[Pramāṇa](https://indike.org/pramana/) › [Studies](https://indike.org/pramana/ins) › [Reference works](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference) › [An Encyclopaedia of Indian Archaeology](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989) › v2.c29 # An Encyclopaedia of Indian Archaeology v2.c29: B An Encyclopaedia of Indian Archaeology v2.c29 - **Language:** English ### B ### [v2.c29.1](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c29.1) \*\*Babaori\*\*, Dt Sidhi. Tools of the early and Middle Stone (Lower and Middle Palaeolithic \[4.2, 3\] Ages. \*IAR 1962-3\*. ### [v2.c29.2](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c29.2) \*\*Babarkot¹\*\*, Dt Bhavnagar. Extensive mound with Harappa pottery \[11.3\]. \*IAR 1955-6\*. ### [v2.c29.3](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c29.3) \*\*Babarkot²\*\* (22°15′; 71°30′), Dt Surendranagar. Late Harappa \[4.10\] site assignable to Pds II B and II C of RANGPUR. \*AI\*, 18 & 19, 1962 & 1963, p. 205. ### [v2.c29.4](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c29.4) \*\*Babhaliapada\*\*, Dt Dhule. Short blades ascribable to the Chalcolithic period \[4.14.6\]. \*IAR 1965-6\*. ### [v2.c29.5](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c29.5) \*\*Babra\*\*, Dt Rajkot. Harappa \[4.9\] site. \*IAR 1965-6\*. ### [v2.c29.6](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c29.6) \*\*Babund\*\*, Dt Ahmednagar. Sherds of thick grey Ware. \*IAR 1960-1\*. ### [v2.c29.7](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c29.7) \*\*Babhlaj\*\*, Dt Dhule. Late Stone Age (Mesolithic \[4.5\]) site. \*IAR 1969-70\*. ### [v2.c29.8](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c29.8) \*\*Babhnauli\*\*, Dt Gorakhpur. Black-and-red Ware \[11.6.3\] \*IAR 1963-4\*. ### [v2.c29.9](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c29.9) \*\*Babhulda\*\*, Dt Dhule. Chalcolithic habitation \[4.14.6\] site. \*IAR 1966-7\*. ### [v2.c29.10](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c29.10) \*\*Babukasitktaur\*\*, Dt Basti. Black-and-red Ware \[11.6.3\] and NBPW \[11.16\]. \*IAR 1963-4\*. ### [v2.c29.11](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c29.11) \*\*Baburdi\*\*, Dt Ahmadnagar. Tools of Series II (Middle Palaeolithic \[4.3\]) and microliths \[4.5\]. \*IAR 1961-2\*. ### [v2.c29.12](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c29.12) \*\*Babusahib-gudem\*\*, Dt Nalgonda. Neolithic \[4.6\] site. \*AIR 1961-2\*. ### [v2.c29.13](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c29.13) \*\*Bachamdi\*\*, Dt Bharatpur. Kushan red ware. \*IAR 1971-2\*. ### [v2.c29.14](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c29.14) \*\*Bachihal\*\*, Dt Bijapur. Microliths \[4.5\] (of unspecified nature). \*IAR 1961-2\*. ### [v2.c29.15](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c29.15) \*\*Bachinmaradi\*\*, Dt Bijapur. Neolithic \[4.6.9\] site yielding polished stone axes and a few grey ware potsherds. \*Karnataka Bharati\*, 9, 4, p. 80. ### [v2.c29.16](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c29.16) \*\*Badada\*\*. See 4.6.3. ### [v2.c29.17](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c29.17) \*\*Badagaon\*\*, Dt Shajapur. Chalcolithic site yielding Kayatha \[11.7\], Banas \[11.6.2\] and Malwa \[11.10\] Wares and punch-marked and cast copper coins \[3.1\]. \*IAR 1969-70\*. ### [v2.c29.18](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c29.18) \*\*Badakajekaru\*\*, Dt S. Kanara. Megalithic \[4.17.8\] site with port-holed chambers and pot-burials. \*Jour. Karnataka Univ.\*, 10, 1974, pp. 3-4. ### [v2.c29.19](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c29.19) \*\*Badakeshwar\*\*, Dt E. Nimar. Series I (Lower Palaeolithic \[4.2\]) tools. \*IAR 1960-1\*. ### [v2.c29.20](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c29.20) \*\*Badalpur\*\* (20°53′; 70°29′), Dt Junagadh. A few Middle Stone Age (Middle Palaeolithic \[4.3\]) tools were found in a pebbly gravel-bed exposed in the old bed of the Saraswati near the village. \*IAR 1971-2\*. ### [v2.c29.21](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c29.21) \*\*Badmakanahalli\*\*, Dt Kolar. Megalithic stone circles \[4.17.8\]. (Same as following?) \*IAR 1970-1\*. ### [v2.c29.22](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c29.22) \*\*Badamakulahalli\*\*, Dt Kolar. Megalithic site \[4.17.8\] with stone circles. (Same as preceding?) Information from A. Sundara. ### [v2.c29.23](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c29.23) \*\*Badanahatti Hill\*\*, Dt Bellary. Palaeolithic \[4.2\] site. Foote, R.B, 1916, \*Indian Prehistoric & Protohistoric Antiquities\*, Madars, pp. 77-8. ### [v2.c29.24](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c29.24) \*\*Bada-Samana\*\*, Dt Rupnagar. Harappa pottery \[11.3\]. \*IAR 1964-5\*. ### [v2.c29.25](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c29.25) \*\*Badaun-Kalan\*\*, Dt Allahabad. Cairn cirlces and dolmenoid cists \[4.17.3\]. \*IAR 1962-3\*. ### [v2.c29.26](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c29.26) \*\*Badausa\*\*, Dt Banda. Polished stone axes and hammerstones \[4.6.3\]. \*IAR 1961-2\*. ### [v2.c29.27](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c29.27) \*\*Baddi\*\*, Dt Rupnagar. PGW \[11.14\] site. \*IAR 1954-5\*. ### [v2.c29.28](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c29.28) \*\*Baddih\*\*, Dt Bankura. Tools of Series I (Lower Palaeolithic \[4.2\]) and microliths \[4.5\]. \*IAR 1959-60\*. ### [v2.c29.29](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c29.29) \*\*Bade ala\*\*. See Silana. ### [v2.c29.30](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c29.30) \*\*Badeda\*\*, Dt Hissar. Early historical site. Silak Ram, 1972, unpublished thesis, Kurukshetra University. ### [v2.c29.31](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c29.31) \*\*Badegaon\*\*, Dt Nagpur. Megalithic site with stone circles \[4.17.6\]. \*IAR 1970-1\*. ### [v2.c29.32](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c29.32) \*\*Badhana\*\*, Dt Jaipur. OCW \[11.5\] site. \*IAR 1972-3\*. ### [v2.c29.33](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c29.33) \*\*Badhauli-1 & -2\*\*, Dt Ambala. PGW \[1.14\] site. \*IAR 1963-4\*. Suraj Bhan, 1975, \*Excavation at Mitathal & other Explorations in the Sutlej-Yamuna Divide\*, Kurukshetra. ### [v2.c29.34](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c29.34) \*\*Badhsa\*\*, Dt Mahendragarh. Pre-Harappa site \[4.8\]. Suraj Bhan, 1975, \*Excavation at Mitathal & other Explorations in the Sutlej-Yamuna Divide\*, Kurukshetra, p. 126. ### [v2.c29.35](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c29.35) \*\*Badi Jamunjhiri\*\*. See LAKHAJAUR. ### [v2.c29.36](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c29.36) \*\*Badkundri\*\*, Dt Belgaum Megalithic \[4.17.8\] site. ### [v2.c29.37](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c29.37) \*\*Badli\*\*¹, Dt Mahendragarh. Pre-Harappa \[4.8\] site. Suraj Bhan, 1975, \*Excavation at Mitathal & other Explorations in the Sutlej-Yamuna Divide\*, Kurukshetra, p. 126. ### [v2.c29.38](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c29.38) \*\*Badli\*\*², Dt Rohtak. Pre-Harappa \[4.8\] site. \*Jour. Haryana Studies\*, 3, 1, p. 7. ### [v2.c29.39](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c29.39) \*\*Badli-ki-Sarai\*\*, Delhi. PGW \[11.14\] site. \*IAR 1957-8\*. Suraj Bhan, 1975, \*Excavation at Mitathal & other Explorations in the Sutlej-Yamuna Divide\*, Kurushetra, p. 126. ### [v2.c29.40](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c29.40) \*\*Badnagar\*\*, Dt Jaipur. Kushan red ware. \*IAR 1972-3\*. ### [v2.c29.41](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c29.41) \*\*Badnapur\*\*, Dt Aurangabad. Chalcolithic \[4.14.6\] site on the bank of the river Dudhua. Microliths, black-on-red and black-and-red potsherds, the latter with graffiti, were collected. \*IAR 1960-1\*. ### [v2.c29.42](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c29.42) \*\*Badnawar\*\*, Dt Dhar. Site with painted pottery. \*IAR 1956-7\*. ### [v2.c29.43](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c29.43) \*\*Badne\*\*, Dt Dhule. Tools of the Early and Middle Stone (Lower and Middle Palaeolithic \[4.2-3\]) Ages. \*IAR 1962-3\*. ### [v2.c29.44](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c29.44) \*\*Badoni\*\*, Dt Datia. Early historical site yielding typical Gupta pottery and a few pieces of Roman pottery. \*IAR 1971-2\*. ### [v2.c29.45](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c29.45) \*\*Badra\*\*, Dt Mayurbhanj. Microliths \[4.5\]. \*IAR 1958-9\*. ### [v2.c29.46](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c29.46) \*\*Baga\*\*, Dt Mirzapur. Rock-shelter with paintings \[13\]. Misra, V.D., 1977, \*Some Aspects of Indian Arch.\*, Allahabad. ### [v2.c29.47](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c29.47) \*\*Bagalkot\*\*, (16°12′; 75°42′), Dt Bijapur. Bagalkot on the GHATAPRABHA with two successive gravel beds along the profile of the stream was found to contain in succession tools of Series I (Lower Palaeolithic \[4.2\]) and II (Middle Palaeolithic \[4.3\]). The higher and smaller gravels had tools of Series III (Mesolithic \[4.5\]). \*IAR 1955-6\*. ### [v2.c29.48](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c29.48) \*\*Bagan valley\*\*, Dt Chittaurgarh. The cliff sections along the river Bagan, from the bridge on Udaipur-Chittaur road to the confluence of the Bagan and Berach, yielded Early and Middle Stone Age (Lower and Middle Palaeolithic \[4.2-3\]) tools. \*IAR 1961-2\*. ### [v2.c29.49](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c29.49) \*\*Baga-Pahari\*\*, Dt Mirzapur. Prehistoric paintings in rock-shelters \[13\]. \*IAR 1962-3\*. ### [v2.c29.50](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c29.50) \*\*Bagevadi\*\*, Dt Bellary. Early historical site \[4.18.11\]. \*IAR 1962-2\*. ### [v2.c29.51](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c29.51) \*\*Baghai Khor\*\*, Dt Mirzapur, near Bhainsaur, with painted rock-shelters \[13\] and microliths of the Mesolithic \[4.5\] tradition, excavated by R.K Varma of the Univ. of Allahabad. It revealed in its earliest open-air habitational deposit non-geometric microliths blunted-back blades, lunates, awls and burinated tools. The next upper layer had in addition a few small sherds which can be divided into three goups: ill-fired ochre-washed, handmade, of coarse greyish section; thin sectioned and with ochrous red slip; and also thin-sectioned but better fired and well-made. The next upper deposit had microliths of both non-geometric and geometric types alongside the pottery of the earlier deposit. Iron objects were only superficial. ### [v2.c29.52](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c29.52) An excavated rock-shelter yielded more or less the same sequence. In addition an extended burial with an articulated female skeleton was found buried with a w.-e. orientation in a pit cut down to the bed-rock, which was dressed so as to provide a raised platform for the head and feet and a depression for the body. Varma, R.K., 1965, in Misra, V.N., & Mate, M.S., ed., \*Indian Prehistory: 1964\*, Poona, pp. 73-4.—A. GHOSH ### [v2.c29.53](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c29.53) \*\*Bagh caves\*\*, Dt Dhar. Microliths including cores and flakes \[4.5\]. \*IAR 1959-60\*; \*1963-4\*. ### [v2.c29.54](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c29.54) \*\*Baghaula\*\* (28°13′; 77°19′), Dt Gurgaon. PGW site \[11.14\]. Lal, B.B., 1954 & 1955, in \*AI\*, 10 & 11, p. 138. ### [v2.c29.55](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c29.55) \*\*Baghmuri\*\*, Dt Bankura. Microliths and flakes \[4.5\]. \*IAR 1961-2\*. ### [v2.c29.56](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c29.56) \*\*Baghpat\*\* (28°57′; 77°13′), Dt Meerut. PGW \[11.14\] and NBPW \[11.16\] site. Lal, B.B., 1954 & 1955, in \*AI\* 10 & 11, p. 138. ### [v2.c29.57](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c29.57) \*\*Baghru\*\*, Dt Jind. Pre-Harappa \[4.8\] site comparable to late SISWAL. See YAMUNA VALLEY. Suraj Bhan, 1975, \*Excavation at Mitathal & other Explorations in the Sutlej-Yamuna Divide\*, Kurukshetra, p. 125. ### [v2.c29.58](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c29.58) \*\*Baglur\*\*, Dt Bijapur. Chalcolithic habitation site \[4.14.8\] yielding the Jorwe Ware \[11.11\] grey ware similar to that of BRAHMAGIRI, mircroliths and polished stone axes. \*IAR 1959-60\*; \*1960-1\*. ### [v2.c29.59](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c29.59) \*\*Bagor\*\* (25°21′; 74°23′), Dt Bhilwara, on the left bank of the Kothari river, a tributary of the Banas, 25 km w. of the Dt headquarters, lying in the centre of the undulating rocky plain of Mewar, about 500 m above sea level. Much of the plain is covered by an open woodland of \*khejri\* (\*Prosopis spicigera\*), \*babul\* (\*Acacia arabica\*), \*dhak\* (\*Butea frondosa\*) and \*khajur\* (\*Phoenix sylvestris\*). The rainfall of the region varies from 60 to 70 cm. Extensive tracts of rocky ground provide adequate pasture for sheep, cattle and camels, and pastoralism is an important segment of the rural economy. Wildlife is now sparse in the region but is known to have been plentiful till recently. The Kothari is not a perennial river but a depression on the n.-w. edge of the village, probably a remnant of a former course of the river, retains water all the year and must have been a major source of water for prehistoric human and animal populations. The dune is composed of wind-blown sand and the habitation materials occur throughout the sandy deposit, thus attesting that the dune was under active formation when the prehistoric man inhabited it. ### [v2.c29.60](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c29.60) The prehistoric site lies on a large and prominent sand dune, locally known as Mahasati, overlooking the left bank of the river about 1 km e. of the village. The site was discovered in 1967 by L.S. Leshnik of the Univ. of Heidelberg and the writer as part of a long-term project of investigation into the prehistory of n.-w. India, originally begun by the author in 1958. A preliminary dig revealed the rich potentiality of the site and further excavation on a large scale was carried out during three seasons from 1968 to 1970 jointly by the Dept of Arch., Pune Univ. and the Dept of Arch. and Museums of Rajasthan under the direction of the author. To date Bagor is the largest Mesolithic \[4.5\] habitation site excavated in India, and it has been horizontally excavated so as to expose extensive living floors. The variety and quantity of cultural materials recovered from the site are rich and varied compared to most Mesolithic sites so far known, and it has given an insight into the process of acculturation in a Stone Age community arising from contact with full-fledged farming cultures. Bagor also possesses the largest number of ¹⁴C dates amongst all sites of its nature and is thus the most securely dated of all mesolithic sites in the Indian subcontinent. ### [v2.c29.61](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c29.61) In the centre of the Mahasati dune, covering an area of 200 m e.-w. and 150 m n.-s. and rising to a height of 6 m above the surrounding ground, a compact area of 20 × 10 m divided into 15 trenches, ten of them 4 × 4 m and five 4 × 2 m, was dug. Five layers were recognized, mainly from changes in the colour of the sand, but within each the deposit was relatively homogeneous and so no separation of fine habitation or sedimentary layers was possible. Consequently rather arbitrary spits of about 10 cm in depth were excavated, and all finds were related to these as well as to the broad stratigraphic divisions. ### [v2.c29.62](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c29.62) Layer 1, 5 to 10 cm in thickness, is composed of whitish sand of seemingly more or less recent origin. Layer 2, 80 to 90 cm thick, is of dark-brown sand contains most of the habitation deposit. Layer 3 is 70 to 80 cm thick and consists of fine brown sand. Occupational evidence decreases in the middle of this layer and is completely absent in its lower part. Layers 4 and 5 are archaeologically sterile. ### [v2.c29.63](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c29.63) \*Cultural sequence.\* The total thickness of the habitation deposit in the trenches is about 1·150 m, representing an occupation lasting for some 4000 years. In earlier publications the author had divided the occupation into three phases. But on rethinking over the evidence he is now inclined to divide the sequence into two Pds with a break of occupation in between. Phases I and II (of earlier sequence) would belong to Pd I and Phase III to Pd II. No stratigraphic break was however visible between the two Pds primarily because of the sandy nature of the deposit. Since the occupation of Pd II took place immediately over the Pd I deposit, a certain admixture of the cultural materials of the two Pds was inevitable in a soft sandy medium. ### [v2.c29.64](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c29.64) Pd I, Phase I (\*c.\* 5000 to 2500 B.C.), occupies the lower 50 to 80 cm of occupation deposit. Here microliths and animal bones were most profuse, and the economy was based on a combination of hunting-gathering and herding. People lived in huts with stone-paved floors and probably wattle walls, or were sheltered behind wind breaks. The dead were buried in an extended position laid out e.-w. Phase II (\*c.\* 2500-1000 B.C.) occupies the next 30 to 50 cm deposit. Microlithic tools and animal bones begin to decline in quantity, but copper tools and pottery make their appearance. The pottery is handmade with incised decoration. The dead were buried in a flexed position and oriented w.-e. and the graves were richly furnished with pots, metal tools, ornaments and food offerings. Increased material prosperity implies a more secure and stable economy suggesting the possibility of plant agriculture and a greater reliance on animal domestication. ### [v2.c29.65](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c29.65) Pd II (\*c.\* 500 B.C. to A.D. 200) is restricted to the central part of the mound where the occupation was 35 to 75 cm thick. The microlithic industry is very poor in quantity and is perhaps derived largely or entirely from the deposit of Phase II. Animal bones are scarce and highly fragmentary. Iron tools come into use and the pottery is more plentiful and is entirely wheel-made. Glass beads are added to the repertoire of ornaments; bricks and tiles are used alongside stone in structures. ### [v2.c29.66](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c29.66) \*Microlithic industry.\* The flaked stone industry is unusually rich, with several hundred thousand worked pieces, and comprises the most common material at Bagor. No other site in India or perhaps outside has yielded microliths in such enormous numbers. The greatest density is found in Phase I, which contains 45 to 55% of the material, but it declines progressively in Phase II and Pd II. No marked typological change is noticeable from the lower to the upper levels. Quartz and chert are the most common raw material used and although quartz predominates in the waste material because of its intractable nature the majority of the finished tools are of chert. ### [v2.c29.67](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c29.67) The stone industry of Bagor is truly microlithic in that it is based on the mass production of microblades and their conversion into various microlithic forms. Large tools such as scrapers and burins made on flakes or cores are rare. The most common types and their frequencies are as follows: (1) blades with flat retouch (2·78%); (2) blunted-black blades (48·85%); (3) obliquely truncated and blunted-black blades (18·51%); (4) triangles (14·19%); (5) trapezes (1·20%); (6) crescents (3·86%); (7) points (10·06%); and (8) other tools (0·55%). ### [v2.c29.68](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c29.68) Technologically a distinctive feature of the industry is the virtual absence of the crested-ridge-guiding technique \[16.15.2\]. Although occasional tools measure 40 mm or more in length most are between 15 and 20 mm and some measure only 5 to 10 mm. These latter are perfectly symmetric in form and are very carefully retouched. It is indeed a puzzle as to how such tiny pieces could at all have been hafted and used. ### [v2.c29.69](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c29.69) \*Copper tools.\* Five well-defined copper objects, one spearhead, one thin rod and three arrowheads, were found among the offerings of two burials of Phase II. The arrowheads measure from 20 to 25 mm in length. Two of them have a concave crescentic base and the third has a barbed base; all the three are provided with two holes near and parallel to the base, which must have been used to secure them to the shaft with a string, metal wire or rivets. Similar arrowheads but without holes are known from a number of Harappa sites in Sind, Punjab. Baluchistan, Rajasthan and Gujarat, and one specimen is known from the Chalcolithic levels of INDORE. Since there is no evidence to suggest that the people of Bagor themselves practised metallurgy, the plausible explanation is that they obtained metal tools from a source that also catered to the needs of the Harappa and other communities. ### [v2.c29.70](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c29.70) \*Iron tools.\* Besides many small bits of iron two arrowheads came from Pd II. One of them is socketed and the other tanged. ### [v2.c29.71](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c29.71) \*Pottery.\* Isolated and small bits of pottery, 1 to 2 cm in size, appear almost down to the bottom of the occupation deposit. They had almost certainly sunk from the upper levels by infiltration, assisted by decaying rootlets and burrowing of rodents, into the soft sandy soil. Phase I is best regarded as devoid of pottery in the cultural sense. It is only Phase II and Pd II that are culturally associated with pottery. The pottery of Phase II is made of gritty and micaceous clay. Both surfaces of the pot are treated with a slip of fine clay and the outer surface is often burnished. A wash of bright-red colour was applied over the slip but in most phases it has largely faded away and the present surface colour is dull-brown. The pottery is poorly fired and fragile. Most of the pots seem to have been made entirely by hand or by the use of slow wheel or turntable. There are a few sherds with a black inner surface which suggests attempts at producing a black-and-red ware. The shapes include the broad-mouthed jar of various sizes, the small \*loṭā\*-like pot, large shallow basin, some smaller and deeper basin and bowl in a range of sizes. Though no complete pot is decorated many sherds bear incised designs which include groups of parallel bands, chevrons, herringbone patterns, criss-crosses, groups of short strokes and finger-nail incisions. There are some affinities between the Bagor pottery and that of the KAYATHA \[11.\] and AHAR² \[11.6.2\] cultures of Malwa and Mewar in fabric and shapes. Judging from the technological and economic status of the Bagor settlement it would appear that the pottery was obtained from agriculture-based village settlements in the area rather than produced by the local people themselves. ### [v2.c29.72](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c29.72) The pottery of Pd II is different from that of Phase II and does not develop out of the latter. It is entirely wheel-made. The firing is better and the pots are thinner and lighter. The surface is rarely treated with slip or wash. The common shapes are the large jar, small cylindrical pot and bowl with broad mouth and narrow flat base. Decoration is rare and where present consists of simple incisions. ### [v2.c29.73](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c29.73) \*Structures.\* In phases I and II the only structures are large floors made of schist slabs quarried from rocks across the river together with occasional pebbles. Some of these floors covered the entire excavated area. But it is difficult to discern any recognizable pattern in most of them. In some places however the stones appear to be aligned in a circular fashion with diameters of 3 to 5 m. These stones were likely to have been arranged on the outer periphery of circular wattle huts or wind breaks to protect them from strong winds. At several places small areas, 40 to 70 cm across, were paved with lightly packed stones and these were associated with concentration of animal bones. They probably represent butchering floors. In Pd II kiln-burnt bricks—mostly fragmentary—and tiles are also used in construction. In one case a wall nearly 3 m long and 1 m wide was made of massive and partly dressed stones. ### [v2.c29.74](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c29.74) \*Disposal of the dead.\* Five burials were found, one in Phase I, three in Phase II and one in Pd II, all of them within the settlement area. In Phase I the body was laid in an extended position with the lower left arm resting partly over the trunk and with the head towards the w. No grave goods were offered. In the three burials of Phase II the body was laid in a flexed position, with the head to the w. Whether this change in the burial practice signifies a change in the ethnic composition of the community is not possible to say as the skeletons of both phases I and II are too poorly preserved to draw any meaningful conclusions about their physical features. These burials were provided with many offerings in the form of pottery food vessels (originally no doubt full), ornaments, metal objects and cuts of meat. In one of the burials 36 beads of stone and bone were found strewn on the chest and around the neck. These must have been originally strung and worn as a necklace. With the same burial a fragmentary terracotta spindle whorl \[6.25\] was placed near the feet. The sole burial found in the deposit of Pd II turned out to be a much later interment, not culturally related to this Pd because of the association of a medieval coin with it. ### [v2.c29.75](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c29.75) \*Ornaments.\* In Phase I a few stone beads similar to those of Phase II were found. They are probably derived by infiltration from Phase II. The necklaces from Phase II referred to earlier consists of tiny tubular and barrel-shaped beads of banded agate, carnelian, garnet and bone. In Pd II glass beads were also used and there were several kinds of stone pendants. Pieces of \*geru\* or ochre found throughout the deposit may have been used for decorating the human body. ### [v2.c29.76](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c29.76) \*Stone objects.\* Hammer-stones bearing tell-tale marks of bruising and used no doubt for making microliths and splitting bones were found throughout the deposit but were more common in Pd I. Those of spherical shape were probably used as sling-stones. In Phase II were also found two perforated stones of the type regarded as mace-heads or digging-stick weights. ### [v2.c29.77](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c29.77) \*Food and economy.\* The only direct evidence for the reconstruction of the subsistence basis is the animal bones which were found in large quantities. Of the 2266 identified bones 72·29% came from Phase I, 19·06% from Phase II and only 2·65% from Pd II. The following animals are represented: sheep/goat (\*Ovis orientalis vignei\*/\*Capra hircus aegagrus\* L.), humped cattle (\*Bos indicus\* L.), pig (\*Sus scrofa cristatus\* Wagner), buffalo (\*Bubalus bubalis\* L.), blackbuck (\*Antilope cervicapra\* L.), chinkara (\*Gazelle gazella\* Pallas), chital (\*Axis axis\* Erxl.), sambar (\*Cervus unicolor\* Kerr), hare (\*Lepus nigricolis\*. F. Cuvier), fox (\*Vulpes\*. sp.) and mongoose (\*Herpestes\* sp.). In all phases sheep/goat bones account for between 60 and 80% of the bones, and these belong to the domesticated species. The economy of Bagor therefore was based from the outset on a combination of hunting-gathering and stock-raising. In Phase II the appearance of new material traits like copper tools, pottery, stone and bone beads and richly furnished graves as also the decline in the quantity of microliths and animal bones indicate increased economic stability and prosperity, and by inference imply greater reliance on stock-raising. The presence of perforated stones, ethnographically documented for their use as weights of digging sticks, might suggest practice of rudimentary agriculture. The presence of tortoise and fish bones shows the exploitation of aquatic resources as well. ### [v2.c29.78](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c29.78) \*Dating.\* Five ¹⁴C determinations, all obtained from uncharred bones, are available. These are (all B.P.): Phase I + 6430 ± 200, 5785 ± 130, 5235 ± 90; Phase II, ± 4715 ± 105, 4060 ± 90. Though no dates are available from the lowermost levels of Phase I it may not be unreasonable to put the beginning of this Phase around 5000 B.C. The beginning of Phase II can be put around the middle of the 2nd millennium B.C. because archaeological evidence does not justify expecting copper tools and pottery before that date in this area. The end of this phase cannot securely be dated owing to lack of ¹⁴C determinations but it is tentatively put around 1000 B.C. Pd II, because of the presence of iron tools and pottery with Mauryan and Kushan period affinities, can be dated between 500 B.C. and A.D. 200 or even slightly later. ### [v2.c29.79](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c29.79) Misra, V.N., 1970a, in \*Jour. Near E. Studies\*, 29, 4, pp. 221-32; 1970b, in \*Indian Antiquary\*, New Series, 4, 1-4, pp. 85-95; 1972, in Deo, S.B., ed., \*Arch. Congress & Seminar\*, Nagpur, pp. 58-65; 1973a, in \*World Arch.\*, 5, 1, pp. 92-110; 1973b, in \*East & West\*, 23, 3-4, pp. 295-305.—V.N MISRA ### [v2.c29.80](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c29.80) Bagrai, Dt Jabalpur. Microliths \[4.5\]. ### [v2.c29.81](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c29.81) \*IAR 1960-1.\* ### [v2.c29.82](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c29.82) Bagridihi, Dt Midnapur. Neolithic \[4.6.4\] site. ### [v2.c29.83](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c29.83) Das Gupta, P.C., 1966, \*Exploring Bengal's Past\*, Calcutta. \*IAR 1962-3.\* ### [v2.c29.84](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c29.84) Bahadar, Dt Dhule. Middle Stone Age (Middle Palaeolithic \[4.3\]) tools. ### [v2.c29.85](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c29.85) \*IAR 1965-6.\* ### [v2.c29.86](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c29.86) Bahadrabad (29°55'; 78°02'), Dt Saharanpur, 12 km w. of the Ganga canal headworks at Hardwar. While a diversion channel was being excavated here for siting a hydro-electric power-house, the discovery of some sherds of red ware and later of a hoard of copper objects was reported by the excavating contractor from deep down the earth. The hoard contained several rings, flat celts, a shouldered celt and a hooked spearhead. It was clear that this was one of the so-called Copper Hoards of the Ganga Valley \[4.11\] of uncertain authorship and cultural moorings. Despite loss of valuable direct evidence, several trenches at right angles to the channel on both the sides were laid in 1952 by the writer on behalf of the ASI. After cutting through a thickness of 5·7 m of alternating sterile layers of sand and pebbles was found an occupational layer, hardly 60 cm thick yielding a good amount of red ware but no copper object. Immediately above the natural soil on the s. flank of the channel lay some quartzite flake tools and waste flakes. Obviously these tools had no connection with the pottery and lay there before the arrival of the pottery-using people. According to Krishnaswami, 1953, this industry ‘belongs to a flake-tool complex assignable to two broad facies: (i) cleaver-chopper made on a mammoth lunate reminiscent of a microlithic lunate; and (ii) a jagged wavy-edged scraper formed by a different technique as revealed in the Early to Late Sohan \[4.2\] industry.’ ### [v2.c29.87](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c29.87) Made from medium-grained well-levigated clay and mixed with fine to coarse sand as \*dégraissant\*, the ordinarily thick pottery from Bahadrabad has bright-red to terracotta-buff surface and is occasionally greyish. Originally it was covered with a thick red slip which sticks to the lumps of clay or peels off as soon as the sherds are lifted. Normally the occupational layer is water-bound and only a continuous pumping out of the water lowered its table and made excavation possible. With a worn-off surface the sherds have a rolled appearance. No painting has been noticed, and if there were any, which is likely, they have disappeared with the peeled-off slip. Wavy incised decorations or notchings of cord design occur along the belly on a few pots. A looped handle has also Fig. 4. Bahadrabad: pottery. ### [v2.c29.89](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c29.89) been found. The range of the shapes of pottery is limited, although this may be due to the fact that the major part of the settlement was thrown up by the canaldiggers. Among the available forms are: the dish-on-stand with a wide and short stem and shallow dish; pedestalled cup; internally incised basin with open base; bowl or dish with undercut, beaked or out-turned rim; deep bowl; knobbed lid; lid with out-turned rim; and jar with flat base. The jars have either a narrow neck and thickened and everted rim or comparatively long neck and everted rim. One of the fragments shows a flange below the flaring mouth of a jar. ### [v2.c29.90](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c29.90) Lal, 1953, tried to provide a ceramic context to the Copper Hoards of the Ganga valley by suggesting that they were associated with the so-called OCW \[4.12\]. The occurrence of a red ware of ochre-coloured ware with copper objects at Bahadrabad seemed to lend support to this view. But the discovery of a copper harpoon at SAIPAI in a regular excavation along with a pottery which has little in common with the Bahadrabad pottery has thrown doubt on that equation. The so-called OCW from other sites, such as ATRANJIKHERA, LAL QILA and JODHPURA is also of a different class and assemblage. (Ghosh, 1973, has doubted the OCW as representing a distinct culture.) In the circumstances all that can be said at present is that the red ware of Bahadrabad appears to have some parallels with the pottery from BARA. The copper objects might well have been manufactured by nomadic craftsmen, such as the Gadul Lohars of the present day and supplied to different but contemporary folks inhabiting the Ganga valley before the arrival of the PGW \[4.15\] people. ### [v2.c29.91](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c29.91) Ghosh, A., 1973, \*City in Early Historical India\*, Simla, p. 80. Krishnaswami, V.D., 1953, in \*AI\*, 9, p. 11. Lal, B.B., 1953, \*ibid.\*, pp. 91-9. Sharma, Y.D., 1971-2, in \*Purātattva\*, 5, pp. 39-42.—Y.D. SHARMA ### [v2.c29.92](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c29.92) Bahadurgarh, Dt Rohtak. PGW \[11.14\] site. ### [v2.c29.93](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c29.93) Suraj Bhan, 1975, \*Excavation at Mitathal & other Explorations in the Sutlej-Yamuna Divide\*, Kurukshetra, p. 125. ### [v2.c29.94](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c29.94) Bahal (20°35'; 75°5'), Dt Jalgaon, on the left bank of the Girna, a tributary of the Tapti, the site partly covered by the modern village but a substantial portion remaining unoccupied, with a Yādava period temple of Bhavānī and a Maratha \*gadhi\* of the Pawars at the top. Located on the ancient trade-route from MATHURĀ to Pratiṣṭhāna (PAITHAN), which after crossing the Narmada near MAHESHWAR, passed alongside Asirgarh fort near Burhanpur and passing through Bahal went past Bhogavardhana (BHOKARDAN) via Ajanta caves, Bahal may perhaps be identified with Bahaḍa mentioned in an Ajanta inscription (Ghosh, 1967-8), but a late historical inscription gives its old name as Bahalapurī. ### [v2.c29.95](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c29.95) Bahal came to notice with the chance find of 685 pieces and five fragments of silver punch-marked coins \[3.1\] in 1943 (Chakravarti, 1944). In 1949 the site was visited by the author, who brought to light the ancient site and collected NBPW \[11.16\] sherds, Sātavāhana black-and-red ware \[11.6\], microliths and black-painted red pottery which could be identified as Chalcolithic \[4.14.6\] after the excavation of NASIK. On behalf of the ASI the writer excavated the mound on a small scale in 1952 and once again in 1956-57 (\*IAR 1956-7\*, p. 17), bringing to light five Pds with breaks between Pd I and II and again between Pds III and IV. ### [v2.c29.96](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c29.96) Pd I had two Sub-pds, A and B, both Chalcolithic, overlying the Black Cotton Soil \[9.1\]. Sub-pd A was distinguished by a thick grey ware in the shape of the globular jar with a flared rim, reminiscent of the BRAHMAGIRI urn, bowl with flat base and incurved rim and handmade storage jar with incised oblique and criss-cross lines or dot-and-chain patterns and with bold applied decoration of finger-tips and female figurines of the fertility goddess. A few sherds of thinner grey ware had paintings in red ochre on the rim portion of the pot or on the knob of the lid shaped like a shallow bowl. This pottery is also met with in Pd III of DAIMABAD. Sub-pd I B produced fine red ware turned on the fast wheel. It was painted in black with a rich variety of designs—horizontal bands with hatched diamonds, triangles, ladders, concentric circles and criss-cross, parallel lines and antelope and horse (?); the last-mentioned pottery with animal paintings bears similarity with the DAIMABAD pot bearing a painted band of a procession of antelopes, leopard and a human being. A few sherds of lustrous red-slipped ware recalls the post-Harappa Lustrous Red Ware \[11.9\] of RANGPUR. The upper levels of this Sub-pd contained the carinated bowl and spouted vessel of the NASIK-JORWE type, but the typical burials of the Jorwe culture \[4.14.6\] with two or three urns placed horizontally mouth to mouth \[12.4\] were not met with at Bahal, nor the extended burials seen in the Chalcolithic levels at DAIMABAD and INAMGAON. The burnished grey ware found in Sub-pd I A and black ware with oblique lines painted in white continued in this Sub-pd. The other finds consisted of beads of terracotta, shell and paste, microliths of chalcedony, agate and jasper—mostly parallel-sided blades, sometimes serrated, and less frequently lunates and trapezes—and terracotta comb-like objects made out of sherds and bones. The limited use of copper was indicated by a shapeless lump of metal. ### [v2.c29.97](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c29.97) Pd II (c. 600-300 B.C.) marked a complete change in the life-pattern of the site with the emergence of iron and of the black-and-red ware with its variants in which the red was replaced by buff or cream. The ware had a highly burnished surface, and the bowl with featureless rim and the shallow dish were the common shapes. The shapes in the associated red ware of gritty core were the globular jar and carinated \*hāṇḍī\*. In addition there were highly polished faceted beads of carnelian, jasper, crystal and opal and large cylindrical ear ornaments of agate with mirror-like polish. The iron objects were represented by spearheads, arrowheads, knives, daggers, sickles, etc., indicating an agricultural community living at the site and tilling the rich soil in the Tapti valley. The Pd II had three structural Sub-pds indicated by post-holes at short intervals, suggesting modest timber-built huts. Legged querns and pestles \[6.19\], of which a large number were found, and charred grains, probably rich and millet, pointed limitedly to the food-habits of the contemporary people. ### [v2.c29.98](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c29.98) Pd III (c. 300 B.C. to A.D 100) had two Sub-pds. In Sub-pd A the variants of the black-and-red ware, abundant in the preceding Pd disappeared, but the main were contained alongside the NBPW and a gritty red-slipped ware with crackled surface, occasionally marked with graffiti \[20.1\]. Beads of agate, carnelian and crystal and bangles of shell were also found, as also a circular copper mirror \[18.5\] with handle and iron nails and bone points with tangs. A floor made of rammed pebbles with post-holes was the only structural relic, besides deep ring-wells \[14.5\]. Sub-pd B was characterized by a still more gritty red ware, but the technique of burnishing deteriorated in the local ware. The Red Polished Ware \[11.23\] made its appearance. Two-holed tiles \[14.6.4\], common to both the Sub-pds, together with iron nails, indicate the use of roofs with tiles fixed to wooden rafters by means of iron nails. Etched beads of carnelian were found. Votive tanks \[12.11\] also made their appearance. ### [v2.c29.99](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c29.99) With the end of Pd III the site was subjected to severe floods which left behind sterile deposits of river-sand in several bands. After a long gap of 1200 years the site was reoccupied, in Pd IV, during the Yādava and Muslim times (A.D. 1200-1700). The deposits of this Pd were found badly disturbed by subsequent pits. The pottery was crude and grey and red in colour. Medieval glazed ware and Celadon Ware \[11.25\], together with polychrome Bahmanī bangles and stray coins, were indicative of the date of this Pd. ### [v2.c29.100](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c29.100) Pd V represented an occupation of the site during the hegemony of the Marathas in the 18th century. Remains of pottery conduit-pipes embedded in brickwork formed the main relic of the Pd, together with a masonry wall, attributed to the family of the Pawars, standing at the site above the surface level. ### [v2.c29.101](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c29.101) Chakravarti, S.N., 1944, in \*Jour. Bombay Branch Royal Asiatic Soc.\*, New Series, 20. Ghosh, A., 1968-68, in \*Epigraphia Indica\*, 36, 6, pp. 241-4—M.N. DESHPANDE ### [v2.c29.102](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c29.102) \*\*Bahalda¹\*\*, Dt Mayurbhanj, on the Barhai. Tools of Series II (Middle Palaeolithic \[4.3\]) including points, scrapers, borers, burins, blades, cores and flakes were collected. ### [v2.c29.103](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c29.103) \*\*Bahalda²\*\*, Dt Mayurbhanj, on the Khadkei. Tools of Series II (Middle Palaeolithic \[4.3\] including points scrapers, borers, burins blades, cores and flakes were collected. ### [v2.c29.104](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c29.104) \*\*Bahalda³\*\*, Dt Mayurbhanj, on the Nesa. Tools of Series II (Middle Palaeolithic \[4.3\]) including points, scrapers, borers, burins, blades, cores and flakes were collected. ### [v2.c29.105](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c29.105) \*\*Baharia\*\*, Dt Shahjahanpur. Two copper implements a harpoon, a new type of sword and sherds of the OCW \[11.5\] were found. Trial excavations yielded a few potsherds mostly pale-red (ochrous) in colour. Among the main types were: vases with beaded rim and concave neck; globular vases with flared rim; vases with splayed-out featureless rim; and vases with out-turned externally beaded rim. ### [v2.c29.106](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c29.106) \*\*Bahe\*\*, Dt Sangli. Tools of the Middle and Late Stone (Middle Palaeolithic \[4.3\]) and Mesolithic \[4.5\] Ages. ### [v2.c29.107](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c29.107) \*\*Bahera Khurd\*\*, Dt Saharanpur. Late Harappa \[4.10\] and OCW \[4.12\] site. ### [v2.c29.108](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c29.108) \*\*Baheya\*\*, Dt Ranchi. So-called Asura site \[14.4\] yielding copper vessels, ornaments and a polished bronze dish. ### [v2.c29.109](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c29.109) \*\*Bahiri\*\*, Dt Birbhum. Black-and-red Ware \[11.6.5\] site. ### [v2.c29.110](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c29.110) \*\*Bahmni\*\*, Dt Mandla. Rich Upper Palaeolithic \[4.4\] site on the Banjer. ### [v2.c29.111](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c29.111) \*\*Bahmni Khera\*\*, Dt Gurgaon. PGW \[11.14\] site. ### [v2.c29.112](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c29.112) \*\*Bahnera\*\*, Dt Bharatpur. Kushan red and grey wares. ### [v2.c29.113](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c29.113) \*\*Bahni Theh\*\*, Dt Kurukshetra. SISWAL and late Harappa wares \[11.4\]. ### [v2.c29.114](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c29.114) \*\*Bahola\*\*, Dt Karnal. PGW \[11.14\] site. ### [v2.c29.115](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c29.115) \*\*Bahor\*\*, Dt Jammu. Late historical pottery and Gupta terracottas. ### [v2.c29.116](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c29.116) \*\*Bahotra-ka-Kot\*\*, Dt Ghazipur. Black-and-red ware \[11.6.3\]. ### [v2.c29.117](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c29.117) \*\*Bahrah Khurd\*\*, Dt Jind. Late Harappa \[4.10\] site. ### [v2.c29.118](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c29.118) \*\*Bahri\*\*, Dt Jaunpur. Sherds of the NBPW \[11.16\] were found. ### [v2.c29.119](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c29.119) \*\*Bahua\*\*, Dt Fatehgarh. NBPW \[11.16\] was found at Bahua, 22·5 km from Fatehpur on the Fatehpur-Banda road. ### [v2.c29.120](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c29.120) \*\*Bahuddin Thed\*\*, (29°31'; 75°13'), Dt Hissar. Rang Mahal \[11.24\] site. \*IAR 1967-8\*. ### [v2.c29.121](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c29.121) \*\*Bahukasiktaur\*\*, Dt Basti. NBPW \[11.16\] site. \*IAR 1963-4\*. ### [v2.c29.122](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c29.122) \*\*Bahupura\*\*, Dt Saharanpur. Late Harappa site \[4.10\]. \*IAR 1964-5\*. ### [v2.c29.123](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c29.123) \*\*Bahurupa\*\*, Dt Dhule, on the n. bank of the Tapti, explored by the Prehistory Branch, ASI, which brought to light a considerable number of microliths (\*IAR 1958-9\*, pp. 22-4). Subsequently excavation confined to two trenches has revealed a 45 cm thick Chalcolithic deposit \[4.14.6\] largely disturbed by pits (\*IAR 1959-60\*, p. 34). The pottery comprises the typical Chalcolithic red and brownish ware bearing geometrical, animal and fish motifs in black, purple or chocolate colours. A shallow dish with bevelled rim, high-necked jar and lid are some of the important yields in the red variety, while a few specimens of burnished grey and black wares with the paring technique have also come to light along with a type of black and grey ware having vertical strokes and dots painted inside. The site has also yielded a few microliths on agate and chalcedony representing microblade cores, parallel-sided blades, tiny backed blades, crescents and awl points. The microliths and other materials available on the surface, i.e., fluted cores, simple and retouched blades, points, etc., and nodules and flakes and chalcedony, agate and some siliceous materials would indicate that Bahurupa was possibly a factory site for making microlithic tools. —A. BANERJI ### [v2.c29.124](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c29.124) \*\*Bahyana\*\*, Dt Dhule. Microliths and Chalcolithic habitational remains \[4.14.6\]. \*IAR 1961-2\*. ### [v2.c29.125](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c29.125) \*\*Bahyand\*\*, Dt Dhule. Microliths (of unspecified nature). \*IAR 1961-2\*. ### [v2.c29.126](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c29.126) \*\*Baidyapur\*\* (21°46'; 86°42'), Dt Mayurbhanj, in the valley of the Burhabalang in Sadar Subdivision, a small village on the slope of a high land formed of lateritic soil with a thick mantle of alluvium or loose earth on top. The occurrence of polished stone implements in the paddy-fields of the village was first reported in 1923-4 by P. Acharya (\*ASI—AR 1923-4\*, p. 100) and thereafter surface explorations by the Calcutta Univ. and the ASI have yielded from the site a large number of neolithic \[4.6.4\] artefacts in different stages of manufacture. The industry is particularly important because of its association with a coarse pottery. The tools are generally made of phylite and consist of celts of various types, adzes and conical hammer-stones besides shouldered celts of rectilinear type, the latter demonstrating a cultural link with e. India \[4.6.6\] and s.-e. Asia. Two different tool-making traditions, common to e. India, existed side by side. The first tradition marked by chipping and pecking over the entire surface and grinding restricted to the cutting edge only indicates an early stage of the Neolithic culture. The second tradition belonging to the later Neolithic complex consists of fully ground and polished tools with straight sides and trapezoidal or rectangular transverse section. ### [v2.c29.127](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c29.127) A trial dig at the site undertaken in 1961-2 by the ASI yielded a gritty, handmade red ware in association with the Neolithic implements. The sherds are mostly of vases with out-turned rim. In all its technical aspects the ware is similar to the Neolithic pottery of KUCHAI. Thus Baidyapur passed through a true Neolithic stage in which the basic traits of a food-producing economy, viz., agriculture, polished stone tools and pottery, were present. ### [v2.c29.128](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c29.128) Banerji, R.D., 1930, \*History of Orissa\*, Calcutta, 1, pp. 35-40. Ghosh, N.C., 1969, in \*Jour. Oriental Inst.\*, pp. 333-4 (for pottery).—S.K. MUKHERJEE ### [v2.c29.129](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c29.129) \*\*Baigar\*\*, Dt Varanasi. NBPW \[11.16\]. \*IAR 1958-9\*. ### [v2.c29.130](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c29.130) \*\*Baijnathpur\*\*, Dt Moradabad. PGW \[11.14\]. Lal, B. B., 1954 & 1955, in \*AI\*, 10 & 11, p. 138. ### [v2.c29.131](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c29.131) \*\*Baira Domuhwan\*\*, \*\*Bairadumhawan\*\*. Dt Varanasi. Upper Palaeolithic \[4.4\] site yielding blades, burins, parallel sided blades, blunted blades, points, scrapers, lunates, cores and flakes. See CHANDRAPRABHA VALLEY. \*IAR 1962-3\*. ### [v2.c29.132](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c29.132) \*\*Bairagarh\*\*, Dt Bhopal. The w. slope of the sandstone hill near Bairagarh on the outskirts of Bhopal has several rock-shelters with paintings \[13\] and microlithic tools \[4.5\] comprising lunates and trapezes, besides fluted cores and flakes and traces of an inscription in shell characters. \*IAR 1956-7\*. ### [v2.c29.133](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c29.133) \*\*Bairala\*\*, Dt Mirzapur. Black-and-red Ware \[11.6\]. \*IAR 1962-3\*. ### [v2.c29.134](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c29.134) \*\*Bairanattam\*\*, Dt Dharmapuri. Megalithic site with dolmens \[4.17.9\]. Sewell, R., 1882, \*Antiquarian Remains in the Presidency of Madras\*, Madras. ### [v2.c29.135](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c29.135) \*\*Bairat¹\*\* (27°27'; 76°12'), Dt Jaipur, 66 km n. of Jaipur and 40 km w. of Alwar, with two inscriptions of Aśoka, one on an isolated boulder and the other on a hill called Bijak-ki-pahari the top of which is reached by a roughly flagged ramp. One of the inscriptions is addressed to the Buddhist community. A. Cunningham considered Bairat to be the capital of the Matsyas (\*ASI—AR\*, 6, 1873). ### [v2.c29.136](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c29.136) The Buddhist remains are located on two terraces on the Bijak-ki-pahari, the upper terrace with a brick monastery and the lower one with a brick sanctuary, both excavated by D.R. Sahni in the 30s of this century. ### [v2.c29.137](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c29.137) The sanctuary was thought by him to be a circular temple with a door in the e., enclosing another circular wall of wedge-shaped bricks, the intervening space serving as a procession path. The latter wall is ‘made up of panels of brickwork alternating the octagonal columns of wood, which numbered 26 ..., the charred stumps of which ... have survived and double-pointed cramps found in the recesses in which the columns stood indicate that the latter were composed of two or more thin sections, joined to obtain the required thickness.’ According to Mitra, 1971, p. 42, however, the two concentric circular walls enclosed a \*stūpa\*, now disappeared, so that the whole structure was a \*stūpa\* complex with the space between the circular walls serving as \*pradakṣiṇā-patha\*. The complex was at a later date enclosed by an oblong brick enclosure, its n., s. and w. walls touching the outer circular wall, the open space on the e. serving as a congregation hall. The complex is thus a prototype of the later rock-cut \*caitya-gṛhas\* of w. India. ### [v2.c29.138](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c29.138) Aśokan workmanship of the structure is not in doubt for apart from his two inscriptions fragments of one or more pillars of Aśoka in Chunar sandstone and a polished stone umbrella of Mauryan craftsmanship were found in the debris. ### [v2.c29.139](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c29.139) The upper terrace of the hill, approached by a broad staircase now disappeared, occupied a dilapidated monastery. Hidden within one of its walls was a small pottery jar with 36 silver coins, punch-marked \[3.1\] and Greek and Indo-Greek, indicating that the monastery continued in existence till at least A.D. 50. Eight of the punch-marked ones were wrapped in a piece of cloth \[16.16\]. The cloth is a rare find. Scientific examination has shown that 1 sq yard (8·36 sq m) of it would have weighed 3·303 oz. (85·893 g). It was woven from 20s and 16s yarns. The number of strands to 1 inch (25·4 mm) was 50 lengthwise and 34 breadthwise. ### [v2.c29.140](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c29.140) On the s. spur of the Bijak-ki-Pahari Sahni found a small fine chert flake (parallel-sided blade), the tall stem of a pottery dish-on-stand and an incuse coin. Rock-shelters \[13\], a microlithic core \[4.5\], an ovate and Lower Palaeolithic tools \[4.2\] were also found in the neighbourhood (\*IAR 1962-3\*). ### [v2.c29.141](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c29.141) Bairat figures on the distribution map of the NBPW \[11.16\] (\*AI\*, 1, 1946, p. 57). Renewed excavation of Bairat by N.R. Banerjee of the ASI revealed a succession of four Pds ranging in date from the late phase of the PGW \[11.14\] mixed with the NBPW, early centuries of the Christian era and, after a break, medieval (\*IAR 1962-3\*, p. 31). ### [v2.c29.142](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c29.142) Mitra, D., 1971, \*Buddhist Monuments\*, Calcutta. Sahni, D.R., no date, \*Arch. Remains & Excavations at Bairat\*, Jaipur.—A. GHOSH ### [v2.c29.143](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c29.143) \*\*Bairat²\*\*, Dt Varanasi. Black-and-red ware \[11.6.4\] and NBPW \[11.16\]. \*IAR 1961-2\*; \*1962-3\*. ### [v2.c29.144](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c29.144) \*\*Bairgarh\*\*, Dt Varanasi. Rock-shelters with paintings \[13\] were discovered on the bank of the river Karamnasa. \*IAR 1961-2\*. ### [v2.c29.145](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c29.145) \*\*Bairi\*\*, Dt Kanpur. NBPW \[11.16\]. \*IAR 1962-3\*. ### [v2.c29.146](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c29.146) \*\*Baisi\*\*, (Vayagigarhi), Dt Saharsa. Site with remains of a brick wall and yielding terracotta ring-wells \[4.15\], storage jars and terracotta ear-lobes, all characteristic of the Śuṅga period. \*IAR 1965-6\*. ### [v2.c29.147](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c29.147) \*\*Baitalwadi\*\*, Dt Aurangabad. Microlithic \[4.5\] site. \*IAR 1956-7\*. ### [v2.c29.148](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c29.148) \*\*Baithola\*\*, Dt Tonk. Microliths \[4.5\]. \*IAR 1958-9\*. ### [v2.c29.149](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c29.149) \*\*Bajekan\*\*, Dt Hissar. RANG MAHAL \[11.24\] site. Silak Ram, 1976, unpublished thesis, Kurukshetra Univ. ### [v2.c29.150](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c29.150) \*\*Bajhera\*\*, Dt Aligarh. PGW \[11.14\] site. \*IAR 1962-3\*. ### [v2.c29.151](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c29.151) \*\*Bajitpur\*\*, Dt Una. Late Harappa \[4.10\] and early historical site. \*IAR 1970-1\*. ### [v2.c29.152](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c29.152) \*\*Bajra-Tiket\*\*, Dt Jaunpur. NBPW \[11.16\]. \*IAR 1962-3\*. ### [v2.c29.153](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c29.153) \*\*Bakal\*\*, Dt Saharanpur. Late Harappa \[4.10\] and OCW \[4.12\] site. \*IAR 1967-8\*. ### [v2.c29.154](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c29.154) \*\*Bakanda-khera\*\*, Dt Agra. PGW \[11.14\] site. \*IAR 1964-5\*. ### [v2.c29.155](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c29.155) \*\*Bakarka\*\*, Dt Saharanpur. OCW \[11.5\] and PGW \[11.14\] site. \*IAR 1963-4\*. ### [v2.c29.156](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c29.156) \*\*Bakarganj\*\*, Dt Basti. Black-and-red ware and NBPW \[11.16\]. \*IAR 1963-4\*. ### [v2.c29.157](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c29.157) \*\*Bakraha\*\*, Dt Sangrur. PGW \[11.14\] site. Suraj Bhan, 1975, \*Excavation at Mitathal & other Explorations in the Sutlej-Yamuna Divide\*, Kurukshetra, p. 124. ### [v2.c29.158](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c29.158) \*\*Bakraur\*\* (24°42′; 85°1′), Dt Gaya, 1 km e. of the Bodh Gaya temple. A \*stūpa\* site on the Lilajan river (ancient Nairañjanā), visited by Cunningham in 1861-2, and excavated by K.M. Srivastava in 1974-5. The excavation revealed a \*stūpa\* built in three stages; the discovery of plaques of Buddha in \*bhūmi-sparśa-mudrā\* with the legend \*Sujātā-gṛha\* in characters of the 8th-9th century proves its traditional association with Sujātā. The first occupation of the site was fairly early as is evidenced by the discovery of dark-grey polished ware and a silver punch-marked coin \[3.1\]. Cunningham, A., 1871, \*ASI-AR\*, 1, p. 12.—K.M. SRIVASTAVA ### [v2.c29.159](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c29.159) \*\*Bakresvar and Kopai valleys\*\*, Dt Birbhum. Chinpai and Giridangal in these river valleys yielded Middle and Late Stone Age (Middle Palaeolithic \[4.3\] and Mesolithic \[4.5\]) implements, the former comprising scrapers, points and blades of chert and red jasper and the latter represented by small blades, points, flakes and cores. ### [v2.c29.160](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c29.160) \*\*Bakreswar\*\*, Dt Birbhum. Lower Palaeolithic \[4.2\], Middle Palaeolithic \[4.3\] and Microlithic \[4.5\] site. ### [v2.c29.161](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c29.161) \*\*Bakrol\*\*, Dt Ahmadabad. Mesolithic \[4.5\] site. \*IAR 1972-3\*. ### [v2.c29.162](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c29.162) \*\*Bakutra-I & II\*\*, Dt Banas-Kantha. Painted red ware and late historical ware. \*IAR 1964-5\*. ### [v2.c29.163](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c29.163) \*\*Balaganahalli\*\*, Dt Kolar. Site with Black-and-red ware \[11.15.3\] and red wares and Megalithic stone circles \[4.17.8\]. \*IAR 1972-3\*. ### [v2.c29.164](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c29.164) \*\*Balaggam\*\*, Dt Gurdaspur. Early historical remains. See ACHAL-SAHEB. \*IAR 1961-2\*. ### [v2.c29.165](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c29.165) \*\*Balajangamanahalli\*\*, Dt Dharmapuri. Late Stone Age (Mesolithic \[4.5\]) and Megalithic burial \[4.17.9\] site. \*IAR 1969-70\*. ### [v2.c29.166](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c29.166) \*\*Balajigutta\*\*, Dt Hyderabad. A group of 35 stone circles \[4.17.7\] was noticed. \*IAR 1958-9\*. ### [v2.c29.167](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c29.167) \*\*Balambid\*\*, Dt Dharwar. Mesolithic \[4.5\] site with tools made on quartz and occasionally on chalcedony and crystal. The dominant tool type is the point, other types being the burin, crescent, awl, etc. Information from B. Narasimhiah through A. Sundara. ### [v2.c29.168](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c29.168) \*\*Balamrapara\*\*. See VAGHELE and BALAMRAPARA. ### [v2.c29.169](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c29.169) \*\*Balana\*\*, Dt Ambala. Late Harappa \[11.4\] pottery and PGW \[11.14\]. \*IAR 1963-4\*. Suraj Bhan, 1975, \*Excavation at Mitathal & other Explorations in the Sutlej-Yamuna Divide\*, Kurukshetra, p. 123. ### [v2.c29.170](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c29.170) \*\*Balanapalli\*\*, Dt Dharmapuri. Megalithic burial \[4.17.9\] site. \*IAR 1969-70\*. ### [v2.c29.171](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c29.171) \*\*Balanayanapalli\*\*, Dt Dharmapuri. Dolmenoid cists \[4.17.9\]. \*IAR 1965-6\*. ### [v2.c29.172](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c29.172) \*\*Baland (Baid Natha Kheda)\*\*, Dt Rohtak. Early historical site. \*Jour. Haryana Studies\*, 3, 1, p. 4. ### [v2.c29.173](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c29.173) \*\*Balapur-Khurd\*\*, Dt Chanda. Late Stone Age (Mesolithic \[4.5\]) tools. \*IAR 1962-3\*. ### [v2.c29.174](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c29.174) \*\*Balarampur\*\*, Dt Bankura. Microliths \[4.5\]. \*IAR 1959-60\*. ### [v2.c29.175](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c29.175) \*\*Balasar\*\* (29°33′; 74°46′), Dt Hissar. Rang Mahal \[11.24\] site. \*IAR 1967-8\*. ### [v2.c29.176](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c29.176) \*\*Balathal\*\*, Dt Udaipur. Microlithic and white-painted black-and-red ware \[4.14.1\] site in the Berach valley. \*IAR 1962-3\*. ### [v2.c29.177](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c29.177) \*\*Balavarman\*\*, Dt Nalgonda. Megalithic \[4.17.7\] site. Sreenivasachar, P., 1963, in \*Arch. Bull.\*, 11, p. 5. ### [v2.c29.178](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c29.178) \*\*Balayi\*\*, Dt Gurgaon. PGW \[11.14\] and early historical site. Punia, D.S., 1976, unpublished thesis, Kurukshetra Univ. ### [v2.c29.179](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c29.179) \*\*Balbatti\*\*, Dt Gulbarga. Ancient mound. \*Jour. Geological Surv. Hyderabad\*, 5, 1, p. 56. ### [v2.c29.180](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c29.180) \*\*Balchakra\*\*, Dt Gulbarga. Megalithic \[4.17.8\] site. It also has rock paintings \[13\]. \*Jour. Geological Surv. Hyderabad\*, 4, 1, p. 188. ### [v2.c29.181](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c29.181) \*\*Baldana\*\*, Dt Dhule. Chalcolithic habitation and burial remains \[4.14.6\]. \*IAR 1961-2\*. ### [v2.c29.182](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c29.182) \*\*Baleguli\*\*, Dt Dharmapuri. Cist burials \[4.17.9\]. \*IAR 1966-7\*. ### [v2.c29.183](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c29.183) \*\*Baleni\*\*, Dt Meerut. The site, 5 km s. of Pura, yielded sherds of a fine grey ware, seemingly of the PGW \[11.14\] assemblage, and NBPW \[11.16\]. \*IAR 1958-9\*. Sharma, R.P., 1976, in \*Arch. Congress & Seminar 1972\*, Kurukshetra. ### [v2.c29.184](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c29.184) \*\*Baleri\*\*, Dt Ujjain. Early historical site. \*IAR 1971-2\*. ### [v2.c29.185](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c29.185) \*\*Balganur\*\*, Dt Bijapur. Chalcolithic \[4.14.8\] site. See ALMEL. \*IAR 1959-60\*. ### [v2.c29.186](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c29.186) \*\*Balhane\*\*, Dt Dhule. Chalcolithic \[4.14.6\] site with microliths and black-painted red and burnished grey wares. \*IAR 1962-3\*. ### [v2.c29.187](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c29.187) \*\*Baliana\*\*, Dt Rohtak. PGW \[11.14\] was found at Baliana-I and pre-Harappa \[11.2\], black-and-red ware, PGW and Black-slipped \[11.13\] Ware at Baliana-II. \*Jour. Haryana Studies\*, 3, 1, p. 4. Suraj Bhan, 1975, \*Excavation at Mitathal & other Explorations in the Sutlej-Yamuna Divide\*, Kurukshetra, p. 125. ### [v2.c29.188](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c29.188) \*\*Baligarh\*\*, Dt Darbhanga. NBPW \[11.16\] together with terracottas of the 2nd-1st century B.C. \*IAR 1954-5\*. ### [v2.c29.189](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c29.189) \*\*Balirajgarh\*\*, Dt Darbhanga. Situated 80 km n.-e. of Darbhanga and 27 km n.-e. of Madhubani (26°21′; 86°7′); excavated in 1962-3, 1972-3 and 1974-5. The defence wall as excavated underwent three phases of construction or repairs. The core of the fortification consisted of mud brick with burnt-brick encasement, the outer one four times the width of the inner. In the second phase a concrete ramp was built against the inner face. The third phase witnessed further reinforcement of the ramp in the shape of a$ 3 m high platform of earth mixed with potsherds built against the inner face of the fortification as protection from floods. The fort wall originated in the 2nd century B.C., with NBPW sherds in the pre-defence deposits. The cutting in the habitational area revealed two Pds, the NBPW level not being reached due to subsoil water. Pd I revealed a residential building with a well of wedge-shaped bricks and a ring-well \[14.15\]. Terracotta animal and human figures \[17\], and beads of precious stones, mother goddess figures \[12.6\], copper antimony rods \[18.1\] and an iron crucible \[16.4\] were among the finds. Pd II covered a deposit about 1·60 m thick. A brick wall of the Pd was exposed. \*IAR 1962-3\*, p. 3.—B.P. SINHA _First 188 of 1,185 passages. 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Senart 1881)](https://indike.org/pramana/inp.epigraphy.asoka.re.re05*senart1881) — Prakrit --- Source: [https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c29](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c29) · Pramāṇa