[Pramāṇa](https://indike.org/pramana/) › [Studies](https://indike.org/pramana/ins) › [Reference works](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference) › [An Encyclopaedia of Indian Archaeology](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989) › v2.c35 # An Encyclopaedia of Indian Archaeology v2.c35: H An Encyclopaedia of Indian Archaeology v2.c35 - **Language:** English ## Contents - [v2.c35.42](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c35.42) — 4 parts ### H ### [v2.c35.1](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c35.1) Habipura, Dt Ganganagar. A microlith, three chert blades seemingly Harappa \[4.9\], grey ware, Rang Mahal pottery \[11.24\] and two terracotta figures. Unpublished. ### [v2.c35.2](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c35.2) Haccholli, Dt Bellary. Early historical site. \*IAR 1962-3\*. ### [v2.c35.3](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c35.3) Hadagali, Dt Belgaum. Lower Palaeolithic \[4.2\] site. Joshi, R.V., 1955, \*Pleistocene Studies in the Malaprabha Basin\*, Poona, pp. 23-5. ### [v2.c35.4](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c35.4) Hadakhed, Dt Dhule. Late Stone Age (Mesolithic \[4.5\]) site. \*IAR 1969-70\*. ### [v2.c35.5](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c35.5) Hadargeri, Dt Dharwar. Chalcolithic \[4.14.8\] site yielding the thick and coarse grey ware of BRAHMAGIRI, a few black-painted red sherds and 15 polished stone axes. \*IAR 1959-60\*; \*1962-3\*. ### [v2.c35.6](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c35.6) Hadi, Haddi, Dt Ratnagiri. Early Stone Age (Lower Palaeolithic \[4.2\]) factory site with some caves. \*IAR 1970-1\*. Guzder, S.J., 1977, in \*Man & Environment\*, 1, p. 5. ### [v2.c35.7](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c35.7) Hadipur, Dt 24-Parganas. NBPW \[11.16\] site. \*IAR 1961-2\*. ### [v2.c35.8](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c35.8) Hagaratgi, Dt Gulbarga. Megalithic \[4.17.8\] site. Sundara, A., 1975, \*Early Chamber Tombs of s. India\*, Delhi, pp. 52-4. ### [v2.c35.9](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c35.9) Hagargundgi, Dt Gulbarga. Stratified site of the Middle Stone Age (Middle Palaeolithic \[4.3\]) industry on the left bank of the Bhima river. The tools comprised scrapers, points, boras, flake blades and blades. \*Jour. Geological Survey of Hyderabad\*, 5, 1, p. 56. \*IAR 1967-8\*. ### [v2.c35.10](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c35.10) Hagri Pada, Dt Dhule. Microliths and sometimes neoliths were found in association with black-on-red painted ware. \*IAR 1957-8\*. ### [v2.c35.11](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c35.11) Haigund, Dt N. Kanara. Early historical site. \*Karnataka Bharati\*, 8, 2, p. 14. ### [v2.c35.12](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c35.12) Hainchula, Dt Bhagalpur. Microliths \[4.5\]. \*IAR 1963-4\*. ### [v2.c35.13](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c35.13) Hajanala, Dt Rajkot. Harappa \[11.3\] pottery. \*IAR 1959-60\*. ### [v2.c35.14](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c35.14) Halagur, Dt Mandya. Megalithic \[4.17.8\] site with cists and stone ancles. Seshadri M., 1959, \*Stone-using Cultures of Pre- & Proto-historic Mysore\*, London, p. 59. ### [v2.c35.15](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c35.15) Halakundi, Dt Bellary. Neolithic \[4.6.9\] site. Foote, R.B., 1916, \*Indian Prehistoric & Protohistoric Antiquities\*, Madras, pp 77-8. \*IAR 1959-60\*. ### [v2.c35.16](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c35.16) Halalpur, Dt Rohtak. PGW \[11.14\] and Black-slipped Ware \[11.13\] site. \*Jour. Haryana Studies\*, 3, 1, p. 6. ### [v2.c35.17](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c35.17) Halanmardi, Dt Gulbarga. Megalithic \[4.14.8\] site with a stone alignment. \*Jour. Geological Survey of Hyderabad\*, 4, 1, p 157. ### [v2.c35.18](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c35.18) Halasabalu, Dt Chitradurga. Early historical site. \*Manavika Bharati\*, 2, 1 January 1978. ### [v2.c35.19](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c35.19) Halbhavi, Dt Gulbarga. Megalithic \[4.17.8\] site. \*Jour. Geological Survey of Hyderabad\*, 4, 1, p 157. ### [v2.c35.20](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c35.20) Hal-Buduki, Dt Dhule. Mesolithic \[4.5\] site. \*IAR 1960-1\* ### [v2.c35.21](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c35.21) Halebid, Dt Hassan. Megalithic \[4.17.8\] site near the famous Hoyṣaḷa temples. Seshadri, M., 1956, \*Stone-using Cultures of Pre- & Proto-historic Mysore\*, London, p. 61. ### [v2.c35.22](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c35.22) Halekote, Halekota, Hill, Dt Bellary. Neolithic \[4.6.9\] site. Foote, R.B., 1916, \*Indian Prehistoric & Protohistoric Antiquities\*, Madras, pp. 77-8. Paddayya, K., 1973, \*Investigations into the Neolithic Culture of Shorapur Doab, s. India\*, Leiden, fig 29. ### [v2.c35.23](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c35.23) Halenda, Dt Rajkot. Harappa pottery \[11.3\]. \*IAR 1957-8\*. ### [v2.c35.24](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c35.24) Halepalya, Dt Kolar. Megalithic \[4.17.8\] site. \*IAR 1972-3\*. ### [v2.c35.25](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c35.25) Halgap, Dt Dharwar. Neolithic \[4.6.9\] site. \*IAR 1968-9\* ### [v2.c35.26](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c35.26) Halingali, Dt Bijapur in Taluka Jamkhandi (16°30'; 75°20'), about 5 km e. of TERDAL at the foot of the e.-w. oriented sandstone hill plateaux. Close to the w. of the village is a late medieval stone fort in ruins. S and e. of the villages on the hilly terraces there are more than 400 megaliths \[4.17.9\] in continuation of those on the same hillock within the limits of TERDAL and HANGANDI. In fact megaliths exist continuously even beyond the limits of Halingali in the areas of two other adjacent villages MADALMATTI and ASANGI. The megaliths are chiefly of four types: passage chambers of Greek or Latin cross type; circular passage chambers; small square chambers; and cairn stone circles. As at TERDAL there are pillars within the passage chamber of both the types to support multiple capstones. In case the chamber is high the cairn packing on the outside supporting the chamber is held by a dry coursed rubble wall rectangular on plan. Otherwise the rubble packing is held by concentric circles or a circle and a rectangle. The largest chamber on an average measures about 5·50 by 6·50 m and the coursed wall enclosing the cairn packing 12 m. Occasionally on the s. exterior of the retaining wall there may be a semicircular enclosure with an opening at the centre in alignment with the passage of the chamber almost invariably oriented s.wards or somewhere between the s.-w. and s.-e. The cairn stone circles are self-explanatory. The square chamber is generally small in size enclosed by a circles but with very weak cairn packing in between. Occasionally on the exterior of the enclosing circles there may be two or three smaller chambers enclosed by semicircles abutting the main circles. Megaliths of these two types are about a dozen each that appear to represent the fag end of the burial practice at the site. Besides there are two or three low round barrows. ### [v2.c35.27](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c35.27) A round barrow, two cairn stone circles and one of the largest passage chamber of Latin cross type were excavated by the writer. The round barrow consisted of heavily packed cairn overlying an oval-shaped pit. But excepting three of four potsherds of burnished grey ware of the Chalcolithic culture \[4.14.8\] from the pit and a crushed vase of bright-red ware of the Megalithic culture at a spot in the cairn packing no other burial was found. ### [v2.c35.28](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c35.28) The three megaliths were found to have been previously disturbed. The cairn circles did not yield anything noteworthy but a few potsherds of Megalithic fabric \[11.15.3\]. The passage chamber though already ransacked did yield pottery of different types and iron objects. The pottery is of three fabrics: the Black-and-red Ware, bright burnished red ware and coarse red ware. The vase, basin, bowl, dish and lid are the main types in the Black-and-red Ware; and the vase with collared or externally beaded and truncated or out-curved having undercut rim, basin, hemispherical deep bowl, lid with flanged waist and dish-on-stand are represented in the red ware. The iron objects are fragments of saucers, straps, hooks, a curved blade (?) and a clip. Besides a thin copperplate with two notches on one side also was obtained. ### [v2.c35.29](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c35.29) ¹⁴C dating of the charcoal bits from the debris is 2080 ± 100 (c. 130 B.C.) which probably indicates the existence of the passage chamber at that time rather than the period of its construction in view of the previous disturbance to it. The passage chamber tombs of these types are reasonably placed between 1200 and 700 B.C. ### [v2.c35.30](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c35.30) Sundara A., 1975, \*Early Chamber Tombs of s. India\*, Delhi, pp. 26-30.—A. SUNDARA ### [v2.c35.31](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c35.31) \*\*Halki\*\*, (16°14′; 75°15′). See \*\*GHATAPRABHA VALLEY\*\*. ### [v2.c35.32](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c35.32) \*\*Hallur\*\*, (14°20′; 75°37′), Dt Dharwar, on the left bank of the Tungabhadra, anciently known as Hallavaru, Vijayasamudra or Vijayapura, mentioned in late historical inscriptions as the capital of the Śindas, excavated by M.S. Nagaraja Rao in 1965. The total deposit of 6·40 m can be divided into two Pds, Pd I with two phases. The first phase, early Neolithic \[4.6.9\], has pale-grey and burnished ware, sometimes painted in red ochre, a coarse blackish ware and a small quantity of reddish-brown ware with purple painting. Edge-ground polished stone axes of soft schist occur in small numbers, but blades are absent. No houses, not even floors, have been encountered. Phase 2 of Pd I has the black burnished ware continued from Phase I, and in addition brown-and-black ware, coarse dull-red ware, all the three with ochre paintings and a few black-painted red ware akin to the Jorwe Ware \[11.11\]. There are polished stone axes, this time of dolerite and trap, and rich blade industry of black quartzite with parallel-sided blades and lunates. Copper objects such as double axes \[6.2\] and fish-hooks give this phase a Chalcolithic \[4.14.8\] character. The houses indicated by post-holes are circular with bamboo fibres within. The floors are made of chipped schist stone and levelled by fine river sand. A double urn child burial in an oval pit has been met with in the excavated area itself. There are shell, quartz, steatite and bone beads. ### [v2.c35.33](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c35.33) Pd II represents an overlap of the Neolithic-Chalcolithic with the early Iron Age \[4.16\] culture. While the blade industry is absent, the Iron Age makes itself felt by arrowheads, spearheads, and knife-blades, together the typical Megalithic Black-and-red Ware \[11.15.3\] and all-black ware. Megalithic cairns and dolmenoid cist circles \[4.17\] are found on the w. of the site and to the n. of the hill slopes. The Pd has bone, carnelian, terracotta, gold, green stone and antler beads. ### [v2.c35.34](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c35.34) Several ¹⁴C dates are available for both the Pds. For Pd I, Neolithic, they range from 1710 to 1030 ± 105 to 100 B.C. and for Pd II, Overlap, 1095 ± 105 and 955 ± 100 B.C. This early date of the advent of iron in the s. is noteworthy. Thus the excavator's dates are: Pd I A, 1800-1500; Pd I B, 1500-100; and Pd II, 1100-800. ### [v2.c35.35](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c35.35) The animal skeletal remains \[15.1\] found in the excavation are as follows: Pd I A, cattle, sheep and goat, antelope, swine and carnivorous animals; Pd I B, horse, sheep or goat, antelope, canine and the cattle, the last predominant; and Pd II, pig, canine, sheep or goat, horse, fowl and cattle, here, too the cattle predominating. Among the vegetal remains \[2\] there are the millet \*Eleusine coracana\* Gaertn and \*Elusine indica\* Gaertn. \*ragi\*; \*Paspalum scrobiculatum\* Linn.; \*Oryza sativa\* Linn., rice; and some drupaceous fruits. ### [v2.c35.36](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c35.36) Nagaraja Rao, M.S., 1971, \*Protohistoric Cultures of the Tungabhadra Valley\*, Dharwar.—A. GHOSH ### [v2.c35.37](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c35.37) \*\*Halpur\*\*, Dt Raichur. Site with stone artefacts; probably a Chalcolithic \[4.14.8\] site. ### [v2.c35.38](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c35.38) Foote, R.B., 1916, \*Indian Prehistoric & Protohistoric Antiquities\*, Madras, p. 125. ### [v2.c35.39](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c35.39) \*\*Halre\*\*, Dt Mysore. Megalithic \[4.17.8\] habitation site. ### [v2.c35.40](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c35.40) \*IAR 1963-4\*. ### [v2.c35.41](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c35.41) \*\*Halsagram, Halsagara\*\*, Dt Bellary. Megalithic site with chamber tombs \[4.17.8\]. ### [v2.c35.42.1](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c35.42.1) \*Megalithic Tombs & other Remains in the Deccan,\* Hyderabad, 1941, pp. 86-7. \*\*Halshi\*\*, Dt Belgaum. Megalithic \[4.17.8\] and early historical site. \*Karnatakadalli Jain Dharma Math Samskriti\*, Dharwar, 1975, pp. 120-40. \*\*Halvad\*\*, Dt Surendranagar. Early and Middle Stone Age (Lower and Middle Palaeolithic \[4.2, 3\]) tools were found at a site about 2·4 km from Halvad on the Halvad-Dhrangadhra road on the banks of the Dokamardo nullah. \*IAR 1963-4.\* \*\*Halwana\*\*, Dt Saharanpur. PGW \[11.14\] site. \*IAR 1968-9.\* \*\*Halwi\*\*, Dt Bellary. Neolithic \[4.6.9\] site. Foote, R.B., 1916, \*Indian Prehistoric & Protohistoric Antiquities\*, Madras, pp. 77-8. \*\*Hami\*\*, Dt Palamau. Nineteen bar-celts and six flat cells of copper were found on the bank of a small river \[4.11\]. \*Jour. Bihar & Orissa Res. Soc.\*, 2, 1916, p. 481-4. \*\*Hamirgarh\*\*, Dt Bhilwara. Site on the Banas with Series I (Lower Palaeolithic \[4.2\]) tools. \*IAR 1958-9.\* \*\*Hamirpur\*\*, Dt Ambala. PGW \[11.14\] site. \*IAR 1964-5.\* Suraj Bhan, 1975, \*Excavation at Mitathal & other Explorations in the Sutlej-Yamuna Divide\*, Kurukshetra, p. 123. \*\*Hamirpur-ka-Kot\*\*, Dt Ghazipur. Black-and-red Ware \[11.6.3\] site. \*IAR 1963-4.\* \*\*Hampasagara\*\*, Dt Bellary. Chalcolithic \[4.14.8\] site. A four-footed sarcophagus \[12.9\] is noteworthy. Foote, R.B., 1916, \*Indian Prehistoric & Protohistoric Antiquities\*, Madras, p. 80. \*\*Hanagandi\*\*, Dt Bijapur. Neolithic \[4.6.9\] Chalcolithic \[4.14.8\] site. \*IAR 1965-6.\* \*\*Hanamsagar\*\*, Dt Gulbarga. ### [v2.c35.42.2](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c35.42.2) Megalithic \[4.17.8\] site. \*Jour. Geological Survey of Hyderabad\*, 4, 1, p. 157. \*\*Hanchinal\*\*, Dt Bijapur. Painted black-on-red Chalcolithic pottery \[4.14.8\]. See BALLOLLI. \*IAR 1957-8.\* \*\*Handi\*\*, Dt Bharuch. Middle and Late Stone Age (Middle Palaeolithic \[4.3\] and Mesolithic \[4.5\]) site. \*IAR 1969-70.\* \*\*Handignur\*\*, Dt Dharwar. Early historical site with the typical Black-and-red Ware \[11.15.3\], the Russet-coated Ware \[11.22\] and a dull-red-slipped ware. \*IAR 1958-9.\* \*\*Hangandi\*\*, Dt Bijapur. Megalithic \[4.17.8\] site with passage chambers of the Greek or Latin cross type and early historical remains. Sundara, A., 1975, \*Early Chamber Tombs of s. India\*, Delhi, pp. 26-30. \*\*Hange\*\*, Dt Ahmadnagar. Tools of Series II (Middle Palaeolithic \[4.3\]) and microliths \[4.5\]. \*IAR 1960-1.\* \*\*Hankari\*\*, Dt Jalgaon. Early historical site yielding black-and-red ware. \*IAR 1969-70.\* \*\*Hannur\*\*, Dt Mysore. Megalithic \[4.17.8\] site. Information from C. Krishnamurthy through A. Sundara. \*\*Hansa\*\*, Dt Ranchi. Burial ground marked by about a hundred horizontal slabs and vertical pillars. Patil, D.R., 1962, \*Antiquarian Remains in Bihar\*, Patna, pp. 159-60. \*\*Hansapur\*\*, Dt Jabalpur. Microliths \[4.5\]. \*IAR 1959-60.\* \*\*Hansi\*\*, Dt Hissar. PGW \[11.14\] site. \*IAR 1963-4.\* Suraj Bhan, 1975, \*Excavation at Mitathal & other Explorations in the Sutlej-Yamuna Divide\*, Kurukshetra, p. 124. \*\*Hansra\*\*, Dt Birbhum. Site yielding channel-spouted bowls. \*IAR 1967-8.\* \*\*Hantala\*\*, Dt Jabalpur. ### [v2.c35.42.3](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c35.42.3) Microliths \[4.5\]. \*IAR 1957-8.\* \*\*Hanumandhar\*\*, Dt Kutch. Historical site. See AJMEL. \*IAR 1965-6.\* \*\*Hanumandhoro\*\*, Dt Amreli. Red Polished Ware \[11.23\] site in the Shetrunji Valley. \*IAR 1960-1.\* \*\*Hanumanganj\*\*, Dt Allahabad. Late Stone Age (Mesolithic \[4.5\]) site. \*IAR 1963-4.\* \*\*Hanumangarh\*\*, (29°35'; 74°21'), Dt Ganganagar. A Rang Mahal \[11.24\] site on the SARASVATĪ much destroyed by a late medieval fort built over it. PGW \[11.14\] was also found. Unpublished. \*\*Hanumantapura\*\*, Dt Kolar. Megalithic stone circles \[4.17.8\]. \*IAR 1971-2; 1972-3.\* \*\*Hanuman-Timba\*\*, Dt Mahesana. Late Historical red ware, grey ware and Red Polished Ware \[11.23\]. \*IAR 1960-1.\* \*\*Hanuman Timbo (Gadhada)\*\*, Dt Bhavnagar. Harappa \[4.9\] and early historical \[4.18.2\] site. \*IAR 1971-2.\* \*\*Hanuman-Vato\*\*, Dt Rajkot. Early historical \[4.18.2\] site. \*IAR 1958-9.\* \*\*Hanumati river\*\*, Dt Purulia. Handaxes, ovates, cleavers and other tools of Acheulian assemblage \[4.2\] were found in the cliff-sections of the stream. On the basis of typology, patination and state of preservation the industry may be divided into an earlier and later phase. \*IAR 1967-8.\* \*\*Haraha\*\*, Dt Shahdol. Lower \[4.2\] and Middle Palaeolithic \[4.3\] site. \*IAR 1962-3.\* \*\*Harahi-Bhituli\*\*, See GANGA VALLEY. \*\*Haraholli\*\*, Dt Kolar. Site with black-and-red and red wares. \*IAR 1972-3.\* \*\*Haraipur\*\* (23°52'; 87°35'), Dt Birbhum, a small village where the writer's 1965-excavation (\*IAR 1964-5\*, p. ### [v2.c35.42.4](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c35.42.4) 46) of a small mound known as Solkhana yielded a Chalcolithic occupational deposit of about 2·6 m. The most important finds are extended burials of children oriented from n. to s. within the habitational areas. Though there are no grave goods the finds from the pits as well as from the deposits indicate clearly that the burials belong to the Chalcolithic folk \[4.14.4\]. No report on the skeletal remains has been received so far from the Anthropological Survey of India. The pottery consists of painted as well as plain black-and-red ware \[11.6.5\], black-on-red ware and white-painted red ware, besides a dull-red ware. The shapes comprise mainly the carinated bowl, convex-sided bowl, channel-spouted vessel and perforated vessel. The painted designs consist of horizontal and vertical strokes, herring-bone designs, short strokes like inverted commas, interconnected loops, rows of triangles and two joint arcs resembling flying birds. While most of the painted designs occur on the inner side of the vessels some of them bear paintings on both sides. The shapes and designs are identical with those at MAHISDAL and other Chalcolithic sites of W. Bengal as well as of c. India \[11.10\]. The other finds, though limited in number, consist of short blades, tiny Neolithic celts, a stone pestle, bone points and microbeads of steatite. Burnt clay nodules with reed impression and a charred wooden pole, 4 cm in diameter, indicate that the inhabitants lived in perishable huts. —R.G. PANDEYA ### [v2.c35.43](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c35.43) \*\*Haralakote\*\*, Dt Kolar. Megalithic \[4.17.8\] site. \*Seshadri, M., 1956, Stone-using Cultures of Pre- & Proto-historic Mysore, London, p. 16.\* ### [v2.c35.44](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c35.44) \*\*Haralhalli\*\*, Dt Dharwar. Early historical site. \*See\* HANDIGNUR. \*IAR 1958-9.\* ### [v2.c35.45](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c35.45) \*\*Haralukote\*\*, Dt Mysore. Medieval site. \*IAR 1959-60.\* ### [v2.c35.46](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c35.46) \*\*Haraniyava\*\*, Dt Ahmadabad. Mesolithic \[4.5\] site. \*IAR 1971-2.\* ### [v2.c35.47](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c35.47) \*\*Harat\*\*, Dt Damoh. The basal cemented conglomerate in the basin of the Sonar yielded tools of the bifacial handaxe-cleaver facies \[4.2\]. Near by the upper gravels yielded tools of the flake-point-scraper complex \[4.3\] on chert and jasper, related to industries in the Son and Ken basins. \*IAR 1957-8; 1958-9. AI, 17, 1961, pp. 5-36.\* ### [v2.c35.48](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c35.48) \*\*Haravgeri\*\*, Dt Belgaum. Neolithic \[4.6.9\]-Chalcolithic \[4.14.8\] site. \*IAR 1965-6.\* ### [v2.c35.49](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c35.49) \*\*Harchiri\*\* (16°56′; 73°26′), Dt Ratnagiri. A unifacial chopper \[4.2\] was obtained from the cliff section on the river Kajvi. \*IAR 1969-70. Joshi, R.V , & Bopardıkar. B P., 1972, in Deo, S.B., ed., Arch. Congress & Seminar, Nagpur, p. 49.\* ### [v2.c35.50](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c35.50) \*\*Hardakheri\*\*, Dt Saharanpur, OCW \[4.12\] site. \*IAR 1963-4.\* ### [v2.c35.51](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c35.51) \*\*Hardaun\*\*, Dt Allahabad. Late Stone Age (Mesolithic \[4.5\]) and Megalithic \[4.17.3\] site. \*IAR 1963-4.\* ### [v2.c35.52](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c35.52) \*\*Harden\*\*, Dt Gurdaspur. Early historical remains. \*See\* ACHAL SAHEB. \*IAR 1961-2.\* ### [v2.c35.53](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c35.53) \*\*Hardi¹\*\*, Dt Nimar. Microliths \[4.5\]. \*IAR 1958-9.\* ### [v2.c35.54](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c35.54) \*\*Hardi²\*\*, Dt Palamau. Middle Stone Age (Middle Palaeolithic \[4.3\]) site. \*IAR 1971-2.\* ### [v2.c35.55](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c35.55) \*\*Hardi³\*\*, Dt Sitapur. A flat celt of copper \[4.11\]. \*AI, 7, 1951, p. 20.\* ### [v2.c35.56](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c35.56) \*\*Hardo Dungar\*\*, \*See\* GHUMLI. ### [v2.c35.57](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c35.57) \*\*Hardoi\*\*, Dt Hardoi. A flat copper celt and an antennae sword also of copper \[4.11\]. An extensive mound s.-w. of the town of Hardoi yielded pottery of the Kushan period. \*Jour. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, N.S., 11, 1915, p. 5. IAR 1965-6.\* ### [v2.c35.58](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c35.58) \*\*Hardo Rawal Khurd\*\*, Dt Gurdaspur. Black-slipped Ware \[11.13\] and black-and-red and grey wares. \*IAR 1961-2.\* ### [v2.c35.59](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c35.59) \*\*Hargaon\*\*, Dt Sitapur. Mound yielding an inscribed sealing \[3.2\] of the Śuṅga period. \*IAR 1970-1.\* ### [v2.c35.60](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c35.60) \*\*Harha\*\*, Dt Shahdol. Early and Middle Stone Ages (Lower \[4.2\] and Middle Palaeolithic \[4.3\]) tools. \*IAR 1962-3.\* ### [v2.c35.61](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c35.61) \*\*Harhar valley\*\*, Dt Santal Parganas. Microliths \[4.5\] were found about 17 km off Deoghar-Chakia road. \*IAR 1961-2.\* ### [v2.c35.62](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c35.62) \*\*Harhi-Bhituli\*\*, Dt Pratapgarh. Mirolithic site with burials and hearths. \*Sharma, G.R., 1975, Presidential Address, Indian Prehistoric Soc., Delhi.\* ### [v2.c35.63](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c35.63) \*\*Hariana\*\* (22°36′; 70°15′), Dt Jamnagar. Late Harappa \[4.10\]site. \*AI, 18, & 19, 1962 & 1963, p. 205.\* ### [v2.c35.64](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c35.64) \*\*Haribas\*\* Dt Saharanpur. Late Harappa \[4.10\] and OCW \[4.12\] site. \*IAR 1967-8.\* ### [v2.c35.65](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c35.65) \*\*Haribera\*\*, Dt Singhbhum. Neolithic \[4.6.4\] site. Two important artefacts from the site comprise a chisel of extremely large size and a broad chisel. These two types occur exclusively in e. India and only a few have so far been found in c. India. \*AI, 9, 1953, p. 77.\* ### [v2.c35.66](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c35.66) \*\*Harichandanpur\*\*, Dt Dhenkanal. Palaeoliths \[4.2-4\], Neolithic \[4.6.4\] chisels and a quartzite ring-stone were found. \*IAR 1957-8; 1958-9.\* ### [v2.c35.67](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c35.67) \*\*Harihara\*\*, Dt Chitradurga. Neolithic \[4.6.9\] site. \*Manavika Bharati, January 1978, 2, 1.\* ### [v2.c35.68](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c35.68) \*\*Harin\*\*, Dt Ranchi. Microliths \[4.5\]. \*IAR 1960-1.\* ### [v2.c35.69](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c35.69) \*\*Harinarayanpur\*\*, (22°8′; 88°13′), Dt 24-Parganas, on the e. bank of the Hooghly, 6 km s.-e. from Diamond Harbour town, has yielded and has still been yielding from its eroded section numerous antiquities bespeaking the richness of the site. Explorations by individuals and various organizations—the Asutosh Museum, Indian Museum, ASI, and Directorate of the State Dept of Arch.—have recovered handmade and moulded terracotta human and animal figurines and toy carts of the Maurya, Śuṅga and Kushan periods, terracotta seals and sealing \[3.2\], silver punch-marked and uninscribed cast copper coins \[3.1\], sherds of the NBPW \[11.16\] and Rouletted Ware \[11.21\], sprinklers, grey and black pottery and thousands of stone and glass beads, some with etched designs. A number of stone celts and hammer-stones may indicate a prehistoric occupation as well. ### [v2.c35.70](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c35.70) Das Gupta, P.C., 1960, in \*Jour. Dept of Letters\*, Calcutta Univ., New Series, 3, pp. 76-7 \*et passim\*; 1963, in \*Bull. Director of Arch., W. Bengal\*, Calcutta, 1; 1963, \*Introduction to the State Arch. Gallery, W. Bengal\*, Calcutta. Datta, K., 1961, in \*Science & Culture\*, 27, pp. 275-8; 1963, in \*Modern Review\*, July, pp. 39-44. Ghosh, D.P., 1968, \*Studies in Museum & Museology in India\*, Calcutta, pp. 50-1, 1973, in Mode, H., ed., \*Great Centres of Art\*, Calcutta, Leipzig. \*IAR 1955-6\*, p. 62; \*1956-7\*, p. 81; \*1957-8\*, pp. 70, 72; \*1958-9\*, p. 76; \*1959-60\*, p. 78; \*1960-1\*, p. 68; \*1961-2\*, p. 106; \*1963-4\*, p. 95; \*1964-5\*, p. 70;\*1971-2\*, p. 88.—D.K. CHAKRABARTI. ### [v2.c35.71](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c35.71) \*\*Harindubri\*\*, Dt Singhbhum. Early and Middle Stone Age (Lower and Middle Palaeolithic \[4.2-3\]) tools and microliths \[4.5\]. ### [v2.c35.72](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c35.72) \*IAR 1962-3\*. ### [v2.c35.73](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c35.73) \*\*Hariparigom\*\*, Dt Anantnag. Neolithic assemblage \[4.6.1\] similar to that revealed at BURZAHOM. Menhirs of the Burzahom type were also found. ### [v2.c35.74](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c35.74) \*IAR 1962-3\*. ### [v2.c35.75](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c35.75) \*\*Haripur\*\*¹, (30°50′; 76°45′), See SIRSA VALLEY. ### [v2.c35.76](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c35.76) \*\*Haripur\*\*², Dt Ganganagar. Rang Mahal \[11.24\] site. ### [v2.c35.77](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c35.77) Unpublished. ### [v2.c35.78](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c35.78) \*\*Haripur\*\*³, Dt Gurdaspur. Black-slipped Ware \[11.13\] and black-and-red and grey wares. ### [v2.c35.79](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c35.79) \*IAR 1961-2\*. ### [v2.c35.80](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c35.80) \*\*Haripur\*\*⁴, Dt Jullundur. PGW \[11.14\], Śuṅga-Kushan and medieval glazed wares. ### [v2.c35.81](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c35.81) \*IAR 1961-2\*; \*1963-4\*. ### [v2.c35.82](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c35.82) \*\*Haripur\*\*⁵, (32°1′; 76°10′), Dt Kangra. A few tools, mostly rolled, were found at the foot of the terrace. See BEAS-BAṄGAṄGĀ VALLEY. ### [v2.c35.83](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c35.83) \*IAR 1966-7\*. ### [v2.c35.84](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c35.84) \*\*Haripur\*\*⁶, Dt Mayurbhanj. Neoliths. ### [v2.c35.85](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c35.85) \*IAR 1958-9\*. ### [v2.c35.86](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c35.86) \*\*Haripur\*\*⁷, Dt Sangli. Tools of the Middle and Late Stone (Middle Palaeolithic \[4.3\] and Mesolithic \[4.5\] Ages. ### [v2.c35.87](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c35.87) \*IAR 1962-3\*. ### [v2.c35.88](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c35.88) \*\*Haripura\*\*, Dt Chittaurgarh. A few Palaeolithic implements were found on the Bamani, a tributary of the Chambal. ### [v2.c35.89](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c35.89) \*IAR 1954-5\*. ### [v2.c35.90](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c35.90) \*\*Harmatia\*\*, Dt Junagadh. Red Polished Ware \[11.23\] site. ### [v2.c35.91](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c35.91) \*IAR 1957-8\*. ### [v2.c35.92](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c35.92) \*\*Harnahalli\*\*, Dt Raichur. Megalithic \[4.17.8\] site with cairn stone circles. ### [v2.c35.93](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c35.93) \*Jour. Geological Survey of Hyderabad\*, 3, 2, p. 76-82. ### [v2.c35.94](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c35.94) \*\*Harna-Kachar\*\*, Dt Mirzapur. Early Stone Age (Lower Palaeolithic \[4.2\]) tools including handaxes, cleavers and scrapers. ### [v2.c35.95](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c35.95) \*IAR 1962-3\*. ### [v2.c35.96](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c35.96) \*\*Harnaoda\*\*, Dt Ujjain. Historical site. ### [v2.c35.97](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c35.97) \*IAR 1971-2\*. ### [v2.c35.98](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c35.98) \*\*Harnikalan\*\*, See MIRZAPUR². ### [v2.c35.99](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c35.99) \*\*Harni Khurd\*\* (29°32′; 74°39′), Dt Hissar. Rang Mahal \[11.24\] site. ### [v2.c35.100](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c35.100) \*IAR 1967-8\*. ### [v2.c35.101](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c35.101) \*\*Harnol Khera\*\*, Dt Gurgaon. PGW \[11.14\] and early historical site. ### [v2.c35.102](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c35.102) Punia, D.S., 1976, unpublished thesis, Kurukshetra Univ. ### [v2.c35.103](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c35.103) \*\*Harnur\*\*, Dt Gulbarga. Neolithic \[4.6.9\]-Chalcolithic \[4.14.8\] site. ### [v2.c35.104](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c35.104) \*IAR 1963-4\*. ### [v2.c35.105](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c35.105) \*\*Harohalli\*\*, Dt Kolar. Megalithic \[4.17.8\] site. ### [v2.c35.106](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c35.106) Information from C. Krishnamurthy through A. Sundara. ### [v2.c35.107](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c35.107) \*\*Harpada\*\*, Dt Surat. Lower \[4.2\] and Middle Palaeolithic \[4.3\] and Mesolithic \[4.5\] site. ### [v2.c35.108](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c35.108) \*IAR 1967-8\*. ### [v2.c35.109](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c35.109) \*\*Hartopa\*\*. See DHALBHUM. ### [v2.c35.110](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c35.110) \*\*Harur\*\*, Dt Dharampuri. Megalithic \[4.17.9\] sites with dolmens. ### [v2.c35.111](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c35.111) Sewell, R., 1882, \*Antiquarian Remains in the Presidency of Madras\*, Madras. ### [v2.c35.112](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c35.112) \*\*Harvgeri\*\*, Dt Belgaum. Chalcolithic \[4.14.8\] site. ### [v2.c35.113](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c35.113) \*P.B. Desai Felicitation Vol.\*, Dharwar, 1971, pp. 4-30. ### [v2.c35.114](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c35.114) \*\*Harwan\*\* (34°11′; 74°53′), Dt Srinagar, on a hill identified with Ṣaḍ-arhad-vana mentioned in the \*Rājataraṅgiṇī\*. Excavation has revealed among other structures a \*stūpa\* and an apsidal temple with ancillary structures situated on two terraces. The masonry named diaper rubble style consists of a number of large boulders placed in a row, the interstices filled with smaller chips of stone. A noteworthy feature is the pavement made of square terracotta tiles with: (1) designs of frets, wavy lines, fish-bone patterns and flower designs; (2) leaves of an aquatic plant; (3) geese running or flying with flower petals or leaves in their bills; (4) other birds in the centre of a floral pattern and fighting cocks; (5) fighting rams, cows, elephants and deer; (6) archers on horseback shooting games; (7) female figures, sometimes dancing and beating a drum; (8) couples seated on a balcony, etc. Kharoṣṭhī numerals indicate the position of the tiles on the floor. The establishment has been dated to from about A.D. 200 to 500. ### [v2.c35.115](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c35.115) Kak, R.C., 1933, \*Ancient Monuments of Kashmir\*, London, pp. 105-11. Mitra, D., 1971, \*Buddhist Monuments\*, Calcutta, p. 111. ### [v2.c35.116](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c35.116) \*\*Hasanabad\*\*, Dt Guntur. A rock-shelter \[13\] was located at Gangabodu; grey ware sherds of the late medieval period were collected besides Palaeolithic tools. ### [v2.c35.117](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c35.117) \*IAR 1967-8\*. ### [v2.c35.118](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c35.118) \*\*Hasanapuram\*\*, Dt Nellore. Lower \[4.2\] and Middle Palaeolithic \[4.3\] site in the Pennar river valley. ### [v2.c35.119](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c35.119) \*\*Hasangarh\*\*, Dt Bulandshahr. Śuṅga-Kushan red ware. IAR 1964-5. ### [v2.c35.120](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c35.120) \*\*Hasanpur\*\*¹, Dt Bharuch, with a 2-m high mound, with the Lustrous Red Ware \[11.9\], the dish with a beaded rim, bowl with a sharply carinated shoulder and dish-on-stand, all of which equate it to RANGPUR II C and III. Rao, S.R., in \*AI\*, 18 & 19, 1962 & 1963, p. 190. ### [v2.c35.121](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c35.121) \*\*Hasanpur\*\*², Dt Surat. Site blonging to the transitional period between the Harappa \[4.9\] and Chalcolithic \[4.14\] cultures. IAR 1957-8. ### [v2.c35.122](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c35.122) \*\*Haselpur\*\*, Dt Indore. Lower Palaeolithic \[4.2\] site. IAR 1970-1. ### [v2.c35.123](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c35.123) \*\*Hashmatpet\*\*, Dt Hyderabad. Out of the 40 cairn circles \[4.17.7\] noticed here two labelled Megalith I and Megalith II were excavated. Both showed on plan a double circle of stones enclosing a rectangular structure of stones, with the longer axes oriented n.-s. Megalith I yielded a few sherds of red ware and an indeterminate object of iron. The pottery obtained from Megalith II was the usual Megalithic Black-and-red Ware \[11.15.3\] and all-black and red wares. Some of the forms included the familiar funnel-shaped lids, ring-stands, bowls and dishes. IAR 1970-1. ### [v2.c35.124](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c35.124) \*\*Hasrai\*\*, Dt Jhansi. Middle Palaeolithic \[4.3\] site in the bed of the Dhasan. IAR 1960-1. ### [v2.c35.125](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c35.125) \*\*Hasra Kol\*\*, Dt Gaya. The valley is strewn over with brick and stone ruins representing the site of a town and a large religious establishment of the Buddhists. Bloch, T., in \*ASI-AR, Bengal Circle\*, 1902-3, p. 14. ### [v2.c35.126](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c35.126) \*\*Hastināpura\*\*, Hastinapur, (29°9′; 78°3′), Dt Meerut, located on the right bank of an old bed of the Ganga, known in literature and tradition as the capital of the Kauravas of the \*Mahābhārata\* fame. The mound rises some 18 m above the surrounding plain, of which the upper 10 m represent occupational deposits. From n. to s. i.e. along the river-bank, the mound measures about 800 m, while in the e. to w. direction it is hardly half that size. From the top of the mound, looking e.wards one sees a thin stream, known as the Budhi Ganga (old Ganga), at a distance of about 1 km while the main stream is about 7 km farther away. On the bank of the Budhi Ganga, two places known as Draupadi Ghat and Karna Ghat remind one of the \*Mahābhārata\* personages. Three Jaina \*tīrthaṅkaras\*, Śāntinātha, Kunthunātha and Aranātha, are believed to have been associated with Hastināpura. Presently there are two Jaina temples, belonging respectively to the Digambara and Śvetāmbara sects. ### [v2.c35.127](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c35.127) With a view to ascertaining the culture sequence, excavations were conducted at Hastināpura in 1950-52 by the writer on behalf of the ASI. From bottom upwards five Pds (I-V) of occupation with a break between each have been identified. ### [v2.c35.128](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c35.128) Pd I is represented by the sproadic occurrence of sherds of the OCW \[4.12\] in a deposit of brown clay which imperceptibly merges into the natural soil underneath, with no other sign of habitation. Evidence from other sites like BAHADARABAD, LAL QILA, SAIPAĪ, etc., indicates that this pottery is in fact a kind of black-on-red ware and is associated with the Copper Hoards of the Ganga valley \[4.11\]. Humus marking the top of the OCW deposit signifies that the site was deserted and covered with vegetation before the advent of the next occupation. ### [v2.c35.129](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c35.129) Because of its likely association with the \*Mahābhārata\*, times it is Pd II that brings Hastināpura into the limelight. Archaeologically the material culture of this Pd is known as the PGW culture \[4.15\] after the very distinctive ceramic industry of the times. The Ware \[11.14\] is grey in colour and painted over in black pigment with designs which include dots, dashes, horizontal, oblique or criss-cross lines, sigmas, spirals, \*svastikas\*, etc. The shapes comprise the dish, bowl and globular vase, i.e. \*thālīs\*, \*kaṭorās\* and \*loṭās\*, making the typical Indian dinner set. Besides the PGW there are the Black-slipped Ware \[11.13\], and black-and-red \[11.6.3\] and red wares, the last-named accounting for the largest percentage. ### [v2.c35.130](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c35.130) The people were in an agricultural-\*cum\*-pastoral stage of economy. Among the cereals produced by them particular mention may be made of rice \[2.2.3\]. The domesticated animals include the cattle, sheep, buffalo and pig, besides the horse which was an animal \*par excellence\* with the Aryans. Cut and charred bones of certain animals indicate the inclusion of meat in the dietary. Both copper and iron were used during Pd II. Among the copper objects are an arrowhead, a borer, an antimony rod \[18.1\] and a nail-parer. The iron objects are not many, but evidence from other comparable sites such as ATRANJIKHERA indicates that the people manufactured arrowheads, spearheads and daggers, besides nails, sickles, etc., of this metal. ### [v2.c35.131](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c35.131) Since the excavation has been essentially vertical, no house-plans have been obtained, but there is evidence of walls of wattle-and-daub, mud and even mud brick (size indeterminate). A fragment suggests the knowledge of burnt brick. ### [v2.c35.132](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c35.132) The other objects of the Pd include: beads of carnelian, agate, jasper and bone; bangles of glass (the earliest so far in India); and terracotta animal figurines representing the cattle and more particularly the horse. Pointed tools of antlers, commonly regarded as styli \[20.5\], have been also found, but as there is no evidence of writing these points may as well have been arrowheads. The discovery of an oblong die of bone, with 1, 2, 3 and 4 marks on the four sides, at ALAMGIRPUR and of a plano-convex gamesman in the PGW fabric at Noh indicates that these people played \*chaupār\*. ### [v2.c35.133](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c35.133) After the occupational strata had reached a thickness of about 2·5 m, a heavy flood occurred in the river washing away a considerable portion of the settlement. Evidence of this flood has been obtained in the form of a very pronounced erosion on the river-side edge of the mound; and at its toe there lay higgledy-piggledy the washed-away material. Besides, in four out of the six borings made in the river-bed itself, a part of the eroded material has been encountered at a depth of nearly 15 m below the water level. The devastation indeed was so great that the inhabitants had to flee the place. ### [v2.c35.134](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c35.134) After a lapse of time the site was reoccupied. But by now (Pd III) the people had given up the paintings on the grey ware whose fabric also became coarser. As their \*de luxe\* pottery now emerges a highly shiny ware the NBPW \[11.16\] in a variety of shades—black, steel-grey, indigo, silvery and even golden. More common, however, is the red ware. ### [v2.c35.135](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c35.135) Houses are now made not only of mud brick but also of kiln-burnt brick (size 44·5 × 25·5 × 7 cm) and are oriented along the cardinal directions. A sense of town-planning is thus in evidence. There are covered street-drains for the discharge or sullage-water. A device for local soakage of water is noticed in which terracotta rings or jars are placed one over the other in a cylindrical pit. For draw-wells too terracotta rings have been used for lining \[14.15\]. Cylindrical barns of trapezoidal brick for the storage of cereals have been found. The economy on the whole had received a booster through enhanced agricultural production, in which profusion of iron tools may have played an important role. These include ploughshares, sickles, axes and adzes, besides arrow-heads, spearheads, nails, ferrules, etc. (Here evidence from other comparable sites has also been taken into account.) Both punch-marked and copper coins \[3.1\] testify to the developing economy, trade and commerce, the former being both of silver and copper, but the latter only of copper. The other finds of the Pd include: terracotta human and animal figurines: beads of semiprecious stones and glass; bangles and rings of copper; and the like. The Pd seems to have come to an end on account of a conflagration, traces of which have been noticed all over the site. ### [v2.c35.136](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c35.136) The fourth occupation, Pd IV, began some time in the 2nd century B.C., as evidenced by the occurrence in its lower levels of the coins of the rulers of Mathura and of the typical Śuṅga terracotta \[17.2\]. The pottery is now all red, sometimes stamped. The houses, of which seven structural Sub-pds have been noted, are of kiln-burnt brick (size 37 × 23 × 6·5 cm) and duly oriented n. to s. and e. to w. A street-drain and a terracotta ring-well in a house have also been noticed. The middle and late levels of the Pd have yielded respectively Yaudheya coins (beginning of the Christian era) and those imitating the coins of the Kushan king Vāsudeva (ascribable to the mid-2nd or early 3rd century A.D). Amongst the other finds of the Pd mention may be made of rotary querns \[6.19\], terracotta votive tanks and a terracotta figure of Bodhisattva Maitreya (from the upper levels) which matches its counterparts in the contemporary Mathura sculpture. ### [v2.c35.137](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c35.137) How the Pd came to an end is not known, but Pd V began after a considerable lapse of time, late in the 11th century. The houses are now made largely with brickbats robbed from the earlier structures. The usual run of pottery is dull-red, sometimes stamped, incised or painted. However an extraneous ware appears on the scene in levels which also yielded a coin of Balban (1266-77). The ware has a whitish gritty core, with geometrical and floral designs in blue, brown and green colours on the surface which is glazed. Local imitations of this pottery, with terracotta core, were also made. The Pd came to an end in the 15th century. ### [v2.c35.138](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c35.138) As seen above, Pds IV and V are dated on the basis of the coins found in them. Since there was a break of occupation between Pds III and IV, the end of Pd III may be placed in the 3rd century B.C. With the occupational strata ranging form 2 to 3 m in thickness, the beginning of this Pd may go back to early 6th century B.C. Since between Pds II and III many vital changes—such as the disappearance of the PGW, emergence of the NBPW, use of kiln-burnt brick for house construction, introduction of a system of coinage, etc.—took place, the gap between them may have been a couple of centuries or so. This would place the end of Pd II early in the 8th century B.C. With 2·5 m thick occupational strata to go by, its beginning may well go back to the 11th century B.C. Pd I would then be pre-1200 B.C. ### [v2.c35.139](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c35.139) The foregoing dating was done at a time (1952) when the ¹⁴C method was not available in India. When it did become available and samples were sent, these gave rather late dates e.g. 340 ± 115 B.C for a lower level of Pd III and from 570 ± 125 B.C. to 335 ± 110 B.C. for the upper levels of Pd II. At the same time it was noted by the laboratory that practically all the samples were mixed with rootlets, which made it difficult to rely on them. Duly corrected ¹⁴C dates from other sites in the region, e.g. MATHURA, NOH and ATRANJIKHERA, indicate that the overlap between the PGW and NBPW may have taken place in the 7th-6th century B.C. (for calibration of ¹⁴C dates, see 5.3; for a ¹⁴C date of 550 B.C. the range of the ‘corrected’ date would be anywhere between 510 and 660 B.C. Ralph \*et al.\*, 1973), and the beginning of the PGW may go back even to the 12th century B.C. At the w. sites in Haryana the PGW may have come into being even earlier, as indicated by its overlap in a pre-iron context with a culture derived from an amalgam of a pre-Harappa and Harappa cultures (evidence form BHAGWANPURA²). The dating at Hastināpura thus seems to be re-affirmed as follows: Pd I : first half of 2nd millennium B.C.; Pd II : early 11th to early 8th century B.C.; Pd III : early 6th B.C. to 3rd century B.C.; Pd IV: early 2nd century B.C. to 3rd century A.D., and Period V: late 11th to early 15th century A.D. ### [v2.c35.140](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c35.140) Finally one might pose the question regarding the historicity of the \*Mahābhārata vis-à-vis\* the results from Hastināpura. The epic is known to have changed its name and form, from the \*Jaya\* of 8800 verses through the \*Bhārata\* of 24000 to the \*Mahābhārata\*, of 100000 verses. The last named, as it mentions the Hūṇas, is unlikely to be earlier than the 5th century A.D. And if Kṛṣṇa was a historical figure he is unlikely to have been later than Buddha who lived in the 6th century B.C. Thus, how far can one rely on an 11-time inflated book completed at least 1100 years after the event? For an answer one has to look up to the immutable witnesses of history, viz. the mounds at Hastināpura, MATHURA, KAMPIL, AHICCHATRĀ, KURUKSHETRA, etc. All these and scores of other sites associated with the story have invariably yielded the remains of the PGW culture in their lowest levels. To cap it all, Hastināpura has given the evidence of a flood which destroyed the PGW settlement; and KAUŚĀMBĪ has yielded a degenerate painted grey ware; reminding one of the Purāṇic statement: ‘When the city of Hastināpura is carried away by the Gaṅgā, Nicaksu will abandon it and dwell in Kauśāmbī. There may therefore well have been a kernel of truth in the \*Mahābhārata\*, story and, if so, the event may be placed in the ninth century B.C. ### [v2.c35.141](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c35.141) Lal, B.B., 1954-5, in \*AI\*, 10, pp. 4-151. Ralph, E.K., Michael, H.N., and Han, M.C., 1973, in \*MASCA Newsletter\*, 9, 1, p. 9.—B.B. LAL ### [v2.c35.142](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c35.142) \*\*Hata\*\*, Dt Damoh. Neolithic site. ### [v2.c35.143](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c35.143) \*Madhya Pradesh ki Ruparekha\*, p. 39. ### [v2.c35.144](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c35.144) \*\*Hatalkhindi\*\*, Dt Ahmadnagar. Sherds of thick grey ware were picked up. ### [v2.c35.145](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c35.145) \*IAR 1960-1\*. ### [v2.c35.146](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c35.146) \*\*Hathahalli\*\*, Dt Bijapur. Coarse red-slipped ware, the Russet-coated Painted Ware \[11.22\] and Red Polished Ware \[11.23\]. ### [v2.c35.147](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c35.147) \*IAR 1958-9\*. ### [v2.c35.148](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c35.148) \*\*Hathala\*\*, Dt Jamnagar. Red Polished Ware \[11.23\]. ### [v2.c35.149](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c35.149) \*IAR 1957-8\*. ### [v2.c35.150](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c35.150) \*\*Hathibada\*\*, Dt Udaipur. Near NAGARI coins \[3.1\] of the Śibi Janapada of the 2nd century B.C. were collected and remnants of a shrine of Saṅkarṣaṇa and Vāsudeva of 250 B.C. were found. The Ghosundi inscription originally formed part of the enclosure. ### [v2.c35.151](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c35.151) \*ASI—AR, W. Circle\*, 1916, pp. 49-53. ### [v2.c35.152](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c35.152) \*\*Hathidhara\*\*, Dt Panch Mahals. Historical site near the village of Lunkheda. ### [v2.c35.153](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c35.153) \*IAR 1968-9\*. ### [v2.c35.154](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c35.154) \*\*Hathijan\*\*, Dt Ahmadabad. Mesolithic \[4.5\] site. ### [v2.c35.155](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c35.155) \*IAR 1972-3\*. ### [v2.c35.156](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c35.156) \*\*Hathin\*\*, Dt Gurgaon. PGW \[11.14\] and early historical site. ### [v2.c35.157](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c35.157) Punia, D.S., 1976, unpublished thesis, Kurukshetra Univ. ### [v2.c35.158](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c35.158) \*\*Hathinala\*\*, Dt Mirzapur. Palaeolithic \[4.2-4\] site. ### [v2.c35.159](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c35.159) \*IAR 1959-60\*. ### [v2.c35.160](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c35.160) \*\*Hathinia Pahar\*\*, Dt Varanasi. Megalithic \[4.17.3\] site on the right bank of the river CHANDRAPRABHA. ### [v2.c35.161](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c35.161) \*IAR 1961-2\*; \*1962-3\*; \*1963-4\*. ### [v2.c35.162](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c35.162) \*\*Hathkhamba\*\* (17°0′; 73°25′), Dt Ratnagiri. Excavation at the natural caverns and rock-shelters near of Hathkhamba revealed a generalized section consisting of (from bottom upward): bed-rock of weathered blocks of laterite, unevenly spread at the bottom; lateritic gravel with pebbles of chalcedony, chert and other secondary minerals; reddish-brown earth; loose earth mixed with a few charcoal bits and rock fragments. At all levels both finished and unfinished microliths \[4.5\] were collected along with waste flakes, nodules of chalcedony, chert and other secondary minerals. The tools consisted of fine points, crescentic points, borers, blades, bladelets, very few scrapers, flakes and cores. See K(H)ANDIVLI ### [v2.c35.163](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c35.163) Guzder, S.J., 1977, in \*Man & Environment\*, 1, p. 5. \*IAR 1969-70\*; \*1970-1\*; \*1972-3\*, Joshi, R.V., & Bopardikar, B.P., 1976, in Deo, S.B., ed., \*Arch. Congress & Seminar, 1972\*, Nagpur, p. 50. ### [v2.c35.164](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c35.164) \*\*Hatibari\*\*, Dt Midnapur. Lower Palaeolithic \[4.2\] tools. ### [v2.c35.165](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c35.165) \*IAR 1968-9\*. ### [v2.c35.166](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c35.166) \*\*Hatikheda\*\*, Dt Bankura. Lower Palaeolithic \[4.2\] tools. ### [v2.c35.167](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c35.167) \*IAR 1959-60\*. ### [v2.c35.168](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c35.168) \*\*Hatikra\*\*, Dt Birbhum. Black-and-red Ware \[11.6.5\]. ### [v2.c35.169](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c35.169) \*IAR 1967-8\*. ### [v2.c35.170](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c35.170) \*\*Hatimpur\*\*. \*See\* CHANDRAPRABHA VALLEY. ### [v2.c35.171](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c35.171) \*\*Hatipotar Danga\*\*, Dt Burdwan. Mound yielding black-and-red, black burnished and red wares. ### [v2.c35.172](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c35.172) \*IAR 1968-9\*. ### [v2.c35.173](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c35.173) \*\*Hatili\*\*, Dt Kangra. Choppers \[4.2\] in rolled condition. ### [v2.c35.174](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c35.174) \*IAR 1966-7\*. ### [v2.c35.175](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c35.175) \*\*Hat-Mohida\*\*, Dt Dhule. Late Stone Age (Mesolithic \[4.5\]) and microlithic tools. ### [v2.c35.176](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c35.176) \*IAR 1960-1\*. ### [v2.c35.177](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c35.177) \*\*Hatnur\*\*, Dt Dhule. Microliths and sometimes neoliths were found in association with the black-and-red painted pottery. Alongside was also found a coarse grey ware similar to that from the Chalcolithic levels at BRAHMAGIRI and BAHAL \[4.14.6\]. ### [v2.c35.178](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c35.178) \*IAR 1957-8\*. ### [v2.c35.179](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c35.179) \*\*Hatod\*\*, Dt Indore. Microliths in association with the black-and-red, black-and-cream and grey wares. ### [v2.c35.180](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c35.180) \*IAR 1958-9\*. ### [v2.c35.181](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c35.181) \*\*Hatho-II\*\*, Dt Jind. Ceramic complex comprises early SISWAL, SISWAL and late Harappa wares \[11.4\]. ### [v2.c35.182](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c35.182) Suraj Bhan & Shaffer, J.G., 1978, in \*Man & Environment\*, 2, p. 62. ### [v2.c35.183](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c35.183) \*\*Hathras Fort\*\*, Dt Aligarh. PGW \[11.14\], NBPW \[11.16\], Black-slipped Ware \[11.13\] black-and-red ware, red ware of the Śuṅga-Kushan period and medieval ware. ### [v2.c35.184](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c35.184) \*\*Hathwani\*\*, Dt Mirzapur. Microliths \[4.5\]. \*IAR 1962-3\*. ### [v2.c35.185](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c35.185) \*\*Hatoda\*\*, Dt Dhule. Chalcolithic \[4.14.6\] site. See UDDHAMGADH. \*IAR 1958-9\*. ### [v2.c35.186](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c35.186) \*\*Hatta\*\*, Dt Damoh. Middle Palaeolithic \[4.3\] and Neolithic site on the Sonar river. \*AI\*, 17, 1961, pp. 5-36. ### [v2.c35.187](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c35.187) \*\*Hattargi\*\*, Dt Belgaum. Megalithic \[4.17.8\] site. \*IAR 1968-9\*. Sundara, A., 1975, \*Early Chamber Tombs of s. India\*, Delhi, pp 15-22. ### [v2.c35.188](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c35.188) \*\*Hattibellagallu\*\*, Dt Kurnool. Neolithic celts \[4.6.8\] and a few pieces of the Megalithic Black-and-red Ware \[11.15.3\]. \*IAR 1958-9\*; \*1964-5\*. ### [v2.c35.189](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c35.189) \*\*Hattiga.\*\* See 4.14.4. ### [v2.c35.190](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c35.190) \*\*Hattikeri\*\*, Dt Karwar. Mesolithic \[4.5\] site yielding scrapers, points, flakes, blades, etc. \*IAR 1972-3\*. ### [v2.c35.191](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c35.191) \*\*Hatti Khurd\*\*, Dt Dhule. Artefacts ascribable to the post-Middle Stone Age (Middle Palaeolithic \[4.3\]) but preceding the Late Stone Age (Mesolithic \[4.5\]) and comprising irregular and fluted cores, blades and blade-flakes, awls, scrapers and flakes. \*IAR 1964-5\*. ### [v2.c35.192](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c35.192) \*\*Hattiyangadi\*\*, Dt S. Kanara. Early historical site \[4.18.11\]. \*Karnataka Bharati\*, 8, 3, p. 36. ### [v2.c35.193](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c35.193) \*\*Hatunia\*\*, Dt Indore. Mesolithic \[4.5\] site. \*IAR 1970-1\*. ### [v2.c35.194](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c35.194) \*\*Hatyarakoh\*\*, Dt Indore. Microliths \[4.5\]. \*IAR 1958-9\*. ### [v2.c35.195](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c35.195) \*\*Hauda-Pokhara\*\*, Dt Deoria. Black-and-red Ware \[11.6.3\]. \*IAR 1963-4\*. ### [v2.c35.196](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c35.196) \*\*Havaligi\*\*, Dt Anantapur. Neolithic \[4.6.8\] habitation site. Foote, R.B., 1916, \*Indian Prehistoric & Protohistoric Antiquities\*, Madras. \*IAR 1965-6\*. ### [v2.c35.197](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c35.197) \*\*Havananagar\*\*, Dt Gurgaon. PGW \[11.14\] and early historical site. Punia, D.S., 1976, unpublished thesis, Kurukshetra Univ. _First 200 of 343 passages. 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