[Pramāṇa](https://indike.org/pramana/) › [Studies](https://indike.org/pramana/ins) › [Reference works](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference) › [An Encyclopaedia of Indian Archaeology](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989) › v1.c9.s9.5 # An Encyclopaedia of Indian Archaeology v1.c9.s9.5 An Encyclopaedia of Indian Archaeology v1.c9.s9.5 - **Language:** English ### [v1.c9.s9.5](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v1.c9.s9.5) ‘While there are many characteristic features of the Indus civilization, the one that places it far above the contemporary w. Asian civilizations is its meticulous town-planning and strict adherence to the same from the beginning to the end of any of the given sites, be it Mohenjo-daro or Harappa in Pakistan or KALIBANGAN or LOTHAL in India. At all these sites a concept of dividing the settlement into two major parts, called loosely by archaeologists the ‘Citadel’ and the ‘Lower Town’, is met with. The so-called ‘Citadel’ could be either an altogether separate entity, usually on the w. as at Mohenjo-daro and KALIBANGAN, or integrated with the 'Lower Town' within a common fortification wall, as at LOTHAL. Of the 'Lower Town', the most noteworthy feature was the systematic layout of its streets which ran n.-s. and e.-w., thus dividing the township into several grid-patterned blocks, each one of which comprised a number of houses opening out on one of the streets. Good sanitary arrangement, either by way of local soakage-jars, as at KALIBANGAN, or through a well-laid-out and covered drainage system, as at Mohenjo-daro, was another noteworthy feature. - [Previous: v1.c9.s9.4](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v1.c9.s9.4) - [Next: v1.c9.s9.6](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v1.c9.s9.6) - [Up: v1.c9.s9](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v1.c9.s9) ## Linked texts (4) - [Harappā](https://indike.org/pramana/inp.site.harappa) - [Mohenjo-daro](https://indike.org/pramana/inp.site.mohenjo-daro) - [Lothal](https://indike.org/pramana/inp.site.lothal) - [Kālībangan](https://indike.org/pramana/inp.site.kalibangan) --- Source: [https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v1.c9.s9.5](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v1.c9.s9.5) · Pramāṇa