuscript from, 153; model of a temple from, 153; small shrine at, 153; terracotta tablet from, 153 Ahar, Chalcolithic \*Oryza\* (rice) from, 6; oblong chambers at, 153 Ahar² 5, 7, 328; absence of blade tools at, 165; Banas culture at, 96; Banas culture animal figurines at, 338; Banas culture stylized bull figurines at, 338; Banas culture ware at, 250; beaded rim in some vessels at, 94; black-and-red ware at, 102, 234, 235; blade and microlithic tools at, 96; ¹⁴C dates from, 97; Chalcolithic assemblages of, 99; Chalcolithic beads at, 331; Chalcolithic copper slags from, 328; Chalcolithic culture at, 95, 110; Chalcolithic \*Pennisetum typhoideum\* (pearl millet, \*bajra\*), 6; Chalcolithic \*Sorghum\* (\*jowar\*), 7; circular pit at, 96; copper objects with slag at, 321; cream-slipped ware at, 97; crucibles from, 320; evidence of iron at, 110; evidence of tiles from, 296; excavated sites of, 290; faience objects at 321; flesh-rubbers at, 346, 347; hearth at, 97, 183; horse figurines from, 338; inscription in Brāhmī from, 138; Jorwe Ware at, 239; knife from, 181; knife made out of a rib-bone from, 355; lamps on rims at, 277; large residential units at, 97; lead alloying used in, 352; metal objects from, 96; perforated globular vessels at, 189; pig bones at, 5; Red Polished Ware sprinkler at, 189; shell bangles at, 224; spindle-whorls from, 187; spouts from, 188; tan ware at, 97; tanks with circular type at, 278; votive tank at, 277, 278; wheeled cart from, 97; white-painted black-and-red ware at, 90, 95, 103, 107, 231, 234 Ahicchatrā, 108, 131, 133; amulet showing a pregnant woman from, 261; animal terracotta figurines at, 136, 339; antimony rod at, 342; archaeological data from, 152; bead-making centres at, 217; beads at, 217, 218, 219, 220; beads, pendants and bangles from, 136; birds on rim at, 277; black-and-red ware at, 235; black-slipped ware at, 240; burnt-brick wall at, 134; cast copper coins at, 171; censers with handles from, 262; channel-spouted basins at, 188; clay figurines at, 341; coins of Acyu at, 172; copper kohl sticks at, 342; dates of, 256; drummers or musician at, 278; early historical perforated globular vessels at, 189; evidence of glass beads from 219; female figurines from 136; flesh-rubbers at, 346; fortification at, 134, 152; goldsmith's mould from, 153; handled vessels from, 189; horse and elephant figurines at, 339; human figurines at, 135, 340, 341; ink-pot type of lid at, 359; iron-bearing levels at, 109; jack-fruit-shaped jar from, 152; lamps on rims at, 277; \*lotā\*-shaped vase and spouted vessels at, 241; Mahisamardani plaques from, 263; male figure plaques at, 340; moats at, 298; mother goddess terracotta figurines at, 268, 278; \*Naigameśa\* figurines from, 136; NBPW'at, 253, 256; NBPW ¹⁴C dates from, 256; numismatic evidence from, 133, OCW at, 241; ovens at, 184; PGW at, 241; PGW levels cart wheel at, 337; perforated vessels at, 188; plaques and skin-rubbers with animal motifs at, 339; plaques at, 268; pottery and coin types of, 168; remains of Buddhist shrines at, 152; \*satī\* stones at, 270; serpentine beads from, 220; settlement studies, 289; stratified eye-bead from, 195; terraced Brahmanical temples at, 152; thermoluminescence dates of PGW, 175; V-shaped perforations on beads at, 218; votive tanks at, 136, 277, 278 ### [v1.c26.3](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v1.c26.3) Aihole, anthropomorphic figure at, 126; Jaina temples at, 301; nude goddess images at, 269 ### [v1.c26.4](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v1.c26.4) Aiyappan, A., 114 ### [v1.c26.5](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v1.c26.5) Ajabpura, centres of trade at, 139 ### [v1.c26.6](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v1.c26.6) Ajanta, plaster samples from, 295; rock-cut \*caityagṛhas\* at, 299 ### [v1.c26.7](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v1.c26.7) Ajay-Kunnur-Damodar zone, black-and-red ware, microliths and Neolithic celts in, 101 ### [v1.c26.8](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v1.c26.8) Ajay-Kunnur-Damodar-Khari, sites in, 100 ### [v1.c26.9](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v1.c26.9) Ajay river, 99 ### [v1.c26.10](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v1.c26.10) Ajay valley, 110 ### [v1.c26.11](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v1.c26.11) Ajmer, 241, 286 ### [v1.c26.12](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v1.c26.12) Akhnur, 52, 91 ### [v1.c26.13](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v1.c26.13) Akkad, 166; docks of, 69 ### [v1.c26.14](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v1.c26.14) Akkadian and Ugaritic cuneiform writing, 364 ### [v1.c26.15](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v1.c26.15) Akota, 138; bronze jug handle at, 196; Jaina centre at, 301; piece of cotton from, 335 ### [v1.c26.16](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v1.c26.16) Al-Bīrūnī, 360, 367 ### [v1.c26.17](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v1.c26.17) Al-\`Ubaid (Iraq), net-sinkers from, 183 ### [v1.c26.18](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v1.c26.18) Alagarai, black-and-red ware at, 129; early historical culture at, 150; inscribed potsherds at, 151; Russet-coated Painted Ware at, 258, 259 ### [v1.c26.19](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v1.c26.19) Alamgirpur, 79, 84, 289; black-and-red ware at, 235; Black-slipped Ware at, 240; bone and ivory dice from, 178, cart frames at, 180, 335; excavations at, 91; Harappa culture at, 241; Harappa beads at, 331; Harappa levels channel-spouted bowls from, 188; Harappa levels faience objects from, 321; Harappa levels textile impressions from, 335; inscribed objects at, 361; iron-bearing levels at, 109; late Harappa ware with OCW influence at, 94; oblong die in bone from, 108; PGW at, 133, 241; PGW level ivory figurines at, 268; PGW levels spindle-whorls at, 187; painted motifs on Harappa Ware at, 231; pottery at, 231; ram and bull figurines at, 338; wheeled toys at, 180, 336 ### [v1.c26.20](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v1.c26.20) Alampur, nude goddess images at, 269 ### [v1.c26.21](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v1.c26.21) Alaska, 312 ### [v1.c26.22](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v1.c26.22) \*Albizzia\* Sp. (\*Kokko\*, \*siris\*), 8 ### [v1.c26.23](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v1.c26.23) Alekseev, G.V., 364 ### [v1.c26.24](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v1.c26.24) Alexandria, manufacture of Megarian bowls popularised in, 257 ### [v1.c26.25](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v1.c26.25) alignments, 123, 125, 130, 151 ### [v1.c26.26](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v1.c26.26) all-black ware, 125, 126 ### [v1.c26.27](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v1.c26.27) Alladino, 79; wells at, 304 ### [v1.c26.28](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v1.c26.28) Allahabad, 30 ### [v1.c26.29](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v1.c26.29) Allahapur, black-and-red ware at, 235; Black-slipped Ware at, 240; disc at, 190; early historical remains at, 133; familiarity with deer at, 109; historical period bone awls from, 176; PGW at, 241; PGW levels ovens at, 184; perforated vessels at, 188, 189; specimens of hopscotches at, 179; vessels with simple incised decorations at, 241 ### [v1.c26.30](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v1.c26.30) Allah Bund, 89 ### [v1.c26.31](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v1.c26.31) Allchin, B., 17, 115, 198 ### [v1.c26.32](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v1.c26.32) Allchin \*et al.\*, 200, 201 ### [v1.c26.33](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v1.c26.33) Allchin, F.R., 56, 283, 292, 333 ### [v1.c26.34](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v1.c26.34) Alluru, sculpture, inscribed slabs, etc., at, 162 ### [v1.c26.35](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v1.c26.35) Almora (Dt), tin-bearing localities in, 328 ### [v1.c26.36](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v1.c26.36) Alpine glacial cycle, Kashmir, 164 ### [v1.c26.37](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v1.c26.37) altar, 125, 126, 264 ### [v1.c26.38](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v1.c26.38) Altekar, A.S., 271 ### [v1.c26.39](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v1.c26.39) Altin-Depe, bronze/copper mirror at, 347; seal at, 85 ### [v1.c26.40](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v1.c26.40) Alur, K.R., 2, 47 ### [v1.c26.41](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v1.c26.41) Alwar, 118 ### [v1.c26.42](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v1.c26.42) Amakheda, 53 ### [v1.c26.43](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v1.c26.43) \*Amaranths\*, \*see\* \*Chenopod-Amaranths\* ### [v1.c26.44](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v1.c26.44) Amarāvatī, 132, 299; Buddhist settlements and \*stūpas\* at, 291; Buddhist sites at, 149; cairn circles around, 123; cart models at, 336; Celadon Ware at, 260; copper-plates, coins, etc. at, 163; \*Mahācaitya\* at, 173; masons' marks at, 294, 295; NBPW at, 252, 256; NBPW ¹⁴C dates available from, 256; railed \*stūpas\* at, 299; relic casket at, 271; Roman glass and gold coin at, 149; Rouletted Ware at, 149, 258; sculptures, inscribed slabs, etc., at, 162, \*stūpas\* at, 291, 299, 300; Tantric icons at, 163; Tantric sects at, 163; urn burials at, 122; weighing rods at, 190 ### [v1.c26.45](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v1.c26.45) Amaravati (Dt), 121 ### [v1.c26.46](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v1.c26.46) Ambari, Celadon Ware at, 260; \*Oryza\* (rice) at, 6; pottery at, 159; terracotta boat, 337; tiles at, 296; Ware at, 157 ### [v1.c26.47](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v1.c26.47) Ambejogai (Manjra), 28 ### [v1.c26.48](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v1.c26.48) Ambkheri, 91; animal figurines at, 338; bull-headed toy carts at, 338; cart frames at, 180; Chalcolithic settlements at, 95; dishes-on-stand and medium-sized vases from, 93; OCW at, 93; OCW with Harappa influence at, 94; oval cakes from, 188; PGW levels ovens at, 184 ### [v1.c26.49](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v1.c26.49) America, 3; indurated laterite in, 204; north, 312 ### [v1.c26.50](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v1.c26.50) Amirthamangalam, 26; pottery and iron objects at, 129; urn fields at, 127 ### [v1.c26.51](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v1.c26.51) amphitheatres, 162, 292 ### [v1.c26.52](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v1.c26.52) amphorae, 132, 145, 148, 149, 150, 162, 163, 257-58, 259, 297 ### [v1.c26.53](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v1.c26.53) Amra, settlement at, 290; transformation of Harappa culture at, 90 ### [v1.c26.54](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v1.c26.54) Amreli, bird-shaped rattles from, 180; cairn burials at, 115; cart tracts at, 336; disc at, 179; nude goddess at, 269; Red Polished Ware at, 259; spouts from, 188; sprinklers from, 189; trade-centres at, 130 ### [v1.c26.55](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v1.c26.55) Amrī (Sind), 76, 77, 79, 88; early levels of, 72; humped bull painted motifs in, 232, mature Harappa relics at, 70; pottery at, 77, 232, 359; pre-Harappa culture uncalibrated dates from, 78; pre-Harappa designs on pottery at, 78 ### [v1.c26.56](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v1.c26.56) amulet(s), 14, 141, 147, 195, 216, 217, 219, 221, 223, 224, 261, 268, 277, 339; plaques, 331 ### [v1.c26.57](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v1.c26.57) Anagwadī, factory site at, 22; tools from, 31 ### [v1.c26.58](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v1.c26.58) Anatolia, 8 ### [v1.c26.59](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v1.c26.59) Anau, seals at, 167 ### [v1.c26.60](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v1.c26.60) Andaman Islands (the), 5; kitchen middens or deposits over, 298; \*Susscrofa andamanensis\* in, 5 ### [v1.c26.61](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v1.c26.61) Andhau (Dt Kutch), \*Chāyā-stambhas\* from, 269 ### [v1.c26.62](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v1.c26.62) Andhra Pradesh, 13, 19, 21, 25, 26, 27, 31, 32, 33, 211, 216, 220, 227, 252, 291, 294, 324, 367; arid zone of, 197; ash-mound localities in, 292; bone tools in, 332; chalice in, 111; concentration of magaliths in, 110; Copper Hoards from, 92; goddess of \*Lāja-Gaurī\* from, 277; headless nude goddess in, 341; kaolin female figurines of, 267; mortars used in, 186; Russet-coated Painted Ware in, 258 ### [v1.c26.63](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v1.c26.63) Andhra culture, 126, 165, 248; bronze bell of, 177; iron saws in, 186; iron sickles in, 187 ### [v1.c26.64](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v1.c26.64) Andhra Ware, 259 ### [v1.c26.65](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v1.c26.65) Andola, Megalithic burial sites at, 124; multiple primary burial at, 126 ### [v1.c26.66](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v1.c26.66) Andronovo culture, Bronze Age mirror in, 347 ### [v1.c26.67](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v1.c26.67) Aneguttahalli, sarcophagus at, 275 ### [v1.c26.68](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v1.c26.68) Ang-Ang-Hse Culture, 52 ### [v1.c26.69](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v1.c26.69) animal bone(s), 50, 51, 61, 63, 66, 103, 106, 119, 122, 147, 183, 264, 298 ### [v1.c26.70.1](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v1.c26.70.1) animal burials(s), 49 animal figure(s), 14, 42, 171, 223, 231, 238, 257, 281, 282, 338, 361 animal figurine(s), 77, 91, 97, 100, 137, 138, 163, 182, 222, 338; terracotta, 83, 109, 339 animal fossils, 207, 212 animal remains, 37, 41, 47, 288, 307, 316 animal seal, 128 Angira, 75; designs on the pottery at, 78 anklet(s), 85, 121, 141, 153, 325 \*Anogeissus\* sp. (\*bakti\*), 8 Ansari, Z.D., 25 antennae sword, 92, 325, 351, 352 anthropomorphic figure, 92, 93, 126, 351 anthropomorphs, 325 Antichak, animal figurines at, 339; caitya-cum-monastery at, 156; daggers, swords and nails of iron at, 157; ovens at, 184; \*pūjā-vigrahas\* of Buddhists from, 263 \*Antilope\* sp., 309 \*Antilope cervicapra\* (black-buck), 311, 314 \*Antilope cervicapra\* L. (black-buck), 47, 103, 315 antimony rod(s), 51, 86, 100, 108, 109, 136, 140, 141, 147, 154, 157, 171, 327; copper, 163 antler(s), 42, 264, 287 Apara, PGW, grey ware and late Harappa sherds at, 91 Aphsad, Viṣṇu brick temple at, 156 Arab coins, 196 Arabian Sea coast, 69 Aralo-Caspian region, sheep domestication in, 3 Aramaic alphabet, 366, 369 Aravalli hills, 79 archaeological cultures, 16; account of, 17; periods in, 17-18; regions of, 16-17 archaeological dating, 164-68 archaeological evidence, 53, 139, 140, 157, 186, 201, 217, 265, 277, 289, 291, 298, 335 archaeological periods, historical, 17; prehistoric, 17; ### [v1.c26.70.2](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v1.c26.70.2) protohistoric, 17 archaeological remains, 85, 131, 144, 301 \*Archaeology in India\*, 17 archaeomagnetic dating, 168-69 archaeomagnetism, 192 archaeozoological evidence, 2 archaeozoological remains, Adamgarh, 1; Bagor, 1 'archait' tools, 281 \*Archidiskodon planifrons\*, 307 Architecture, Chalukyan style of, 301 Arcot (Dt), sarcophagi inside the cist in, 128 Ardhanāgari, 367 argali, 3 Arikamedu, amphorae at, 132, 258; Arretine Ware at 132, 258; beads at, 219; black-and-red ware at, 129; bowl and shallow dish from, 260; bracelet, beads from, 195; brick and lime-mortar structure at, 151; Celadon Ware with Cola coins at, 260; chemical examination of gems and bird from, 195; dyeing vats of brick at, 150; early historical culture at, 150; early historical \*Diospyros\* Sp. (ebony) at, 9; early historical \*Heritiera\* Sp. (sundari) at, 9; early historical Mimusops Sp. (\*malsari\*) at, 9; excavation at, 168; glass from, 219; Graeco-Roman gem from 196; hammers from pre-Arretine levels at, 181; historical settlements at, 291; Indo-Roman \*Borassus flabellifer\* (toddy palm, palmyra palm) at, 7; Indo-Roman \*Cocus nueifera\* L. (coconut palm) at, 7; net-sinkers at, 183; ring-well from, 305, 306; Roman coins from, 151; Roman lamps from 181; Roman wares at, 151; Rouletted Ware at, 131, 132; Russet-coated Painted Ware at, 259; single ring-casing at, 305; terracotta female figurines from, 151; terracotta male and female bust at, 195; toy boat at, 337; votive tanks from, 277; Ware, 111; ### [v1.c26.70.3](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v1.c26.70.3) well at, 305, 306; wires of Roman origin from, 168; wooden mallet from pre-Arretine levels of, 181 Ariyannur, umbrella stones at, 130 Arizo (Palestine), sarcophagus from, 275 armlet(s), 141, 224 armour(s), 85 arm and wrist ornament(s), 224 Arni, Megalithic Black-and-Red Ware at, 122 Arretine Ware, 132, 149, 150, 258, 259 arrowhead(s), 32, 85, 93, 98, 99, 100, 102, 104, 107, 108, 110, 136, 137, 140, 141, 142, 147, 153, 171, 223, 240, 275, 299, 324, 332, 358, 359, 370; bone, 136, 139, 246; copper, 43, 51; leaf-shaped, 77; Harappa, 349; iron, 43, 51; later periods, 352-54; Megalithic site, 353; NBPW levels, 352; Śaka-Parthian period, 353; socketed and barbed, 111; stone, 76, 77; tanged and socketed, 46 arrow(s), 40, 109, 240, 251 artefact(s), 18, 19, 22, 26, 27, 28, 30, 32, 37, 52, 57, 58, 103, 122, 167, 168, 178, 184, 192, 197, 200, 299, 302, 310, 324, 331, 333, 334, 352; borer group of, 28; Chalcolithic, 524; chrono-stratigraphic evidence of, 192; copper, 18; Copper Hoard Culture, 325, 352; Dargama, 325; hammering and sharpening, 299; Harappa, 324; iron, 144; lithic, 34; Lower Palaeolithic Garo Hills of Assam, 286; Lower Palaeolithic Western coast, 286; metallographic examination of, 325; Neolithic, 56; stone, 18, 51, 66, 320; stone Age, 212, 213, 215, 333-34 artefact-associations, evidence of, 166, 168 artefactual assemblage, techno-typological traits of, 56 \*Artemisia\*, 194 \*Arthaśāstra\*, 10, 14, 296, 302, 358 Arunachal Pradesh, 58, 59, 158; ### [v1.c26.70.4](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v1.c26.70.4) Megalithic culture in, 120 ash-mounds, 46, 65, 66, 67, 103, 292-93, 328; discoveries of, 293; stratigraphy of, 293 Asia and Africa, faunal link, 311 Aslana, Acheulian and pebble tools at, 23 Aśokan, Brāhmi, 366; edicts, 265; inscription, 291, 365 ass \*see Equus asinus\* Assam, 18, 19, 24, 37, 58, 107, 225, 301, 367; cord-marked Neolithic pottery of, 227; existence of early farming communities in, 44; faunal evidence in, 315; faunal material in, 307; historical settlements in, 290; Jainism in, 301; Megalithic culture in, 120 Assyria, wheeled vehicle at, 337 \*Aṣṭādhyāyī\*, 360 Asthana, S., 115 Astronomical Theory, 165 astronomical/historical/tree-ring method, 87 Asura sites, 120, 132, 142, 293; Chota Nagpur, 172; ¹⁴C dating of, 172 Asurdanga, 143 Asurgarh, oblong fort at, 160; settlement at, 157 Asurs, 325 \*aśvamedha\* site, early historical wood specimen at, 8, 9 Atghara, terracotta figurines, beads, etc., at, 143 \*Atharvaveda\*, 217 Athavale, R.N., 168 Atheruva, 310 Atranjikhera, 115; animal figurines at, 338, 339; archaeological data from, 152; black-and-red ware at, 74, 94, 95, 235, 241, 289; Black-slipped Ware at, 240; bone and ivory styli at, 370; cart model from, 336; ceramic assemblages of, 98; Chalcolithic pottery of, 246; cloth impressions on sherds at, 109; coin moulds from, 329; dabbers from, 329; disc at, 190; early historical gamesmen from, 179; early historical remains at, 133; early historical terracotta disc at, 179; female figurines at, 268, 340; ### [v1.c26.71](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v1.c26.71) flood evidence at, 202; handled vessels from, 189; hoes at, 181, 319; iron alongside copper at, 108; iron-bearing levels at, 190; ivory or bone combs at, 345; knives, blades, etc., from 190; late PGW and NBPW human figurines at, 340, 341; legumes from, 7, 9; \*lota\*-shaped vase and spouted vessel at, 241; microlithic cores at, 94; NBPW ¹⁴C dates available from, 256; NBPW level \*Cedrus deodara\* Loudon (\*deodar\*) at, 8; NBPW level \*Cupressus torulosa\* D Don (\*Devidiar\*) at, 8; NBPW level \*Tamarix\* sp. (\*jhau\*) at, 9; NBPW level \*Terminalia tomentosa\* W & A (laurel) at, 9; NBPW level settlement at, 289; OCW from, 91, 94; OCW cultures at, 93, 289; OCW level \*Acacia nilotica\* (L.) Del (\*babul\*) at, 8; OCW level \*Bochemeria platyphylla\* at, 7; OCW level \*Cicerarientinum\* (chick pea, \*chana\*), at, 7; OCW level \*Dalbergia sissoo\* Roxb. (\*sissoo\*) at, 8; OCW level \*Hordeum vulgare\* (barley) at, 6; OCW level \*Lathyrus sativus\* (Kesari, \*mattari\*) at, 8; OCW level \*Oryza\* (rice) at, 6; OCW level \*Shorea robusta\* Gaertn F. (\*sal\*) at, 9; OCW level material thermoluminescence dates of, 175; OCW level \*Triticum\* (wheat) at, 7; PGW culture at, 108, 241, 242, 289; PGW level axes, 177; PGW level \*Pinus roxburghii\* Sargent (\*Chir\*) at, 9; PGW level potsherds with cloth impression from, 335; PGW level terracotta gaming pieces at, 179; PGW levels oven at, 184; perforated vessels at, 188, 189; piece of copper and terracotta crucibles at, 93; pottery at, 93, 246; rice and barley at, 94; sherds from, 94, 202; sickles from, 109; \*Tectona grandis\* L.F. (teak) at, 9; toy models from, 180, 336; vessels with simple incised decorations at, 241; wheat and barley at, 109; wood remains at, 8 ### [v1.c26.72](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v1.c26.72) \*Atriplex\* see \*Chenopod-Amaranths\* ### [v1.c26.73](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v1.c26.73) Attic weight standard, 13 ### [v1.c26.74](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v1.c26.74) Attirampakkam, Acheulian tool kit from, 26; stratigraphic studies at, 208; tools found in, 22 ### [v1.c26.75](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v1.c26.75) Attock (Pakıstan), rock art sites in, 279 ### [v1.c26.76](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v1.c26.76) Attur, 68 ### [v1.c26.77](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v1.c26.77) Aurignacian industries, 37 ### [v1.c26.78](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v1.c26.78) Australia, 204, 312 ### [v1.c26.79](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v1.c26.79) Autha, faunal evidence at, 308 ### [v1.c26.80](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v1.c26.80) Avanti valley culture, 53 ### [v1.c26.81](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v1.c26.81) Avantipur, temple ruins at, 289 ### [v1.c26.82](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v1.c26.82) awl(s), 35, 43, 45, 46, 51, 141, 176; bone, 76 ### [v1.c26.83](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v1.c26.83) Awra, Banas culture black-and-red ware at, 235; early historical disc at, 179; pottery at, 97; ring-well at, 306; Śuṅga Kushan times oven from, 184; terracotta plaque from, 269 ### [v1.c26.84](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v1.c26.84) axe(s), 45, 46, 52, 56, 57, 58, 63, 66, 74, 78, 85, 102, 107, 109, 110, 121, 122, 136, 176-77, 324, 325, 333, 334, 337, 352; and adzes (metallic), 176-77, 325; bronze, 84; flat, 76, 121; ground stone, 59; hammers, 68; heads, 142; iron, 121, 122; mace-head, 51; Neolithic, 46; rounded or pointed butt, 60; shaft-hole, 76; shouldered, 332; stone, 49, 51, 56, 66, 68, 116 ### [v1.c26.85](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v1.c26.85) \*Axis axis\* Erxl (\*chital\*) 314 ### [v1.c26.86](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v1.c26.86) \*Axis axis\* Erxl (spotted deer), 315 ### [v1.c26.87](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v1.c26.87) \*Axis porcinus\* Limmermann (the hog deer), 315 ### [v1.c26.88](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v1.c26.88) \*Axis\* Sp., 309 ### [v1.c26.89](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v1.c26.89) Aymonier, 368 ### [v1.c26.90](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v1.c26.90) Ayodhyā, coins, 173; early historical remains at, 133; elephant figurines at, 136; settlement studies at, 189, terracotta disc at, 179 ### [v1.c26.91](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v1.c26.91) B ### [v1.c26.92](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v1.c26.92) Baben, rural establishment at, 138 ### [v1.c26.93](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v1.c26.93) Babington, 120 ### [v1.c26.94](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v1.c26.94) Baburi, Megalithic pottery in, 243 ### [v1.c26.95](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v1.c26.95) Bactrian scripts, 368 ### [v1.c26.96](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v1.c26.96) Badada, 53 ### [v1.c26.97](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v1.c26.97) Badaga, 128 ### [v1.c26.98](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v1.c26.98) Badakshan (Afghanistan), lapis from, 220 ### [v1.c26.99](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v1.c26.99) Badam, G.L., 205, 206 ### [v1.c26.100](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v1.c26.100) Badami, nude goddess images at, 269 ### [v1.c26.101](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v1.c26.101) Badaun Kalan, Megalithic pottery at, 243 ### [v1.c26.102](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v1.c26.102) Baddi, polished celts and ringstones at, 52 ### [v1.c26.103](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v1.c26.103) Badoh, Jaina centre at, 301 ### [v1.c26.104](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v1.c26.104) Bagalkot, tool-bearing localities at, 25 ### [v1.c26.105](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v1.c26.105) Baghai Khori; extended burials at, 265; sequence of industries at, 45 ### [v1.c26.106](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v1.c26.106) Bagor, 48, 201; animal remains from, 37, 41, 316; animal skeletal remains at, 314-15; archaeological evidence from, 201; archaeozoological remains at, 1; beads at, 216; bones of domestic pig at, 5; burial at, 41, 42, 265; ¹⁴C date from, 43, 201; ¹⁴C dates of charred bones from, 192; ¹⁴C dated time-spread of, 170; clay pots and pieces of meat and copper objects at, 42; copper arrowheads, awl at, 43; domestic goat bones at, 3; domesticated horse at, 4; domestication at, 316; faunal remains at, 39, 314-15; floors at, 41, 187, 287; grave offerings at, 42; handmade pottery and stone beads at, 43; hunting, gathering with stock breeding at, 41; Mesolithic awls from, 176; Mesolithic saddle querns from, 184; Mesolithic sites, 37, 41; Neolithic bone awls at, 176; Neolithic needles at, 183; perforated heavy discoid stones at, 41; remains of tortoise and fish at, 41; shallow querns and rubbers at, 41; spearhead at, 43; spindle-whorls from, 187; stone industry at, 41 ### [v1.c26.107](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v1.c26.107) Bagridihi (Dt Midnapur), Neolithic sites at, 56 ### [v1.c26.108](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v1.c26.108) Bahadrabad, artefacts from, 325; copper axes from, 176; copper ring or bangle from, 93; dishes-on-stand and medium sized vases from, 93; flood evidence at, 202; OCW at, 93; OCW with Harappa influence at, 94; pottery at, 93; sherds at, 202 ### [v1.c26.109](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v1.c26.109) Bahadurpur, Acheulian tools at, 24 ### [v1.c26.110](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v1.c26.110) Bahal, arrowheads from, 352; early historical gamesmen from, 179; early historical iron nails from, 183; early historical shaft-hole iron axes from, 177; evidence of flood at, 203; graffito-marked pottery from, 359; Lustrous Red Ware culture at, 104; Malwa Ware at, 239; punch-marked coins from 147; settlements at, 291; terracotta comb at, 345; white-painted black-and-red ware at, 107 ### [v1.c26.111](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v1.c26.111) Baharia, OCW from, 91 ### [v1.c26.112](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v1.c26.112) Bahawalpur, 109; early historical settlements in, 198 ### [v1.c26.113](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v1.c26.113) Bahera, cairn chambers and cairn circles around, 119; ill-fired red ware at, 119; Megalithic pottery at, 243; megaliths of, 119 ### [v1.c26.114](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v1.c26.114) Bahmani period, beads, 220; glass, 220 ### [v1.c26.115](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v1.c26.115) Bahraich, Chalcolithic site at, 98 ### [v1.c26.116](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v1.c26.116) Bahurupa, excavations at, 103 ### [v1.c26.117](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v1.c26.117) Bahuti Fall, Megalithic pottery in, 243 ### [v1.c26.118](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v1.c26.118) Baidyapur (Baidipur) 61; cultivation of rice at, 47; Neolithic settlements at, 291 ### [v1.c26.119](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v1.c26.119) Baira-Dumuhaan, Chalcolithic site at, 98 ### [v1.c26.120](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v1.c26.120) Bairat, brick structures at, 137; Buddhist monastic complex at, 137; circular structures at, 299; clay censers with handles at, 261; cotton cloth at, 138, 335; historical settlements at, 290; lamps on rims at, 277; PGW culture at, 132; polished Chunar sandstone pillar from, 137; spouted vessels at, 188; tiles at, 296; votive tank at, 277 ### [v1.c26.121](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v1.c26.121) Balabodha (Maharashtra) 367 ### [v1.c26.122](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v1.c26.122) Balaghat, 121 ### [v1.c26.123](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v1.c26.123) Balakot (Las Bela valley), 70, 79 ### [v1.c26.124](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v1.c26.124) Balikh valley, 77 ### [v1.c26.125](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v1.c26.125) Balirajgarh, 290; evidence of flood at, 203; mud fortification at, 140; settlements at, 290; winged male figures at, 340 ### [v1.c26.126](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v1.c26.126) ball, 140; stone, 118 ### [v1.c26.127](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v1.c26.127) Ballu (near Jind), pre-Harappa culture at, 78 ### [v1.c26.128](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v1.c26.128) Balsana, ash-mounds at, 103 ### [v1.c26.129](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v1.c26.129) Baluchi cultures, 232 ### [v1.c26.130](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v1.c26.130) Baluchistan, 1, 2, 69, 70, 72, 73, 78, 79, 166-67, 229, 312, 327; agricultural products in, 319; cairn burials of, 115; \*Caprahircus\* in, 3; dating the post-Harappa cultures in, 167; Kulli-Mehi cultures of, 76; Nal-Nundara culture of, 76; pottery in, 229; pre-Harappa culture in, 75; rubble structure in, 115; silver ores from, 327 Bamni, blade tools at, 32 Ban Asuria, tool-yielding sites at, 56 Ban Chiang (Thailand), 110 Banahalli, digging stick weights at, 319 Banas culture, 56, 94, 96, 97, 101, 103; black-and-red ware in 234-35; bull figurines in, 338; ¹⁴C dates from, 101; dating of, 170; time-spreads of, 170; tool repertoire of 324; ware, 193, 250 Banas system, Gravel II of, 30 Banas valley, agricultural colonizers of, 97; Ahar culture in, 95; black-and-red ware in, 102 Banavasi, brick-fortifications at, 150; \*caityas\* and \*stūpas\* at, 149, 150; early historical settlement at, 291; tiles at, 296 Banawali, 79; bath-rooms at, 293; copper and bronze razors at, 186; dating of, 170; fish-hooks from, 178; fortifications at, 297; Harappa settlement at, 289; inscribed objects at, 361; pottery at, 231; pre-Harappa cultures at, 231; Sothi ware at, 228; Sothi/Kalibangan relics at, 71 Banda, 30; rock art sites at, 279 \*Bandicoota\* sp., 311 Banerjee, N.R., 110, 112, 115 Banerjee, R.D., 79 Baneswar Danga, vase, bowls, etc., at, 237 Bangalore and Bombay, evidence of submerged forests around, 215 Bangalore (Dt), Megalithic burial sites in, 124 Banganga river, 52, 206; choppers and hand-axe cleavers on, 21; Palaeolithic implements on, 22; valley, 206 Bangarh, 57, 290; antimony rods at, 342; bone arrowheads at, 354; cart models prepared from moulds at, 336; copper kohl sticks at, 342; evidence of tiles from, 296; Gupta and post-Gupta settlements at, 290; knives at, 181, 356; NBPW at, 252; ring-wells at, 306; stone axes at, 56; tiles at, 296 Bangladesh, 56, 290 Bangle(s), 74, 77, 83, 85, 88, 89, 93, 96, 99, 101, 102, 109, 126, 128, 136, 139, 140, 141, 142, 146, 147, 149, 150, 153, 154, 224, 265, 267, 321, 322, 323, 327, 331; clay, 78; copper, 100, 125, 138; copper-bronze, 120; faience, 90, 91; glass, 108, 137, 220, 244; gold, 98; shell, 138, 163; terracotta, 71, 77, 138 Bankura region, digging-stick weights in, 319; fossils from, 209 Bara, ¹⁴C dates, 170; culture, 91; late Harappa sites at, 289; pottery of, 71, 78; Ware, 228, 229, 231 Barabar (Dt Gaya), rock-cut caves at, 299 Barabelun, Chalcolithic sites at, 99 Barachhira, rock painting from, 279 Bara Mahal, supply of variant raw material in, 68 \*barasingha\*, 47, 99; antlers of, 51; \*see also Cervus duvauceli\* Cuvier Barbar culture, 166 barbs, 35 Barda, Neolithic sites at, 58 Bardia hill (Bhadar valley), ¹⁴C dated, 170 Bargabhima temple site, wooden fragments from, 143 Bargaon, Brahmanical temple at, 153; bull-headed toy carts at, 338; chalcolithic settlement at, 95; copper ring or bangle at, 93; Harappa pottery at, 91; late Harappa ware at, 94; late Harappa level weights from, 190; oval terracotta cakes from, 188; stratigraphic continuity at, 289 Bargur factory site, 68 Bariari, 23 Bariyari, blade tools at, 32 Barji, Megalithic pottery at, 243 ### [v1.c26.131](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v1.c26.131) Barkhera, Acheulian sites at, 285 Barkola (Dt Bankura), tool-yielding site at, 56 barley, 103, 104, 105, 109, \*see also Hordeum vulgare\* barley-based economy, Neolithic Chirand, 6 barley-wheat-based economy, Navdatoli, 6 Baroda, sprinklers from, 189 barracks, 162 Barudih, ¹⁴C dated Neolithic site, 170 Basauli, blades and burins at, 32 Basawal, polished celts and ringstones at, 52 basin, 76, 90, 93, 94, 97, 98, 99, 101, 105, 128, 135, 141, 145, 153, 154, 231, 233, 235, 236, 240, 241, 244, 247, 249, 254, 257, 297 Basoda, 53 Bastar, rock-art sites in, 279 Bastar (Dt), megalithism in, 121; tin-bearing localities in, 328 baths and privies, 293-94 bath-rooms, 294 bathing ghat, 162 Baudh, remains of Buddhist art and architecture at, 160 \*Baudhāyana Śulba-sūtra\*, 294 \*Bāveru-jātaka\*, 140 Bawa-Pyara's Math (Junagadh), 301 Bayana, 118 beads, 66, 74, 86, 88, 90, 91, 93, 95, 98, 102, 104, 119, 123, 126, 127, 128, 129, 130, 133, 137, 138, 139, 140, 141, 142, 143, 144, 145, 147, 148, 150, 153, 154, 157, 161, 166, 216-21, 264, 266, 267, 271, 272, 274, 275, 297, 321, 322, 323, 325, 327, 331, 343; agate, 120, 138; bone spacer, 122; carnelian, 51, 125; Carnelian barrel, 50; copper, 100, 101; faience, 195; gold, 78, 265; jasper, 195; necklace of, 224; pendants, 116; semiprecious stone, 163; 171, 172, 244; shell, 45, 125; steatite, 76, 78, 97, 99, 100, 106, 125, 265; steatite disc, 71; stone, 41, 42, 43, 107, 108, 122; stone and terracotta, 58; terracotta, 57, 109, 119, 122, 125, 137, 138 bead making, centres, 216, 217; industry, 100; process of, 218; techniques of, 216, 217 beaker, 90, 150, 231, 233, 239, 240, 244 beams, iron, 326 bear, 282 Beas river, 52, 206; Palaeolithic implements on, 22; valley, 213 Beas-Banganga valley, terraces at, 212 Beawar (Rajasthan), 30 Bedsa, rock cut \*caityagṛhas\* at, 300 Beehive Hill, midden in, 299 Begagund, menhirs at, 116; Neolithic culture at, 49 Begram, ivory plaques and a comb from, 346 Begumpet, pillar stones at, 123 Belan, 53; Acheulian trend in, 23; blade tools in, 32; faunal remains in, 308; Neolithic farming communities on, 53; shell samples from, 36, 170; tool-bearing deposits of, 35 Belan valley, 17; animal fossils in, 22, 28; blade-and-burin industry in, 17; bone harpoon from, 267; female figurines of bone from, 35, 352; hand-axe cleaver industries in, 29; Middle and Upper Palaeolithic awls/borers in, 176; Radiocarbon assay for shell from, 192 Belgaum (Dt), megalithic burial sites in, 124 Bellary, 28 Bellary (Dt), megalithic burial sites in, 124; painting and bruisings on rock-face at, 67 bell(s), 121, 136, 140, 153, 177 Beluti, black-and-red ware vase, bowl, etc., at, 237 Belwadag, Kushan coins at, 142 Ben, 52 Benfrey, 366 Bengal, 24, 301, 316, 367; faunal material in, 307; non-Mongoloid race in, 318; pit deposits of, 48; pollen with \*Plantago\* in, 48; ### [v1.c26.132.1](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v1.c26.132.1) terracotta figurines in, 268; terracotta making centre in, 340; \*see also\* West Bengal Benkal, paintings and bruisings on the rock-face at, 67 Berach-Wagan basin, Acheulian tradition from, 24 Berachampa, fortified town at, 143 \*Berboris ceratophylla\* G. Don., fossil leaf-impression of, 206 Belgaum (Dt), kitchen walls in, 306 Besia, Neolithic sites at, 58 Besnagar, 53; antimony rods at, 342; beads at, 219; bone arrowheads at, 352, 354; brass signet ring from, 224; centres of ivory-working at, 219; charred wheat from, 144; coins of Satavāhana kings at, 145; copper and soapstone finger rings from, 222, copper kohl sticks at, 342; copper weight from, 190; early historical knives at, 181, 356; finger rings with symbols of \*nandīpada\* and \*svastika\* from, 222; flesh-rubbers at, 346; gamesmen from, 179; Garuda Pillar at, 146; ivory combs at, 346; moats at, 298; NBPW at, 144; NBPW ¹⁴C dates from 256; ornaments from, 222; PGW at, 144; remains of temple at, 144; ring-wells from, 306; sealings from, 14; settlement at, 132, 291; storage canal at, 296; spouted vessels at, 188; tiles at, 296; votive tank at, 277 \*Bessia latifolia\* Roxb. (\*mahua\*) at, 8 Betamcharla, artefact from cave near, 37; blade tools at, 32 Betul (Dt), 121 \*Betula utilis\* D. Don., fossil leaf impression of, 206 Betwa valley culture, 53 bezel, crystal, 154 Bhadahwan Pahar, monuments around, 119; tombs at, 98 Bhadne, Upper Palaeolithic implements at, 36 Bhadra, 70, 72 Bhagalpur, sling-balls from, 187 Bhagatrav, 79, 290; ### [v1.c26.132.2](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v1.c26.132.2) evidence of flood at, 202; Harappa settlement at, 73; transitional cultures at, 90 Bhagirathi basin, 157 Bhagwanpura, 18, 91, 108, 109; animal figurines at, 338; anthropomorphic figures at, 340; black-and-red ware at, 235; Black-slipped Ware at, 240; burial at, 267, evidence of flood at, 202; Harappa pottery at, 90; late Harappa settlement at, 289; oblong graves at, 267; PGW cultures at, 91; rams with deep incision at, 338 Bhagwansar, faience bangles at, 321 Bhaikṣukī style (Al-Bīrunī), 367 Bhaja, rock-cut \*caityagṛhas\* at, 300 Bhalukpung, brick-built hill fort at, 158 Bhamer, ash-mounds at, 103 Bhandara (Dt), stone circles in, 121 Bhandarkar, D. R., 14, 296 Bhangarh, implements at, 23 Bhangat, Neolithic sites at, 58 Bharatpur, 290; animal figurines from, 100; black-and-red ware at, 237; ¹⁴C dates from, 100, 238, Chalcolithic sites at, 99; Chalcolithic settlement at, 290; Iron Age settlement at, 290, Megalithic remains at, 116, 118; open hearths at, 99, polished stone celts at, 99, 100, vase, bowl etc., at, 237 Bharhut, art of, 300; Buddhist establishments at, 145; railed \*stūpas\* at, 299 Bharuch, centres of trade at, 138, 139 Bhatiya, 367 Bhatkuli, early and late historical \*Sorghum\* (\*jowar\*) at, 7; early historical \*Cicer arientinum\* (chick pea, \*channa\*) at, 7 Bhattiprolu, relic caskets at, 149, 272; sculpture, inscribed slabs, etc. at, 162; silver plate inscription from, 360, \*stūpas\* at, 300 Bhils, 316 Bhilwara (Dt), tin-bearing localities, in, 328 Bhīma valley, 104; ### [v1.c26.132.3](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v1.c26.132.3) fauna from, 308; fossils from, 310; Jorwe settlements in, 96; Malwa ware in, 239; palaeontological studies in, 311; radiocarbon assay for shells from, 192 Bhimbandh, cultural remains from, 31; discoveries from, 24; Lower Palaeolithic tools from, 22 Bhimbetka, 32, 211, 285; animal remains from, 37; black-burin assemblage at, 36; blades, 41; blade industry at, 33; blade tools at, 32; bone points at, 41; burials at, 42; ¹⁴C date from, 43; ¹⁴C-dated time-spreads of, 170; domestication of animals at, 166; Early Holocene industry at, 211; emerald-green used for painting at, 281; evidence from, 287; \*gong\* (cup-marks) from, 55; grave offerings at, 42; human figures wearing double-horned mask from, 182; hunting scenes at, 292; marks at, 182; Mesolithic deposits at, 39; Mesolithic occupation at, 286-87; Mesolithic settlement at, 39; Mesolithic sites at, 37, 41; paintings at, 166, 282; perforated heavy discoid stone at, 41; pottery at, 43; rock-shelters at, 20, 21, 22, 23, 27, 40, 166, 279, 281, 284, 285, 286; shallow querns and rubbers at 41; shelter converted into cave temples at, 281; sherds at, 43; Stone Age communities at, 281; stone walls at, 41, 287; zoo rock of, 282 Bhimgarh (Dt Birbhum), stone celts from, 56 Bhir Mound (Taxila), 168, 254, 354; daggers from, 355; gem stones at, 222; Greek Black Ware at, 251; iron arrowhead at, 353; \*kaca\* from, 219; NBPW at, 251; ring-wells at, 306; stone mortars at, 186; terracotta human figurines of, 135; ### [v1.c26.132.4](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v1.c26.132.4) wells at, 304, 306 Bhishmaknagar, 159 Bhita, 133; aquatic animal on the floor at, 278; bezel at, 223; censers from, 261; clay figurines at, 341; copper finger rings from, 223, horse and elephant figurines at, 339; iron padlock from, 153; Kushan level 'human' pot, from, 189; \*linga\* with five human busts from, 277; Mahiṣamardinī plaques from, 263; moduled reliefs at bullock-cart and horse chariots at, 339; mother goddess in stone disc at, 268; NBPW at, 251; nude goddess at, 269; ring-wells at, 306; roofed house-like arrangement at, 278; seals and sealing of cultic value from, 264; sex symbol at, 277; snakes in relief at, 278; spouted vase from, 265; tank with seven figurines (\*sapta-mātṛkas\*) at, 278; terracotta flat tablets from, 190; terracotta rings at, 305; votive tank at, 277, 278; well at, 305, 306; wheeled toys from, 180 Bhitargaon, temples at, 294 Bhitarī, archaeological data from, 152; clay figurines at, 341; horse and elephant figurines at, 339; plaster from, 295; Viṣṇu temple at, 152 Bhojpur, 281; \*stūpa\*-shaped reliquary at, 272 Bhokardan, 6, 7, 8; aquatic animals on the floor at, 278; bead-making centre at, 217; bells of copper at, 177; birds on rims at, 277, combs from, 345; copper finger rings with bezel from, 222; dabbers from, 329; early historical \*Cajanus cajan\* (pigeon pea), \*arhar\*, \*tuver\*) at 7; early historical \*Cier arientinum\* (chick-pea, \*chana\*) at, 7; early historical \*Dolichos lablab\* var \*tignosus\* (field bean) at, 8; ### [v1.c26.132.5](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v1.c26.132.5) early historical \*Eleusine coracana\* (finger millet, \*ragi\*) at, 6; early historical \*Phaseolusmungo\* (black gram, \*urd\*) at, 8; early historical \*Pisum arvense\* (field pea, \*matar\*) at, 8, early historical \*Zizyphus jujuba\* (ber) at, 7; early to late historical \*Triticum\* (wheat) at, 7; flesh-rubbers at, 346; handled vessels from, 189; handmade figurines at, 180; hearths at, 184; horizontal handled ladles from, 189; ivory statue from, 148; \*kinnarī\* pot at, 189; knives from, 355; lamps on rims at, 277; nude goddess at, 269; rings at, 222; snakes in relief at, 278; spouted jars from, 188; steps at, 277; terracotta and kaolin figurines at, 341; tiles at, 296; votive tanks at, 277, 278 Bhola Nath, 314 Bhopal, 23, 281; Neolithic remains at, 54; rock art sites at, 279 Bhubaneswar, commemorative lingas at, 277, Mukteśvara temple at, 161; Vaitāl Deul at, 160; \*yakṣanāgas\* images at, 160 Bhurja-patra, 360 bichrome painted ware, 228 ### [v1.c26.133](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v1.c26.133) Bihar, 19, 24, 26, 32, 56, 57, 94, 108, 131, 133, 135, 166, 170, 216, 220, 243, 251, 301, 324, 367; Black-slipped Ware at, 240; Copper Hoards from, 92; copper-producing areas of, 93; early forming communities in, 44; monastic establishments in, 301; mother goddess in stone disc in, 268; \*nāgi\* figurines in, 338; wheeled animal heads in, 339 ### [v1.c26.134](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v1.c26.134) \*bija\*, 85 ### [v1.c26.135](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v1.c26.135) Bijapur, Jorwe Ware from, 227; megalithic burial site in, 124 ### [v1.c26.136](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v1.c26.136) Bijnor, burial from, 266; copper axes from, 176 ### [v1.c26.137](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v1.c26.137) Bikaner, 290 ### [v1.c26.138](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v1.c26.138) Bilaspur, 23, 121 ### [v1.c26.139](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v1.c26.139) Bilawali, fiddle-shaped figurines at, 267; headless figurines from, 339; headless goddess at, 267; rotary querns at, 195 ### [v1.c26.140](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v1.c26.140) bill-hooks, 111, 319 ### [v1.c26.141](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v1.c26.141) Billamarayanagudda (Dt Raichur), Neolithic industry at, 333 ### [v1.c26.142](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v1.c26.142) Billa Surgam caves, blade artefacts from, 32; bone tools at, 32, 33, 332; Upper Pleistocene fauna in, 208 ### [v1.c26.143](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v1.c26.143) Birbhanpur, 39; industry at, 41, 165; Mesolithic awls from, 176; Mesolithic occupation at, 287; Mesolithic site at, 37, 39; stone industry at, 37 ### [v1.c26.144](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v1.c26.144) birch, discovery of, 50 ### [v1.c26.145](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v1.c26.145) bird, 362; figurines, 76 ### [v1.c26.146](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v1.c26.146) Birnagar, brickbats at, 143 ### [v1.c26.147](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v1.c26.147) Bisauli, anthropomorph from, 325; anthropomorphic figures from, 351; blade at, 351; copper axes from, 176; harpoon from, 350 ### [v1.c26.148](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v1.c26.148) Bishwanath (Dt Darrang), ground and polished stone tools from, 58 ### [v1.c26.149](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v1.c26.149) Bison, 307 ### [v1.c26.150](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v1.c26.150) \*Bison sivalensis\* Falconer, 315 ### [v1.c26.151](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v1.c26.151) Bithur, 350, 351; antennae sword from, 351, 354, 355; copper axes from, 176; harpoon from, 350; swords or disc of copper from, 195 ### [v1.c26.152](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v1.c26.152) black-and-grey ware, 103 ### [v1.c26.153](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v1.c26.153) black-and-red ware, 18, 46, 53, 74, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 106, 107, 109, 111, 116, 119, 120, 121, 122, 123, 125, 126, 127, 128, 129, 132, 135, 137, 139, 143, 144, 145, 146, 147, 148, 150, 163, 225, 227, 231, 234, 240, 241, 244, 246, 247, 248, 249, 254, 259, 275, 289, 291, 342, 359; Banas and central region, 234; ¹⁴C-dated, 170, 171; Harappa, 234; Lower Ganga region, 237-38; Middle Ganga region, 235-37; upper Indo-Ganga region, 235 ### [v1.c26.154](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v1.c26.154) black burnished ware, 49 ### [v1.c26.155](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v1.c26.155) Black Cotton Soil, 95, 197 ### [v1.c26.156](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v1.c26.156) black gram \*see Phaseolus mungo\* ### [v1.c26.157](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v1.c26.157) black-on-red painted pottery, 227, 239 ### [v1.c26.158](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v1.c26.158) black-on-red painted ware, 102, 103 ### [v1.c26.159](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v1.c26.159) black-on-red pottery, 106 ### [v1.c26.160](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v1.c26.160) black-on-red ware, 95, 107, 122 ### [v1.c26.161](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v1.c26.161) black-painted orange-buff ware, 103 ### [v1.c26.162](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v1.c26.162) black-painted red ware, 100 ### [v1.c26.163](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v1.c26.163) Black-slipped Ware, 19, 91, 94, 98, 99, 100, 107, 109, 133, 135, 140, 141, 150, 161, 240-41, 244, 253, 254, 330; Ahar² type, 240 ### [v1.c26.164](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v1.c26.164) black-topped ware, 234 ### [v1.c26.165](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v1.c26.165) black ware, 111, 227, 246, 247, 249 ### [v1.c26.166](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v1.c26.166) blade(s), 36, 37, 40, 41, 42, 45, 100, 101, 102, 103, 107, 109, 111, 121, 136, 142, 145, 299, 310, 332; chert, 46, 79, 85, 90, 91; chalcedony and agate, 78; microlithic, 101; parallel-sided, 46; stone, 76, 106; tools, 32, 36, 37 ### [v1.c26.167](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v1.c26.167) blade and burin, industry, 17, 32, 33; remains, 36; tools, 286; tradition, 36, 37 ### [v1.c26.168](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v1.c26.168) blade-based Chalcolithic industry, 212 ### [v1.c26.169](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v1.c26.169) blade industry, 33, 66, 101, 107, 332, 333; crested-ridge technique, 98, 102, 107, 165, 333; Neolithic, Jorwe and Malwa cultures, 333; stone, 95, 147 ### [v1.c26.170](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v1.c26.170) blade-flake industry, 95 ### [v1.c26.171](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v1.c26.171) bladelet, 36 ### [v1.c26.172](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v1.c26.172) Blanford, 121 ### [v1.c26.173](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v1.c26.173) boar, 56, 282 ### [v1.c26.174](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v1.c26.174) boats(s), 334 ### [v1.c26.175](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v1.c26.175) boat(s) and ship(s), 336-37 ### [v1.c26.176](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v1.c26.176) Bodh-Gaya, monastic establishments at, 299; older settlement at, 300; quadrangular rail at, 299; railing of, 295 ### [v1.c26.177](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v1.c26.177) Bodhisattva Maitreya figure, 136 ### [v1.c26.178](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v1.c26.178) Bodia, 367 ### [v1.c26.179](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v1.c26.179) \*Bochemeria platyphylla\*, 7 ### [v1.c26.180](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v1.c26.180) Bohemian glass, 220 ### [v1.c26.181](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v1.c26.181) bolas, 52 ### [v1.c26.182](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v1.c26.182) Bombay, 25, 215; blade-burin assemblages in, 36 ### [v1.c26.183](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v1.c26.183) bone, animals, of, 98, 107, 198, 266; blanks, 35; figurine, 35; image, 36; implements, 35, 46, 298, 299; objects, 109; ornaments, 42; tools, 32, 34, 35, 37, 45, 46, 49, 50, 51, 52, 65, 66, 68, 116, 287, 302, 316, 332 ### [v1.c26.184](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v1.c26.184) bone and ivory styli, late Neolithic levels, 370; NBPW levels, PGW levels, 370 ### [v1.c26.185](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v1.c26.185) Bongara, Neolithic sites at, 58 ### [v1.c26.186](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v1.c26.186) Bora, terracotta figurines at, 143 ### [v1.c26.187](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v1.c26.187) \*Borassus flabellifer\* (toddy palm, palmyra palm), 7 ### [v1.c26.188](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v1.c26.188) Boregaon Nandur (Mula), 28 ### [v1.c26.189](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v1.c26.189) borer, 36, 37, 41, 46, 108, 176, 198, 332 ### [v1.c26.190](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v1.c26.190) Borivli, remains of flake-blade-scraper industry around, 37 ### [v1.c26.191](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v1.c26.191) \*Bos\*, 206 ### [v1.c26.192](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v1.c26.192) \*Bos acutifrons\*, 2, 308 ### [v1.c26.193](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v1.c26.193) \*Bos bubalus\*, 310 _First 200 of 630 passages. [Read on](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v1.c26)_ --- Source: [https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v1.c26](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v1.c26) · Pramāṇa