[Pramāṇa](https://indike.org/pramana/) › [Studies](https://indike.org/pramana/ins) › [Reference works](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference) › [An Encyclopaedia of Indian Archaeology](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989) › v2.c37 # An Encyclopaedia of Indian Archaeology v2.c37: K An Encyclopaedia of Indian Archaeology v2.c37 - **Language:** English ### K ### [v2.c37.1](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c37.1) \*\*Kabar-Khadak-Pada.\*\* \*See\* KAN VALLEY. ### [v2.c37.2](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c37.2) \*\*Kabbaghalli,\*\* Dt Mysore. Site with cairn circles \[4.17.8\]. \*IAR 1962-3.\* ### [v2.c37.3](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c37.3) \*\*Kabirpur,\*\* Dt Saharanpur. Site with Harappa Ware \[11.3\] and OCW \[11.5\]. \*IAR 1966-7.\* ### [v2.c37.4](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c37.4) \*\*Kabrahat,\*\* Dt Durg. Megalithic \[4.17.6\] site. \*See\* SORAR. \*ASI—AR 1930-4.\* ### [v2.c37.5](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c37.5) \*\*Kabra Pahar,\*\* Dt Raigarh. Microlithic tools were found in the painted rock-shelters \[13\]. They consisted of long blades mostly with serrated edges, lunates and cores of chalcedony, jasper and agate. The tools were similar to those found at JABALPUR, PACHMARHI and ADAMGARH. \*IAR 1955-6.\* Gordon, D.H., 1958, \*Prehistoric Background of Indian Culture\*, Bombay, 23, 101. ### [v2.c37.6](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c37.6) \*\*Kachhwa,\*\* Dt Karnal. Late Harappa \[4.10\] site comparable with MITATHAL II B. Suraj Bhan, 1975, \*Excavation at Mitathal & other Explorations in the Sutlej-Yamuna Divide\*, Kurukshetra, p. 125. ### [v2.c37.7](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c37.7) \*\*Kachinda,\*\* Dt Bankura. Microliths (of unspecified nature). \*IAR 1960-1.\* ### [v2.c37.8](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c37.8) \*\*Kadamalaiputur,\*\* Dt Chingleput. Megalithic \[4.17.9\] site. \*See\* PERAMBAIR. \*ASI—AR, 1908-9\*, pp. 92. ### [v2.c37.9](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c37.9) \*\*Kadambapuram,\*\* Dt Karimnagar. Prehistoric graves (of unspecified nature). \*IAR 1967-8.\* ### [v2.c37.10](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c37.10) \*\*Kadambur,\*\* Dt Cannanore. Rock-cut caves, possibly Megalithic \[4.17.10\]. \*IAR 1960-1.\* ### [v2.c37.11](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c37.11) \*\*Kadampur,\*\* Dt Bijapur. Site with Early and Middle Stone Age (Lower and Middle Palaeolithic \[4.2.3\]) tools. \*IAR 1963-4.\* Pappu, R.S., 1974, \*Prehistoric Studies in the Upper Krishna Basin\*, Poona, p. 35. ### [v2.c37.12](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c37.12) \*\*Kadana,\*\* Dt Panch Mahals. Microliths \[4.5\] were found at the dam site. \*IAR 1972-3.\* ### [v2.c37.13](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c37.13) \*\*Kadarmandalgi,\*\* Dt Dharwar. Site with Neolithic tools, probably of the Chalcolithic \[4.18.8\] complex, dolmens \[4.17.8\] and early historical material. \*See\* HANDIGNUR. \*IAR 1958-9.\* ### [v2.c37.14](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c37.14) \*\*Kadattur¹\*\*, Dt Dharmapuri. Megalithic habitation site and Megalithic cairn circles \[4.17.9\]. \*IAR 1970-1.\* ### [v2.c37.15](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c37.15) \*\*Kadattur²,\*\* Dt Kolar. Open-air Neolithic-Megalithic \[4.6.9, 4.17.8\] site. \*IAR 1967-8.\* ### [v2.c37.16](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c37.16) \*\*Kadia Dungar,\*\* Dt Baroda. Site with ancient stone quarries and habitations. \*IAR 1968-9.\* ### [v2.c37.17](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c37.17) \*\*Kadihalli,\*\* Dt Belgaum. Megalithic site with passage chambers \[4.17.8\]. Sundara, A., 1975, \*Early Chamber Tombs of s. India\*, Delhi, pp. 15-23. ### [v2.c37.18](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c37.18) \*\*Kadikkalpatti,\*\* Dt Pudukkottai. Megalithic \[4.17.9\] site. \*Manual of Pukukkottai State\*, 2, 1944, p. 939. ### [v2.c37.19](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c37.19) \*\*Kadiramahalli,\*\* Dt Kolar. Megalithic \[4.17.8\] site. \*IAR 1961-2.\* ### [v2.c37.20](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c37.20) \*\*Kadirampatti,\*\* Dt Coimbatore. Site with cairn circles \[4.17.9\]. \*IAR 1961-2.\* ### [v2.c37.21](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c37.21) \*\*Kadirenahalli,\*\* Dt Kolar. Megalithic \[4.17.8\] site. \*IAR 1969-70.\* ### [v2.c37.22](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c37.22) \*\*Kadirinayakkanhalli,\*\* Dt Dharmapuri. Late Stone Age (Mesolithic \[4.5\]) site. \*IAR 1970-1.\* ### [v2.c37.23](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c37.23) \*\*Kadit-Khurd,\*\* Dt Ahmadnagar. Site with tools of Series II (Middle Palaeolithic \[4.3\]) and Jorwe Ware \[11.11\]. \*IAR 1955-6.\* ### [v2.c37.24](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c37.24) \*\*Kadiya Dungar,\*\* Dt Bharuch. Early historical \[4.18.2\] site near Jahajpur. \*IAR 1966-7; 1967-8.\* ### [v2.c37.25](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c37.25) \*\*Kadiyapatti,\*\* Dt Pudukkottai. Megalithic \[4.17.10\] site. \*Manual of Pudukkottai State\*, 2, 1, 1944, pp. 515-8. ### [v2.c37.26](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c37.26) \*\*Kadiyur,\*\* Dt Coimbatore. Megalithic site with dolmens \[4.17.9\]. Sewell, R., 1882, \*Antiquarian Remains in the Presidency of Madras\*, Madras. ### [v2.c37.27](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c37.27) \*\*Kadkal,\*\* Dt Raichur. Megalithic site with cairn stone circles \[4.17.8\]. \*AR Hyderabad Arch. Dept, 1936-7\*, pp. 8, 16-8. ### [v2.c37.28](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c37.28) \*\*Kadod,\*\* Dt Surat. Mesolithic \[4.5\] site. \*IAR 1966-7; 1967-8.\* ### [v2.c37.29](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c37.29) \*\*Kadoli,\*\* Dt Belgaum. Early historical \[4.18.11\] site. \*Progress Rep. of Kannada Res. Soc., 1947-52\*, p.2. ### [v2.c37.30](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c37.30) \*\*Kadukota,\*\* Dt Bhilwara. Site with black-and-red ware (of AHAR² affiliation \[11.6.2\] ?), the more important types being: the bowl with flaring or splayed-out rim and convex sides, or sharpened rim and almost straight sides, or incurved or flaring rim and blunt-carinated shoulder, or flaring rim and flanged shoulder, or rounded bottom and straight-edged flattened or obliquely cut rim; the vase with splayed-out rim and blunt-carinated shoulder; and the dish with sharpened rim. Painted designs executed in dull-white pigment both internally and externally are noticeable on a fairly large number of pots, the motifs being concentric circles, vertical strokes, wavy lines in groups, cross-hatched lozenges, oblique lines in groups from different directions, dots, vertical lines and dots and wavy lines jointed to a horizontal band. ### [v2.c37.31](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c37.31) \*\*Kadwada¹\*\*, Dt Bidar. Megalithic \[4.17.8\] and early historical \[4.18.11\] site. ### [v2.c37.32](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c37.32) \*Karnataka Bharati\*, 11, 3. ### [v2.c37.33](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c37.33) \*\*Kadwada²\*\*, Dt Guna. Lower and Middle Palaeolithic \[4.2.3\] tools. ### [v2.c37.34](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c37.34) \*IAR 1961-2\*; \*1972-3.\* ### [v2.c37.35](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c37.35) \*\*Kadwar\*\*, Dt Junagadh. Site with Red Polished Ware \[11.23\]. ### [v2.c37.36](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c37.36) \*IAR 1957-8.\* ### [v2.c37.37](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c37.37) \*\*Kaero Timbo\*\*, Dt Surendranagar. Harappa \[4.9\] site at a distance of 8 km from RANGPUR. ### [v2.c37.38](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c37.38) \*IAR 1954-5.\* ### [v2.c37.39](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c37.39) \*\*Kagas\*\*, Dt Birbhum. Site with black-and-red ware characteristic of the MAHISDAL complex \[4.14.4\]. ### [v2.c37.40](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c37.40) \*IAR 1963-4.\* ### [v2.c37.41](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c37.41) \*\*Kagwali\*\*, Dt Saharanpur. site with Śuṅga-Kushan red ware. ### [v2.c37.42](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c37.42) \*IAR 1963-4.\* ### [v2.c37.43](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c37.43) \*\*Kaharbari\*\*, Dt Hazaribagh. Three copper shouldered celts and two pieces of unwrought copper \[4.11\]. ### [v2.c37.44](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c37.44) Information from S. Asthana. ### [v2.c37.45](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c37.45) \*\*Kaheda\*\*, Dt Karimnagar. Middle Palaeolithic \[4.3\] site. ### [v2.c37.46](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c37.46) Gururaja Rao, B.K., ed., 1978, \*Decade of Arch. Studies in s India\*, Dharwad, p. 48. ### [v2.c37.47](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c37.47) \*\*Kahnwara\*\*, Dt Jabalpur. Microliths consisting of blades, crescents, scrapers and cores. ### [v2.c37.48](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c37.48) \*IAR 1958-9.\* ### [v2.c37.49](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c37.49) \*\*Kahinjar\*\*, Dt Unnao. NBPW \[11.16\] site. ### [v2.c37.50](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c37.50) \*IAR 1962-3.\* ### [v2.c37.51](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c37.51) \*\*Kaila Kunehra\*\*, Dt Meerut. PGW \[11.14\] site. ### [v2.c37.52](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c37.52) \*IAR 1967-8.\* ### [v2.c37.53](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c37.53) \*\*Kailapur\*\*, Dt Muzaffarnagar. Thick red ware of possibly Harappa \[11.3\] affiliation, PGW \[11.14\] Black-slipped Ware \[11.13\], grey ware associated with NBPW \[11.16\], red ware of Śuṅga-Kushan assemblage and medieval ware. ### [v2.c37.54](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c37.54) \*IAR 1962-3.\* ### [v2.c37.55](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c37.55) \*\*Kailasa\*\*, Dt Varanasi. NBPW \[11.16\], black-and-red ware and a inscribed sealing of the Śuṅga period. ### [v2.c37.56](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c37.56) \*IAR 1961-2.\* ### [v2.c37.57](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c37.57) \*\*Kailaspur\*\*, Dt Saharanpur. Harappa Ware \[11.3\] and OCW \[11.5\]. ### [v2.c37.58](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c37.58) \*IAR 1966-7.\* ### [v2.c37.59](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c37.59) \*\*Kainnaur, Kainor\*\*, Dt Rupnagar. Harappa \[4.9\] and late Harappa \[4.10\] site. ### [v2.c37.60](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c37.60) \*IAR 1962-3\*; \*1964-5\*. Suraj Bhan, 1975, \*Excavation at Mitathal and other Explorations in the Sutlej-Yamuna Divide\*, Kurukshetra, p. 122. ### [v2.c37.61](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c37.61) \*\*Kairana\*\*, Dt Muzaffarnagar. Site with PGW \[11.14\]. ### [v2.c37.62](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c37.62) \*IAR 1962-3.\* ### [v2.c37.63](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c37.63) \*\*Kaitha\*\*, Dt Bhind. NBPW \[11.16\] and black-and-red ware \[11.6.4\]. ### [v2.c37.64](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c37.64) \*IAR 1958-9.\* ### [v2.c37.65](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c37.65) \*\*Kaithora\*\*, Dt Muzaffarnagar. PGW \[11.14\], grey ware associated with NBPW \[11.16\], Black-slipped Ware \[11.13\], red ware of Śuṅga-Kushan assemblage and medieval ware. ### [v2.c37.66](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c37.66) \*IAR 1962-3.\* ### [v2.c37.67](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c37.67) \*\*Kaittiyankottai\*\*, Dt Madurai. Megalithic sites with dolmens \[11.17.9\]. ### [v2.c37.68](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c37.68) Sewell, R., 1882, \*Antiquarian Remains in the Presidency of Madras\*, Madras. ### [v2.c37.69](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c37.69) \*\*Kaj\*\* (20°44'; 70°51'), Dt Amreli. Site with late Harappa Ware \[11.3\]. ### [v2.c37.70](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c37.70) \*AI\*, 18 & 19, 1962 & 1963, p. 205. ### [v2.c37.71](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c37.71) \*\*Kajailana\*\*, Dt Ujjain. Historical site (of unspecified nature). ### [v2.c37.72](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c37.72) \*IAR 1971-2.\* ### [v2.c37.73](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c37.73) \*\*Kajalkura\*\*, Dt Bankura. Site with tools of Series II Middle palaeolithic \[4.3\]) and microliths (Mesolithic \[4.5\]?). ### [v2.c37.74](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c37.74) \*IAR 1959-60.\* ### [v2.c37.75](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c37.75) \*\*Kajipura\*\*, Dt Saharanpur. OCW \[11.5\] site. ### [v2.c37.76](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c37.76) \*IAR 1964-5\* ### [v2.c37.77](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c37.77) \*\*Kajli\*\*, \*See\* PURNA VALLEY. ### [v2.c37.78](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c37.78) \*\*Kakan-pada\*\*, Dt Dhule. Late Stone Age (Mesolithic \[4.5\] site ### [v2.c37.79](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c37.79) \*IAR 1963-4.\* ### [v2.c37.80](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c37.80) \*\*Kakanpur\*\*, Dt Panch Mahals. Late Stone Age (Mesolithic \[4.5\]) site. ### [v2.c37.81](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c37.81) \*IAR 1971-2\* ### [v2.c37.82](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c37.82) \*\*Kankanur\*\*, Dt Kurnool. Palaeoliths were collected along the stream Galeru. On a mound near Kakanur Russet-coated Painted Ware \[11.22\] and black-and-red polished ware were found. ### [v2.c37.83](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c37.83) \*IAR 1959-60.\* ### [v2.c37.84](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c37.84) \*\*Kakarabhat\*\*, Dt Durg. Site with megaliths \[4. 17. 6\]. ### [v2.c37.85](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c37.85) \*IAR 1972-3.\* ### [v2.c37.86](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c37.86) \*\*Kakarahata\*\*, Dt Jabalpur. NBFW \[11.16\], black-and-red ware, decorated pottery and ring-wells \[14.15\]. ### [v2.c37.87](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c37.87) \*IAR 1960-1; 1965-6.\* ### [v2.c37.88](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c37.88) \*\*Kakarda¹\*\*, Dt Dhule. Site with Late Stone (Mesolithic \[4.5\]) Age and microlithic tools. ### [v2.c37.89](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c37.89) \*IAR 1960-1.\* ### [v2.c37.90](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c37.90) \*\*Kakarda²\*\* Dt Surat. Lower \[4.2\] and Middle Palaeolithic \[4.3\] and Mesolithic \[4.5\] site. ### [v2.c37.91](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c37.91) \*IAR 1967-8.\* ### [v2.c37.92](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c37.92) \*\*Kakarwa\*\*, Dt Kutch. Historical site. \*See\* AJMEL. ### [v2.c37.93](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c37.93) \*IAR 1965-6.\* ### [v2.c37.94](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c37.94) \*\*Kakasvade\*\*, Dt Dhule. Short blades ascribable to the post-Harappa Chalcolithic period \[4.14.6\]. ### [v2.c37.95](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c37.95) \*IAR 1965-6.\* ### [v2.c37.96](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c37.96) \*\*Kakballa\*\*, Dt Bellary. Site with ash-mound \[14.3\] (same as following?). ### [v2.c37.97](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c37.97) Paddayya, K., 1973, \*Investigations into the Neolithic Culture of Shorapur Doab, s. India\*, Leiden, fig 29. \*\*Kakballa hill\*\*, Dt Bellary. Neolithic \[4.6.9\] site. (Same as preceeding?). Foote, R.B., 1916, \*Indian Prehistoric & Protohistoric Antiquities\*, Madras, pp. 77-8. \*\*Kakkad\*\*, Dt Trichur. Rock-cut Megalithic cave \[4.17.10\]. \*AI\*, 12, 1956, p. 99. \*\*Kakka Mandiala\*\*, Dt Amritsar. Site with Śuṅga-Kushan pottery. \*IAR 1964-5\*. \*\*Kakkera\*\*, Dt Gulbarga. Ash-mound \[14.3\] at a Chalcolithic \[4.17.8\] site. (Same as following?). Paddayya, K.. 1973, \*Investigations into the Neolithic Culture of Shorapur Doab, s. India\*, Leiden, p. 7. \*\*Kakkers\*\*, Dt Gulbarga. Site with ash-mounds \[14.3\] (Same as preceding?). \*IAR 1965-6\*. \*\*Kakoni\*\*, Dt Kota. Microliths ( of unspecified nature) along the banks of the Parwani river. \*IAR 1957-8\*. \*\*Kakoria\*\* (25°3′; 83°1′), Dt Varanasi, situated on the right bank of the Chandraprabha in Chakia Subdivision at a distance of about 40 km to the s.-e. of Varanasi. The valley is enclosed by a number of hillocks about 120 to 150 m high from the surrounding plains, the important among them, at the foot of which megaliths are situated, being known as HATHINIA hillock and BHADAHAWAN-PAHAR. Twelve Megalithic graves and four trenches in the habitational area were excavated by the Univ. of Allahabad under the direction of G.R. Sharma during the years 1962-4 (\*IAR 1962-3\*, p. 39; \*1963-4\*, p. 57). ### [v2.c37.98](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c37.98) \*Megaliths\*. Out of the 12 megaliths that have been opened eight belong to the category of cairn circle (Megs I, II, III, IV, VIII, IX, XI and XII), three (Megs V, VI and VII) to the category of cist and the remaining one (Meg X) to the category of cist within cairn. Ten monuments are located at the foot of the Hathinia and the remaining two at that of Bhadahawan-pahar. Although each excavated cairn circle has been found to vary in its individual details a common feature is a more or less rectangular pit oriented e.-w. and dug down into the natural soil to an average depth of 1·37 m; thereafter the bulk of the grave goods in the form of pottery, microliths, skeletal remains, etc., were placed on the floor level with a cushion of red sand or of ash. There is no uniformity in placing of the grave goods inside the graves. Sometimes they were placed either near the corner (Megs IV and VIII) or in the centre along the s. edge of the grave (Meg IX) or in the centre, or was uniformly distributed throughout the whole grave pit from the bottom to the level of the lip of the pit. After the placing of the grave furniture the pit was generally filled up with the same dug-out earth and finally the ritualistic procedure was concluded by the erection of a hemispherical cairn of stone boulders bounded by a stone circle of varying diameters. ### [v2.c37.99](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c37.99) The cist does not appear to be a popular type in this region as is evident from the discovery of only seven or eight such monuments amidst thousands of cairn circles. For preparing a cist a pit was first dug into the natural ground. Thereafter the orthostats were placed in such a manner so as to form four side walls of a box-like chamber. Sometimes a secondary packing of small stone pieces was provided on both the sides of the uprights with a view to saving them from collapse. At the end of the burial ritual the tomb was finally sealed by a massive slab resting directly on the four orthostats. The uprights and the capstones often enclosed by stone circle generally rose above the ground surface. ### [v2.c37.100](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c37.100) The cist within cairn type generally gives the impression of a few rising heaped-up cairn of stone blocks before excavation. Excavation however revealed a cist tomb-oriented e.-w. within a grave pit, almost in the centre of the stone circle. The four sides of the cist were built of stone pieces resting against the four side walls of the unlined grave pit. No capstone exists. Four stone slabs of indeterminate use and a few potsherds have been recovered from the grave. ### [v2.c37.101](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c37.101) Of the grave goods mention may be made of pottery, microliths (Megs III and XI), a gold bangle (Meg III), terracotta beads and a few skeletal remains. The pottery consisting of the Black-and-red Ware \[11.15.1\] and black-slipped \[11.13\] and red wares is represented by: the dish and bowl with mostly everted rim and roundish profile; perforated and footed vessel; lid; pedestalled cup; and elliptical and globular vase. The pedestalled cup, funnel-shaped lid, convex-sided dish, footed and perforated vessel and elongated conical vase of Kakoria are thought to be the links between the Megalithic cultures of Varanasi on the one hand and that of the Deccan and s. India \[4.17.9, 10\] on the other. Microliths mainly on chert consist of blades, blunted backs, scrapers and serrated blades along with a few flakes and chips. The skeletal remains from these graves consist of teeth of the bovid (Megs I and IV), a fragmentary human tooth (Meg V) and fragments of a human skull and an animal bone piece (Meg VI). ### [v2.c37.102](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c37.102) \*Habitation site\*. The habitation site of the Megalithic folk is located on either bank of the river CHANDRAPRABHA immediately to the n.-w. of the Megalithic burial site of Hathinia hillock, covering an area of 800 × 600 m. Four cutings (KKR I, II, III and IV) have been dug deep into the natural soil struck at a depth of 1·57 m. The entire occupational deposit is represented by seven layers, all Megalithic in content. No cultural break at the site is noticed and the majority of the typical pottery forms continue from the beginning to the end. However on the basis of the raw material used for the making of the microliths the introduction of a few new types at different levels and concentration of microliths and potsherds in some layers, the whole habitational deposits can be subdivided in three phases: I A, I B and I C, comprising layers 7 to 5, 4 to 3 and 2 to 1 respectively. ### [v2.c37.103](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c37.103) The ceramic assemblage from the habitation site is essentially the same as that of the graves and consists of red ware, Black-and-red Ware and black-slipped ware. The bulk of the pottery is plain and wheel-made. The handmade specimens in small numbers are confined to red ware alone. The clay used for manufacturing the pots is not well-levigated and generally contains medium to fine grains of quartz and grit. The pottery is of medium to coarse fabric and is not very well-fired. The utilitarian plain red ware forming the majority is generally of thick section and medium to coarse in fabric and varies in colour from orange or pale-red to deep-brick red. It includes: the shallow, convex-sided and deep bowl; shallow and convex-sided dish; shallow bowl-\*cum\*-cover; beaker; button-based goblet; bowl-\*cum\*-lid; shallow and deep basin with externally collared rim, including the lipped variety also; funnel-shaped lid; footed and perforated vessel; vase with conical profile; pear-shaped vase; high concave-necked vase; large and medium-sized storage jar wih carinated neck; concave-necked vase with beaded or collared rim; and \*hāṇḍī\* or cooking vessel. A few sherds in this group with ochrous surface resemble in general appearance the OCW \[4.12\] of w. Uttar Pradesh. The ochrous surface of these pots seems to be the result of the pulverization through external causes. Traces of ochrous red slip on both the sides of some of the pots are noticed. The mottled or blotchy surface of some of the pots is most probably the result of indifferent firing. The Black-and-red Ware, generally of medium to coarse fabric, is represented by: the bowl with everted or flared rim; dish; shallow dish-\*cum\*-basin; straight-sided trough; beaker; cup-on-stand or pedestal-led cup; funnel-shaped lid; and vase. The smooth surface of some of the sherds is the result of burnishing. The black-slipped ware, generally of medium fabric, thin section and smoky grey core, includes: various types of the bowl (spherical, ovaloid, subovaloid, pedestalled and carinated) often with everted rim; convex-sided dish with tapering to round base including some with externally marked depression on the rim; beaker; funnel-shaped lid; and small vase. Some of the sherds of this ware with smooth burnished surface compare well with the NBPW \[11.16\] in brilliance. A few sherds with grey surface, though very close to the black-slipped ware in general appearance, have also been found. Some of the pots of this ware the slip of which has worn out completely or partially resemble very much the corresponding pots of grey ware. The typology is also the same as that of the black-slipped ware. Thus the grey ware though distinct in outer appearance shares all the features of the black-slipped ware. ### [v2.c37.104](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c37.104) Though the bulk of the pottery is plain decoration in the form of incised and applied patterns is also found on some sherds of red ware and thick Black-and-red Ware. Incised designs comprise dots, strokes, chevrons, wavy, vertical, horizontal and oblique lines, criss-cross, lattice, diamonds and floral designs. A few sherds with thumb-nail impressions forming a cord or chain pattern on applied strips of clay are also present, as also some sherds with ripple marks or channel-like designs have also been met with. ### [v2.c37.105](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c37.105) Microliths fashioned on chalcedony, agate and chert consisting of finished tools like blades, blunted backs, lunates, scrapers, serrated blades and points, besides numerous cores, flakes and blanks, are found in considerable numbers. Some flakes, cores and tools exhibit the employment of the crested-ridge technique \[16.15.2\]. Thin and narrow parallel-sided blades form the majority of the finished tools. This lithic assemblage of the site resembles that of c. India and the Deccan \[4.14.5, 6\], and essentially belongs to the category of ‘short blade industry.’ ### [v2.c37.106](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c37.106) Other finds include various types of beads of semi-precious stones and terracotta, spheroid hammer-stones with battering marks, sling balls, pestles \[6.19\] and copper objects. ### [v2.c37.107](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c37.107) The excavation reveals the structural remains of two house plans. Due to the vertical náture of the dig complete plan of houses has not been available. One of them, belonging to Phase I A, is made of mud blocks. The exposed portion consists of a courtyard enclosed by rooms of varying dimensions. Two fully exposed rooms measure 2·48 × 2·48 m and 2·79 × 3·47 m. One of the floors is paved with lumps of burnt clay and potsherds. The partially exposed second house, of Phase I C, consists of a complete room (2·74 × 1·98 m) and part of an adjoining room. ### [v2.c37.108](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c37.108) \*Chronology\*. For fixing the tentative chronology of the site the following points have to be taken into consideration: (1) The absence of iron and the NBPW in the graves and the habitation site on the one hand and the occurrence of microliths exhibiting the employment of crested-ridge technique, copper objects and the nature of the pottery on the other give a Chalcolithic character to the Megalithic culture of Kakoria. (2) some of the pottery types have close parallels in the Chalcolithic sites of c. India and the Deccan; they are: the bowl with everted rim; carinated bowl; jar with high neck; globular vase with concave neck and beaded-out rim; shallow dish with internally rolled rim; and vase with tapering sides. Some of the incised designs and applied patterns are also present in the Chalcolithic pottery assemblage of c. India, e.g. NAVDATOLI. (3) A few shapes like the beaker, cup-on-stand, button-based goblet, high-necked vase and sherds with ripple marks are available in the late Harappa pottery assemblage \[11.4\] of Haryana and w. Uttar Pradesh. (4) Kakoria has also yielded some sherds of the OCW fabric and shapes such as: the vase with high concave neck; vase with beaded-out rim; cup-on-stand or pedestalled cup; beaker; goblet; bowl with everted or clubbed rim; basin with externally clubbed or collared rim; clubbed rim; and shallow bowl or cover with featureless rim. Like Kakoria some sites of the region such as BARA, ATRANJIKHERA, LAL QILA, NOH and SAIPAI have also yielded incised sherds bearing dots, strokes, zigzags, wavy lines and criss-cross designs. (5) Nearer home, in the c. and e. Ganga valley, sites like PRAHALADPUR, SONPUR and CHIRAND also offer some analogous shapes, viz. the pedestalled cup, convex-sided dish, bowl with everted rim and basin. The Black-and-red Ware, black-slipped ware, red ware and microliths also occur at these sites. (6) Excavation at KOLDIHWA in the BELAN VALLEY has produced material almost identical with that of Kakoria, such as pottery comprising the Black-and-red Ware and black-slipped and red wares, microliths including crested-ridge specimens, copper objects, various types of beads of terracotta and semiprecious stones, mullers and sling balls. The Chalcolithic culture of KOLDIHWA which has also yielded a ¹⁴C date of 1440 ± 120 B.C. (for the lower Chalcolithic horizon) seems to be slightly younger than the Chalcolithic-Megalithic culture of Kakoria on account of its superior pottery on the one hand and paucity of microliths on the other. ### [v2.c37.109](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c37.109) From an overall assessment therefore the beginning of the Chalcolithic-Megalithic culture of Kakoria may well be placed somwhere in the first half of the 2nd millennium B.C. The site seems to have been finally deserted in 7th century B.C., well before the introduction of NBPW in the area. \[See also 4.14.2, 4.17.3, 11.15.1.\] —B.B. MISRA ### [v2.c37.110](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c37.110) \*\*Kakra,\*\* Dt Ranchi. Chisel of basalt and a small polished celt of quartzite. Bose, N.K., & Sen, D., 1948, \*Excavations in Mayurbhanj\*, Calcutta, pp. 53-9. ### [v2.c37.111](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c37.111) \*\*Kaladgi,\*\* Dt Bijapur. On the flat top of a quartzite hill near Kaladgi, a site with about 40 megalithic structures built of quartzite sandstone, laterite and conglomerates was discovered. Among the megaliths two hitherto unknown types in India were also brought to light: one of them had a port-hole in the circle stone connected with the chamber through a passage. \*IAR 1967-8.\* Sundara, A., 1975, \*Early Chamber Tombs of s. India\*, Delhi, pp. 37-41. ### [v2.c37.112](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c37.112) \*\*Kaladi,\*\* Dt Malappuram. Site with rock-cut Megalithic caves \[4.17.10\]. \*IAR 1969-70.\* ### [v2.c37.113](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c37.113) \*\*Kalady,\*\* Dt Palghat. Rock-cut cave yielding the Megalithic Black-and-red Ware \[11.15.3\] and iron implements. \*IAR 1965-6.\* ### [v2.c37.114](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c37.114) \*\*Kala Garh,\*\* Dt Kurukshetra. Late Harappa \[4.10\] site. Suraj Bhan & Shaffer, J.G., 1978, in \*Man & Environment\*, 2, p. 62. ### [v2.c37.115](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c37.115) \*\*Kalagotla,\*\* Dt Kurnool. Stone tools (of unspecified nature), megaliths and remains of the early historical period were found to co-occur. \*IAR 1959-60.\* ### [v2.c37.116](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c37.116) \*\*Kalahasti\*\* Dt Chittoor. Early Stone Age (Lower Palaeolithic \[4.2\]) tools were collected from the area near 37th km stone on Arkonam-Tirupathi road, flood-plain of the Katur-nadi, a few km from Kalahasti, and an area near 25th km stone on Kalahasti-Tiruvallur road. At Kalahasti itself Lower and Middle \[4.3\] Palaeolithic tools were found. \*IAR 1964-5\*; \*1968-9.\* ### [v2.c37.117](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c37.117) \*\*Kalai,\*\* Dt Mainpuri. PGW \[11.14\] and NBPW \[11.16\] site. \*IAR 1960-1.\* ### [v2.c37.118](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c37.118) \*\*Kalait,\*\* Dt Jind. Late Harappa \[4.10\] and PGW \[11.14\] site. Suraj Bhan, 1976, \*Excavation at Mitathal & other Explorations in the Sutlej-Yamuna Divide\*, Kurukshetra, p. 124. ### [v2.c37.119](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c37.119) \*\*Kalakaleswara,\*\* Dt Dharwar. Megalithic urn burial \[4.17.8\] site and historical site (of unspecified nature). \*IAR 1964-5.\* ### [v2.c37.120](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c37.120) \*\*Kalakkudipatti, Kilakudipatti,\*\* Dt Pudukkottai. Megalithic \[4.17.10\] site. \*Manual of Pudukkottai State\*, 2, 1, 1944, p. 934. ### [v2.c37.121](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c37.121) Roy, S.C., 1916, in \*Jour. Bihar & Orissa Res Soc.\*, 2, p. 67. ### [v2.c37.122](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c37.122) \*\*Kakrala.\*\* See SUHRAKILOI. ### [v2.c37.123](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c37.123) \*\*Kakrauni,\*\* Dt Ambala. Site with PGW \[11.14\], NBPW \[11.16\], black-painted red ware and incised ware. \*IAR 1963-4.\* ### [v2.c37.124](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c37.124) \*\*Kakraut,\*\* Dt Meerut. Site with red ware of the Śuṅga-Kushan period and medieval ware. \*IAR 1966-7\* ### [v2.c37.125](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c37.125) \*\*Kakusi,\*\* Dt Nilgiri. Megalithic \[4.17.9\] site. Sewell, R., 1882, \*Antiquarian Remains in the Presidency of Madras\*, Madras, p. 228. ### [v2.c37.126](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c37.126) \*\*Kakuturu.\*\* See KANDUKURU. ### [v2.c37.127](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c37.127) \*\*Kalabaria\*\* (22°5′; 86°38′), Dt Mayurbhanj. Lower Palaeolithic \[4.2\] site. See KULIANA. ### [v2.c37.128](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c37.128) \*\*Kalalhatti,\*\* Dt Saharanpur. OCW \[11.5\] site. \*IAR 1967-8.\* ### [v2.c37.129](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c37.129) \*\*Kalamedevur hill,\*\* Dt Anantapur. Neolithic \[4.6.8\] site yielding celts, adzes, chisels, scrapers, hammers, etc. Foote, R.B., 1916, \*Indian Prehistoric & Protohistoric Antiquities\*, Madras. ### [v2.c37.130](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c37.130) \*\*Kalan¹\*\*, Dt Jabalpur. Site with Series II (Middle Palaeolithic \[4.3\]) tools. \*IAR 1959-60.\* ### [v2.c37.131](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c37.131) \*\*Kalan² (Jabiran),\*\* Dt Saharanpur. Early historical \[4.18.1\] site. ### [v2.c37.132](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c37.132) \*\*Kalan\*\*³\*. See\* YAMUNA VALLEY. ### [v2.c37.133](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c37.133) \*\*Kalani-ka-Kot\*\*, Dt Ghazipur. Black-and-red ware (of unspecified affiliation). \*IAR 1963-4.\* ### [v2.c37.134](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c37.134) \*\*Kalapan\*\* (21°55′; 70°20′), Dt Rajkot. Late Harappa \[4.10\] site assignable to RANGPUR II B and II C. \*AI\*, 18 & 19, 1962 & 1963, p. 206. ### [v2.c37.135](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c37.135) \*\*Kalapatti\*\*, Dt Coimbatore. Double-chambered port-holed cist \[4.17.9\]. \*IAR 1957-8.\* ### [v2.c37.136](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c37.136) \*\*Kalasakkadu\*\*, Dt Pudukkottai. Megalithic \[4.17.10\] site. \*Manual of Pudukkottai State\*, 1, 1, 1944, p. 515-8. ### [v2.c37.137](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c37.137) \*\*Kalathur-pudu-pakkam\*\*, Dt Chingleput. Megalithic \[4.17.10\] site. \*AI\*, 22, 1966, p. 30. ### [v2.c37.138](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c37.138) \*\*Kalatpur\*\*, Dt Mysore. Megalithic burial \[4.17.8\]. \*IAR 1968-9.\* ### [v2.c37.139](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c37.139) \*\*Kalvad\*\*, Dt Jamnagar. Harappa \[4.9\] and Red Polished Ware \[11.23\] site. \*IAR 1954-5; 1957-8.\* ### [v2.c37.140](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c37.140) \*\*Kalavagunta\*\*, Dt Chittoor. Site with port-holed cists \[4.17.7\]. \*Jour. Asiatic Soc.\*, Old Series, 13. Sewell, R., 1882, \*Antiquarian Remains in the Presidency of Madras\*, Madras. ### [v2.c37.141](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c37.141) \*\*Kayalat\*\*, Dt Jind. Sherds of pre-Harappa \[11.2\], Harappa \[11.3\], PGW \[11.14\] and NBPW \[11.16\] were collected. \*IAR 1966-7.\* ### [v2.c37.142](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c37.142) \*\*Kalbeti\*\*, Dt Saharanpur. Harappa \[4.9\] site. \*IAR 1965-6.\* ### [v2.c37.143](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c37.143) \*\*Kalcudambur\*\*, Dt Coimbatore. Site with Megalithic stone circles \[4.17.9\]. \*ASI—AR 1934-5.\* ### [v2.c37.144](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c37.144) \*\*Kaldevanhalli\*\*, Dt Bijapur. Chalcolithic \[4.14.8\] habitation and burial site. \*See\* BAGLUR. \*IAR 1960-1.\* ### [v2.c37.145](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c37.145) \*\*Kale\*\*, Dt Lohit. Stone Age site on the high terraces between 914·4 and 1219·50 m yielding choppers, a proto-handaxe, cleavers, scrapers, flakes and cores. A few Neolithic implements including a shouldered celt were also found. N.-n.-e. of Teehun around Kale a few ovates \[4.2\] and a Neolithic \[4.6.6\] implement were discovered. \*IAR 1967-70.\* Bopardikar, B.P., 1972, in \*Arch. Congress & Seminar\*, Nagpur, p. 3. ### [v2.c37.146](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c37.146) \*\*Kalegaon\*\*, Dt Ahmadnagar. Tools of Series II (Middle Palaeolithic \[4.3\]) were found together with a number of fossilized animal bones, particularly noteworthy being the head of a bison or a similar animal. \*IAR 1955-6.\* ### [v2.c37.147](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c37.147) \*\*Kalgod\*\*, Dt N. Kanara. Early historical site (of an unspecified nature). Information from A. Sundara. ### [v2.c37.148](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c37.148) \*\*Kalgudi\*\*, Dt Raichur. Chalcolithic \[4.14.8\] site. \*Karnataka Bharati\*, 6, 1, pp. 64-75. ### [v2.c37.149](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c37.149) \*\*Kalhalli\*\*, Dt Bijapur. Neolithic \[4.6.9\]-Chalcolithic \[4.14.8\] and early historical site with red-slipped ware, black-and-red ware and Russet-coated Painted Ware \[11.22\]. \*P.B. Desai Felicitation Vol.\*, Dharwar, 1971, pp. 4-30. \*IAR 1972-3.\* ### [v2.c37.150](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c37.150) \*\*Kaliakata\*\*, Dt Dhenkanal. Site with Series I (Lower Palaeolithic \[4.2\]) tools. \*IAR 1957-8.\* ### [v2.c37.151](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c37.151) \*\*Kaliamba\*\*, Dt Dhule. Site with palaeoliths (of an un-specified nature). \*IAR 1959-60.\* ### [v2.c37.152](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c37.152) \*\*Kaliammankoil\*\*, Dt Salem. Four neolithic celts \[4.6.10\] from the bed of the Kaveri. \*IAR 1961-2.\* ### [v2.c37.153](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c37.153) \*\*Kalianpur\*\*. (21°50′; 69°25′), Dt Jamnagar. Late Harappa \[4.10\] site assignable to RANGPUR II B and II C. \*AI\*, 18 & 19, 1962 & 1963. p. 206. ### [v2.c37.154](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c37.154) \*\*Kaliapathar\*\*, Dt Bankura. Microlithic (of an unspecified nature). \*IAR 1963-4.\* ### [v2.c37.155](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c37.155) \*\*Kalibangan -1 and -2\*\*, (29°05′; 74°05′), Dt Ganganagar, literally meaning black bangles, from the occurrence on the surface of the countless fragments of weather-stained terracotta bangles, lying along the left bank of the now-dry river Ghaggar (ancient SARASVATĪ) in the n. part of Rajasthan. The Harappa character of the site was first recognized in 1950 by Ghosh, 1952, who explored a considerable area of the Sarasvati valley and identified over 20 Harappa sites. The site comprises two mounds (KLB-1 and -2), the smaller one located to the w. and the larger to the e., recalling an identical disposition of the mounds at Mohenjo-daro and Harappa. The site was systematically excavated for nine field seasons between the years 1961 and 1969 by B.B. Lal and the author on behalf of the ASI (\*IAR 1960-1\*, p. 31; \*1961-2\*, p. 38; \*1962-3\*, p. 20; \*1963-4\*, p. 30; \*1964-5\*, p. 35; \*1965-6\*, p. 38; \*1966-7\*, p. 31; \*1967-8\*, p. 42; \*1968-9\*, p. 28). The excavation has brought to light a twofold sequence of cultures, of which the upper one (Kalibangan I) is Harappa, showing the characteristic grid layout of a metropolis and the lower one (Kalibangan II) pre-Harappa or antecedent Harappa (also called proto-Harappa by some, Ghosh, 1965; Lal, 1979). ### [v2.c37.156](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c37.156) \*Pd I\*. The settlement of Kalibangan I was situated on the bend of the river beyond the active flood-plain and was a parallelogram, some 250 m from n. to s. and 180 m from e. to w. It was fortified from the beginning of the occupation. The fortification wall was made of mud bricks (30 × 20 × 10 cm) and in its extant portion shows two structural phases. In its earlier phases the basal width was 1·9 m, while in the later it measured 3 to 4 m, both the inner and outer faces being plastered. Within the walled area, the houses were built of mud bricks of the same size as used in the fortification wall; the use of baked bricks is attested by a drain within the houses, remains of ovens and cylindrical pits, lined with lime plaster. The distinctive trait of this Pd is, however, the pottery, first identified at SOTHI, which is characterized by six fabrics, labelled A, B, C, D, E and F \[1.2\]. Of these Fabrics, E and F distinguished essentially by surface colour (E by buff and F by grey) do not show marked individualities in shape or in painted design and are also rather uncommon, particularly the latter. Among the remaining, Fabrics A, B and D are marked by an individuality which isolate them from the Harappa assemblage. Fabric A is a carelessly potted ware showing painted designs in light-black combined at times with white; Fabric B is distinguished essentially by the roughened or rusticated surface of the lower portion of the pots, the upper part being smooth-slipped; Fabric C is marked by a fine-textured paste and all-over smooth-slipped surface in shades of red and purple or plum-red, recalling pottery from the pre-defence deposits of Harappa; Fabric D is characterized by a thick sturdy section, represented in such shapes as the heavy jar, trough and basin, the interior sides of the latter being decorated with ridged incisions of varying patterns. ### [v2.c37.157](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c37.157) Among the other finds of this Pd are: small-sized blades of chalcedony and agate, sometimes serrated or backed; beads, variously of steatite, shell, carnelian, terracotta and copper; bangles of copper, shell and terracotta; terracotta objects like a toy-cart wheel \[16.17\] and a bull; quern with mullers \[6.19\]; a bone point; and copper celts, including an unusual axe. ### [v2.c37.158](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c37.158) An outstanding discovery of the excavation is a ploughed field situated to the s.-e. of the settlement outside the town-wall. It shows a grid of furrows with one set closely spaced (about 30 cm apart) running e.-w. and the other widely-spaced (about 1·90 m apart) running n.-s., indicating a double-cropping pattern as obtains even now. ### [v2.c37.159](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c37.159) The occupation endured five structural phases, rising to a height of about 1·6 m, when it was brought to a close by a catastrophe, perhaps seismic \[9.3\]. Thereafter the site seems to have been abandoned though only temporarily. The duration of Kalibangan I occupation may be ascribed to \*c.\* 2450-2300 B.C. on the basis of ¹⁴C determinations, without MASCA correction. ### [v2.c37.160](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c37.160) \*Pd II.\* In this Pd the structural pattern of the settlement was changed. There were now two distinct parts: the citadel (KLB-1) on the w., located atop the abandoned settlement of Pd I, and the lower city (KLB-2) towards the e., laid out on the natural plain, leaving a gap of about 40 m. ### [v2.c37.161](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c37.161) The citadel complex was roughly a parallelogram, some 240 m n.-s. and 120 m e.-w. and consisted of two almost equal but separately patterned parts. Both these parts were contained by a fortification wall, 3 to 7 m in width and reinforced at regular intervals with rectangular salients or bastions. The fortifications were built throughout of mud bricks (size: 40 × 20 × 10 cm and 30 × 15 × 7·5 cm) representing two structural phases, the larger size for the earlier phase and the smaller size for the later. Both the inner and outer faces of the wall were plastered with a coat of mud. The s. half of the citadel was more heavily fortified and besides the corner bastions contained rectangular salients on the n. and s. sides. The enclosed area contained some five to six massive platforms of mud bricks, each separate from the other and perhaps intended for a specific purpose by the community as a whole. Of these, sizeable portions of five, including the complete outline of one, have been exposed. At no point are these platforms found to be joined to or integral with the fortifications. Access to the working floor of the platforms was by means of steps which rose from the passage separating the platforms. Through the passage ran baked-brick drains. Of these buildings which stood on the platform, no intelligible plans are available, as they have been obscured by depredations of brick robbers. Nevertheless available remains do indicate that some of these might have been used for religious or ritual purposes, as attested by the occurrence on one of a rectangular brick-lined pit containing bones of antler and bovine representing perhaps a sacrifice and atop another of a row of seven rectangular fire altars aligned beside a well. The entrances of this part of the citadel were located on the s. and n. The s. one was situated between the central salient and the s.-w. corner tower, while the n. one comprised a stairway between the two centrally located salients and led up to the required height, at which passage across the fortification wall was provided. The n. half of the citadel, which was also fortified, contained residential buildings, perhaps of the elite. There were three (one each on the e., n. and w. sides) entrances to this part of the citadel, none of which was of the ramp or stairway type. ### [v2.c37.162](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c37.162) The lower city was also a parallelogram, some 240 m from e. to w. and 360 m from n. to s., and lay to the e. of the citadel beyond a broad space of 40 m. It was found to be enclosed by a fortification wall, ranging in width from 3·5 to 9 m, involving three to four structural phases. It was made of mud bricks of similar sizes as those used for the fortifications of the citadel (40 × 20 × 10 and 30 × 15 × 7·5 cm). Within the walled city was a gridiron plan of streets running n. to s. and e. to w., dividing the area into blocks. The existence of four arterial thoroughfares, running n. to s. and three (with an indication for the fourth) running e. to w. has been established by excavation. To avoid damage from the vehicular traffic fender posts were provided at some street corners. There were two entrances to the fortified area, one on the n. and the other on the w. The houses within the walled city were made of mud bricks of the size of 30 × 15 × 7·5 cm, the use of baked bricks being confined to wells, drains, bathing platforms, door-sills, etc. ### [v2.c37.163](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c37.163) Besides the above two principal parts of the metropolis, there was also a third one—a modest structure situated upwards of 80 m e. of the lower city and containing four to five fire altars. This lonely structure may perhaps have been used for ritual purposes. ### [v2.c37.164](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c37.164) The finds of this Pd are all characteristic of the Harappa civilization \[4.9\] significant amongst which is a cylinder seal. (It is, however, noteworthy that the pottery of Pd I continues alongside the Harappa pottery up to about half the height of KLB-2 whereafter it entirely gives way to the Harappa). ### [v2.c37.165](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c37.165) About 300 m to the w.-s.-w. of the citadel was found the cemetery of the Harappa period. Three types of burials have been attested: extended inhumation in rectangular or oval graves; pot burial in a circular pit; and rectangular or oval grave-pit, containing only pottery and other funerary objects. The latter two methods were unassociated with any skeletal remains. ### [v2.c37.166](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c37.166) An inclusive bracket of 2300-1750 B.C. has been postulated for the Harappa occupation at Kalibangan. ### [v2.c37.167](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c37.167) Ghosh, A., 1952, in \*Bull. National Institute of Sciences of India\*, 1, pp. 37-42; 1965, in Misra, B.N., & Mate, M.S., ed., in \*Indian Prehistory: 1964\*, Poona, pp. 43-124. Lal, B.B., 1979, in Agrawal, D.P., & Chakrabarti, D.K., ed., \*Essays in Indian Protohistory\*, Delhi, pp. 65-97. Thapar, B.K., 1975, in \*Expedition\*, 17, 2, Winter, pp. 19-32.—B.K. THAPAR ### [v2.c37.168](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c37.168) \*\*Kalibangan -3, Dt Ganganagar. Site with Rang Mahal Ware\*\* \[11.24\]. ### [v2.c37.169](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c37.169) \*Unpublished.\* ### [v2.c37.170](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c37.170) \*\*Kalichitedu.\*\* See \*\*KANDLERU VALLEY.\*\* ### [v2.c37.171](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c37.171) \*\*Kaligiri, Dt Nellore. Lower Palaeolithic\*\* \[4.2\] site yielding Abbevillian and Acheulian handaxes, scrapers, flakes, etc. ### [v2.c37.172](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c37.172) Aiyappan, A., \*Manley Collection of Stone Age Tools\*, Mem. ASI, 68, p. 6. ### [v2.c37.173](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c37.173) Kalikapur, Dt Burdwan. Microliths and flakes (of un-specified nature). ### [v2.c37.174](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c37.174) \*IAR 1961-2.\* ### [v2.c37.175](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c37.175) Kalikunya, Dt Chittaurgarh (?). Site with microliths (of unspecified nature). ### [v2.c37.176](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c37.176) \*IAR 1956-7.\* ### [v2.c37.177](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c37.177) \*\*Kalimpong, Dt Darjeeling. Neolithic\*\* \[4.6.6\] tools. ### [v2.c37.178](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c37.178) Brown, J.C., 1917, \*Catalogue of Prehistoric Antiquities in the Indian Museum\*, Simla. Das Gupta, P.C., 1966, \*Exploring Bengal's Past\*, Calcutta. ### [v2.c37.179](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c37.179) \*\*Kalina, Dt Meerut. PGW\*\* \[11.14\] site. ### [v2.c37.180](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c37.180) \*IAR 1967-8.\* ### [v2.c37.181](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c37.181) \*\*Kalingapatam, Dt Srikakulam. Megalithic Black-and-red Ware\*\* \[11.15.3\] was found together with a black-and-grey ware treated in white (kaolin) paint under a black slip, one of the sherds being of Rouletted Ware \[11.21\]. ### [v2.c37.182](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c37.182) \*IAR 1958-9; 1961-2.\* ### [v2.c37.183](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c37.183) \*\*Kalipur, Dt Bastar. Lower and Middle Palaeolithic\*\* \[4.2, 3\] site. ### [v2.c37.184](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c37.184) \*Madhya Pradesh Sandesh\*, 13 June 1970, p. 10. ### [v2.c37.185](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c37.185) \*\*Kalisindh valley, Dt Jhalawar. Early Stone Age (Lower Palaeolithic\*\* \[4.2\]) tools were found. ### [v2.c37.186](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c37.186) \*IAR 1970-1.\* ### [v2.c37.187](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c37.187) \*\*Kaliyapatti, Dt Pudukkottai. Megalithic\*\* \[4.7.9\] site. ### [v2.c37.188](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c37.188) \*Manual of Pudukkottai State\*, 1944, 1, pp. 515-8. ### [v2.c37.189](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c37.189) \*\*Kalka, Dt Ambala. Terrace 1 of the river SIRSA yielded a miniature peddle chopping tool\*\* \[4.2\], a blade knife, side scrapers, a core, two points and flakes. ### [v2.c37.190](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c37.190) \*IAR 1971-2.\* ### [v2.c37.191](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c37.191) \*\*Kalkhamba, Dt Belgaum. Dolmens and Megalithic habitation site\*\* \[4.17.8\]. ### [v2.c37.192](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c37.192) \*IAR 1963-4.\* ### [v2.c37.193](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c37.193) \*\*Kal-Khera, Dt Ambala. PGW\*\* \[11.14\] and early historical wares. ### [v2.c37.194](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c37.194) \*IAR 1963-4.\* ### [v2.c37.195](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c37.195) Kallaguddu, Dt Srikakulam. Early historical site. ### [v2.c37.196](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c37.196) \*IAR 1971-2.\* ### [v2.c37.197](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c37.197) Kalla-Lalbazar, Dt Bankura. Microliths (of an unspecified nature). ### [v2.c37.198](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c37.198) \*IAR 1960-1.\* ### [v2.c37.199](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c37.199) \*\*Kallam, Dt Osmanabad. The site on the Manjra river yielded Middle and Late Stone Age (Middle Palaeolithic\*\* \[4.3\] and Mesolithic \[4.5\]) tools. ### [v2.c37.200](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c37.200) \*IAR 1971-2.\* _First 200 of 1,417 passages. 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