[Pramāṇa](https://indike.org/pramana/) › [Studies](https://indike.org/pramana/ins) › [Reference works](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference) › [An Encyclopaedia of Indian Archaeology](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989) › v2.c39 # An Encyclopaedia of Indian Archaeology v2.c39: M An Encyclopaedia of Indian Archaeology v2.c39 - **Language:** English ### M ### [v2.c39.1](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c39.1) \*\*Machad\*\* (10°12'; 76°12'), Dt Trichur, in Manalithara village, with five Megalithic monuments \[4.17.11\], of which four are cist circles and one an urn burial, each indicated by circles of undressed laterite blocks of various sizes and shapes. One of the cist circles, with a diameter of 9 m but with the capstone missing, and the urn burial were excavated by the M.S. Univ. Baroda in 1974. Fronted by an antechamber of smaller orthostats, but with no capstone or floor, the four orthostats of the main cist arranged in a \*svastika\* pattern vary in length from 1 to 2.90 m and in height from 1·75 to 2·35 m, the e. one having a circular hole closed from the antechamber side by a small flat slab. The main cist is 2·80 m long e.-w., 2 m wide and 2·1 m deep. The cist is horizontally bisected at a depth of 90 cm by a slab supported by two vertical ones, thus dividing the lower part of the cist into three small cells, all sharing a horizontal floor slab. These cells contain pottery, iron objects, bones and beads. ### [v2.c39.2](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c39.2) The urn burial, with a small stone circle around it, has an outer diameter of 2·6 m and an inner one of 2·4 m. Below the surface is a circular granite stone under which was a broken pot kept on a stone slab resting on the mouth of a large urn with pottery, beads and iron objects, both inside and outside it. ### [v2.c39.3](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c39.3) The pottery represented in the cist and urn burial consists of the bowl, dish and lid and large and small vase, all of the Black-and-red Ware \[11.16.3\], besides red and black wares found in the filling of the megalith. Iron is represented by daggers, chisels with double-edged blades, hooks, nails and a nail-like object, at this site as well as at PAZHAYANNUR. Many of the objects appear to have been made of thin sheets of metal repeatedly welded and forged together. The metal is almost pure with traces of manganese, cobalt and aluminium. The beads are variously made of etched and unetched carnelian, felspar, agate, jasper and crystal and are of miscellaneous shapes. ### [v2.c39.4](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c39.4) While transcepled cists with antechambers are known in the Pudukkottai region of Tamil Nadu, this is the first discovery of such cists in Kerala, albeit with variations. Their construction is very similar to those at PAZHAYANNUR, 40 km away. ### [v2.c39.5](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c39.5) Mehta, R.N., & George, K.M., 1978 \*Megaliths at Machad & Pazhayannur, Talpally Taluka, Trichur Dt, Kerala State\*, Vadodara. ### [v2.c39.6](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c39.6) —A. GHOSH ### [v2.c39.7](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c39.7) \*\*Machakhur\*\* (16°15'; 75°25'), Dt Bijapur. Lower and Middle Palaeolithic \[4.2, 3\] site. See GHATAPRABHA VALLEY. ### [v2.c39.8](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c39.8) \*\*Machharai\*\*, Dt Gurdaspur. Early historical \[4.19.1\] remain. See ACHAL-SAHEB. ### [v2.c39.9](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c39.9) \*IAR 1961-2\*. ### [v2.c39.10](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c39.10) \*\*Machharala\*\*, Dt Gurdaspur. Early historical \[4.19.1\] remains. See ACHAL-SAHEB. ### [v2.c39.11](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c39.11) \*IAR 1961-2\*. ### [v2.c39.12](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c39.12) \*\*Machcharihawa\*\*, Dt Allahabad. Early Stone Age (Lower Palaeolithic \[4.2\]) factory site. ### [v2.c39.13](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c39.13) \*IAR 1969-70\*. ### [v2.c39.14](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c39.14) \*\*Machiala-Mota\*\* (21°41'; 71°14'), Dt Amreli. Lustrous Red Ware \[11.9\] site. ### [v2.c39.15](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c39.15) \*AI\*, 18 & 19, 1962 & 1963, p. 206. ### [v2.c39.16](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c39.16) \*\*Machi Kunda valley\*\*, Dt E. Nimar. Lower, Middle and Upper Palaeolithic \[4.2-4\] tools. ### [v2.c39.17](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c39.17) \*IAR 1959-60\*. ### [v2.c39.18](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c39.18) \*\*Machiyan\*\*, Dt Varanasi. Early historical site \[4.19.1\] with black-and-red ware \[11.6.3\]. ### [v2.c39.19](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c39.19) \*IAR 1962-3\*. ### [v2.c39.20](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c39.20) \*\*Machlivar\*\*, Dt Jamnagar. Site with Red Polished Ware \[11.23\]. ### [v2.c39.21](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c39.21) \*IAR 1957-8\*. ### [v2.c39.22](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c39.22) \*\*Machnur\*\*, Dt Raichur. Prehistoric site (of unspecified nature). ### [v2.c39.23](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c39.23) \*AR Hyderabad Arch. Dept, 1935-6\*, p. 2. ### [v2.c39.24](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c39.24) \*\*Madagi\*\*, Dt Bijapur. Site with Lower Palaeolithic \[4.2\] tools. ### [v2.c39.25](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c39.25) Foote, R B., 1916, \*Indian Prehistoric & Protohistoric Antiquities\*, Madras. ### [v2.c39.26](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c39.26) \*\*Madakhora\*\*, Dt Ganganagar. RANG MAHAL \[11.24\] site in SARASVATĪ VALLEY. ### [v2.c39.27](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c39.27) Unpublished. ### [v2.c39.28](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c39.28) \*\*Madakkulam\*\*, Dt Madurai. Megalithic \[4.17.8\] habitation site. ### [v2.c39.29](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c39.29) \*IAR 1956-7\*. ### [v2.c39.30](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c39.30) \*\*Madalmatti\*\*, Dt Bijapur. Megalithic \[4.17.8\] site. ### [v2.c39.31](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c39.31) \*Progress Rep. Kannada Res. Inst.\*, 1941-6, p. 23. Sundara, A., 1975, \*Early Chamber Tombs of s. India\*, Delhi, pp. 26-30. ### [v2.c39.32](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c39.32) \*\*Madanapalle\*\*, Dt Chittoor. Dolmens \[4.18.7\] on the hillocks called Basinikonda and Madankonda near Madanapalle. ### [v2.c39.33](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c39.33) \*IAR 1962-3\*. ### [v2.c39.34](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c39.34) \*\*Madanpur\*\*, Dt Deoria. Mound yielding sherds of the PGW (?) \[11.14\]), NBPW \[11.16\], terracotta figurines and an antimony rod \[18.1\]. ### [v2.c39.35](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c39.35) \*\*Madapur\*\*, Dt Dharwar. Chalcolithic \[4.14.8\] site with thick coarse grey ware similar to that of BRAHMAGIRI. Also early historical \[4.19.11\] site. See HANDIGNUR. ### [v2.c39.36](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c39.36) \*IAR 1958-9.\* ### [v2.c39.37](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c39.37) \*\*Madara\*\*, Dt Varanasi. Black-and-red ware (of unspecified nature). ### [v2.c39.38](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c39.38) \*IAR 1962-3.\* ### [v2.c39.39](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c39.39) \*\*Madaraha\*\*, Dt Gorakhpur. NBPW \[11.16\] and black-and-red ware (of unspecified nature) site. ### [v2.c39.40](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c39.40) \*IAR 1963-4.\* ### [v2.c39.41](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c39.41) \*\*Madarapakkam, Madarapuancum\*\*, Dt Chingleput. Lower Palaeolithic \[4.2\] site on the Naranavaram. ### [v2.c39.42](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c39.42) Sewell, R., 1882, \*Antiquarian Remains in the Presidency of Madras\*, Madras, p. 149. Foote, R.B , 1916, \*Indian Prehistoric & Protohistoric Antiquities\*, Madras, p. 172. ### [v2.c39.43](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c39.43) \*\*Madbhal\*\*, Dt Bijapur. Thick coarse grey ware with ribbon flakes \[16. 15.2\] of chert. ### [v2.c39.44](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c39.44) \*IAR 1958-9.\* ### [v2.c39.45](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c39.45) \*\*Maddur\*\*, Dt Mysore. Megalithic \[4.17.8\] habitation site. ### [v2.c39.46](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c39.46) Information from C. Krishnamurthy through A. Sundara. ### [v2.c39.47](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c39.47) \*\*Madeva\*\*, (21°50′, 71°24′), Dt Amreli. Late Harappa \[4.10\] site corresponding to RANGPUR II B and II C. ### [v2.c39.48](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c39.48) \*AI\*, 18 & 19, 1962 & 1963, p. 206. ### [v2.c39.49](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c39.49) \*\*Madhapar\*\*, Dt Kutch. Mesolithic \[4.5\] and historical site (of unspecified nature). ### [v2.c39.50](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c39.50) \*IAR 1970-1.\* ### [v2.c39.51](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c39.51) \*\*Madhavaram\*\*, Dt Kurnool. Late Stone Age (Mesolithic \[4.5\]) site. ### [v2.c39.52](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c39.52) \*IAR 1964-5.\* ### [v2.c39.53](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c39.53) \*\*Madhi¹\*\*, (21°45′; 70°50′), Dt Amreli. Lustrous Red Ware \[11.9\] site corresponding to RANGPUR II C and III. ### [v2.c39.54](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c39.54) \*AI\*, 18 & 19, 1962 & 1963, p. 206. ### [v2.c39.55](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c39.55) \*\*Madhi²\*\*, Dt Rajkot. Early historical \[4.18.1\] site near Sultanpur. ### [v2.c39.56](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c39.56) \*IAR 1958-9.\* ### [v2.c39.57](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c39.57) \*\*Madhi³\*\*, Dt Surat. Mesolithic \[4.5\] site in the Gabhani valley. ### [v2.c39.58](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c39.58) \*IAR 1968-9.\* ### [v2.c39.59](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c39.59) \*\*Madhopur\*\*, Dt Jullundur. Harappa Ware \[11.6.1\] and PGW \[11.14\] sherds were found at the site 24 km to the s.-w. of Jullundur. ### [v2.c39.60](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c39.60) \*IAR 1956-7.\* ### [v2.c39.61](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c39.61) \*\*Madho Singhana\*\*, (29°25′, 74°58′), Dt Hissar. Two RANG MAHAL sites \[11.24\] in the vicinity of Madho Singhana. ### [v2.c39.62](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c39.62) \*IAR 1966-7; 1967-8.\* ### [v2.c39.63](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c39.63) \*\*Madhuban\*\*, Dt Santal Parganas. Microliths (of an unspecified nature). ### [v2.c39.64](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c39.64) \*IAR 1963-4.\* ### [v2.c39.65](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c39.65) \*\*Madhupur\*\*, Dt Mayurbhanj. Neolithic \[4.6.7\] site. ### [v2.c39.66](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c39.66) \*IAR 1958-9.\* ### [v2.c39.67](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c39.67) \*\*Madhvas\*\*, Dt Panch Mahals. Late Stone Age (Mesolithic \[4.5\]) site. ### [v2.c39.68](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c39.68) \*IAR 1971-2.\* ### [v2.c39.69](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c39.69) \*\*Madiala-Kalan\*\*, Dt Ludhiana. Harappa \[4.9\] site. ### [v2.c39.70](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c39.70) \*IAR 1963-4.\* Suraj Bhan, 1975, \*Excavation at Mitathal & Other Explorations in the Sutlej-Yamuna Divide\*, p. 122. ### [v2.c39.71](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c39.71) \*\*Madina\*\*, Dt Rohtak. Madina-I (Kheda) yielded late Harappa \[4.10\] material while Madina-II yielded PGW \[4.14\], Black-slipped Ware \[11.13\] and early historical \[4.18.1\] material. ### [v2.c39.72](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c39.72) \*Jour. Haryana Studies\*, 3, 1, p. 4. ### [v2.c39.73](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c39.73) \*\*Madippanur\*\*, Dt Madurai. Urn burials \[4.17.9\]. ### [v2.c39.74](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c39.74) \*IAR 1958-9.\* ### [v2.c39.75](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c39.75) \*\*Madiyanallur\*\*, Dt Pudukkottai. Megalithic \[4.17.9\] site. ### [v2.c39.76](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c39.76) \*Manual of Pudukkottai State\*, 1944, 1, 1, pp. 515-8. ### [v2.c39.77](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c39.77) \*\*Madnahalli\*\*, Dt Bijapur. Megalithic \[4.17.8\] site with two stone circles. ### [v2.c39.78](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c39.78) \*IAR 1960-1.\* Sundara, A., 1975, \*Early Chamber Tombs of s. India\*, Delhi, p. 92. ### [v2.c39.79](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c39.79) \*\*Madnapur\*\*, Dt Shahjahanpur. A hoard of nine shouldered celts and a flat celt of copper \[4.11\]. ### [v2.c39.80](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c39.80) Information from S. Asthana. ### [v2.c39.81](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c39.81) \*\*Madrak\*\*, Dt Aligarh. Site with grey ware. ### [v2.c39.82](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c39.82) \*IAR 1966-7.\* ### [v2.c39.83](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c39.83) \*\*Madwas\*\*, Dt Panch Mahals. Microlithic (of unspecified nature). site. ### [v2.c39.84](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c39.84) Sonawane, V.H., 1976, in \*Arch. Congress & Seminar, 1972\*, Kurukshetra. ### [v2.c39.85](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c39.85) \*\*Magandiwana\*\*, Dt Mirzapur. Megaliths \[4.17.4\] were located to the e. of the hillock of Magandiwana, at a distance of about 5 km from Ahraura. ### [v2.c39.86](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c39.86) \*IAR 1961-2.\* ### [v2.c39.87](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c39.87) \*\*Magaraur\*\*, Dt Varanasi. Black-and-red ware (of unspecified nature) and NBPW \[11.16\]. ### [v2.c39.88](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c39.88) \*IAR 1965-6.\* ### [v2.c39.89](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c39.89) \*\*Magathevanpatti\*\*, Dt Pudukkottai. Megalithic \[4.17.9\] site. ### [v2.c39.90](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c39.90) \*Manual of Pudukkottai State\*, 1944, 2, 1, p. 93. ### [v2.c39.91](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c39.91) \*\*Maghar\*\*, Dt Basti. Black-and-red ware (of unspecified nature). ### [v2.c39.92](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c39.92) \*IAR 1963-4.\* ### [v2.c39.93](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c39.93) \*\*Magjhar\*\*, Dt Durg. Megalithic \[4.17.6\] site. ### [v2.c39.94](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c39.94) \*IAR 1972-3.\* ### [v2.c39.95](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c39.95) \*\*Mah\*\*, Dt Kathua. Terrace 3 of the Ravi yielded pebble tools and flakes. ### [v2.c39.96](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c39.96) \*IAR 1965-6.\* ### [v2.c39.97](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c39.97) \*\*Mahad\*\*, Dt S. Konkan. Lower Palaeolithic \[4.2\] site. See KANDIVLI. ### [v2.c39.98](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c39.98) Guzder, S.J., 1977, in \*Man & Environment\*, 1, p. 1. ### [v2.c39.99](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c39.99) \*\*Mahada-ka-Kot\*\*, Dt Jaunpur. NBPW \[4.2\] site. ### [v2.c39.100](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c39.100) \*IAR 1963-4.\* ### [v2.c39.101](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c39.101) \*\*Mahadaria\*\*, Dt Mirzapur. Rock-shelter with paintings \[13\]. ### [v2.c39.102](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c39.102) Misra, V.D., \*Some Aspects of Indian Arch.\*, Allahabad, p. 27. ### [v2.c39.103](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c39.103) \*\*Mahadeoghat\*\*, Dt Mandsaur. A series of ring-wells \[14.15\] were noticed on the mound opposite that Mahadeoghat on the bank of the Shivna. The mound yielded pottery and other antiquities of the historical period. ### [v2.c39.104](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c39.104) \*\*Mahadeo Piparia\*\* (23°06'; 79°16'), Dt Narsinghpur. Excavation on the left bank of the Narmada yielded Early and Middle Stone Age (Lower and Middle Palaeolithic \[4.2, 3\]) tools. The stratigraphy was as follows (from top downwards): (i) light-yellow brownish silt; (ii) cross-bedded sandy deposit with number of intercalations of very fine sand and silt yielding Middle Stone Age (Middle Palaeolithic \[4.3\]) tools; (iii) disconformity; (iv) red-brown silt; (v) a lens of boulder-gravel yielding a flake with flake scars; (vi) yellow-brown hard kankary silt; (vii) yellow-brown sandy silt; (viii) boulder conglomerate yielding (Middle Palaeolithic \[4.3\]) and Late Stone Age (Mesolithic \[4.5\]) tools. \*See\* NARMADA VALLEY. ### [v2.c39.105](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c39.105) \*IAR 1962-3\*; \*1964-5\*. Sankalia, H.D., 1974, \*Prehistory & Proto-history of India & Pakistan\*, Poona, pp. 14-6. ### [v2.c39.106](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c39.106) \*\*Mahadeo-Raja-ka-Kila\*\*, Dt Jaunpur. Mound on the n. bank of the Gomati yielding sherds of Black-slipped Ware \[11.13\], NBPW \[11.14\], grey and red wares, microlithic core, glass bangle pieces and a terracotta disc. ### [v2.c39.107](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c39.107) \*IAR 1966-7\*. ### [v2.c39.108](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c39.108) \*\*Mahadeva\*\*, Dt Gorakhpur. Black-and-red ware (of unspecified nature). ### [v2.c39.109](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c39.109) \*IAR 1963-4\* ### [v2.c39.110](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c39.110) \*\*Mahadevapura\*\*, Dt Chitradurga. Early historical \[4.18.11\] site. ### [v2.c39.111](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c39.111) Information from A. Sundara. ### [v2.c39.112](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c39.112) \*\*Mahadevayo\*\*, Dt Bhavnagar. Harappa Ware \[11.3\] and coarse corrugated ware were found in the Kalubhar valley. ### [v2.c39.113](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c39.113) \*IAR 1960-1\*. ### [v2.c39.114](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c39.114) \*\*Mahadev-no-Timbo\*\*, Dt Banas-Kantha, Microliths (of unspecified nature) and painted red and late historical red wares. ### [v2.c39.115](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c39.115) \*IAR 1964-5\*. ### [v2.c39.116](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c39.116) \*\*Mahagaon\*\*¹, Dt Gulbarga. Megalithic \[4.17.8\] site. ### [v2.c39.117](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c39.117) \*AR Hyderabad Arch. Dept, 1934-5\*, p 7. ### [v2.c39.118](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c39.118) \*\*Mahagaon\*\*², Dt Nanded. Middle Palaeolithic \[4.3\] site. ### [v2.c39.119](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c39.119) \*IAR 1964-5\*. ### [v2.c39.120](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c39.120) \*\*Mahagaon\*\*³, Dt Pune. Microlithic (of unspecified nature) site. ### [v2.c39.121](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c39.121) \*IAR 1959-60\* ### [v2.c39.122](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c39.122) \*\*Mahagaon-Budrukh\*\*, Dt Chanda. Site with Early Stone Age (Lower Palaeolithic \[4.2\]) and microlithic (of unspecified nature) tools. ### [v2.c39.123](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c39.123) \*IAR 1961-2\*. ### [v2.c39.124](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c39.124) \*\*Mahagara\*\*, \*See\* 4.6.3. ### [v2.c39.125](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c39.125) \*\*Mahaisal\*\*, Dt Sangli. Tools of Middle (Middle Palaeolithic \[4.3\]) and Late Stone (Mesolithic \[4.5\]) Ages. ### [v2.c39.126](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c39.126) \*IAR 1962-3\*. ### [v2.c39.127](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c39.127) \*\*Mahajari\*\*, Dt Nagpur. Same as MAHURJHARI. ### [v2.c39.128](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c39.128) \*IAR 1958-9\*. ### [v2.c39.129](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c39.129) \*\*Mahakalikudi\*\*, Dt Tiruchchirappalli. Early historical \[4.18.12\] site. ### [v2.c39.130](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c39.130) \*IAR 1965-6\*. ### [v2.c39.131](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c39.131) \*\*Mahal\*\*¹, Dt Jaunpur. Site on the s. bank of the Gomati yielding sherds of fine grey ware, Black-slipped Ware \[11.13\], NBPW \[11.16\] and red ware. ### [v2.c39.132](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c39.132) \*IAR 1962-3\*; \*1966-7\*. ### [v2.c39.133](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c39.133) \*\*Mahal\*\*², Dt Surat. Lower \[4.2\] and Middle Palaeolithic \[4.3\] and Mesolithic \[4.5\] site. ### [v2.c39.134](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c39.134) \*IAR 1967-8\*. ### [v2.c39.135](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c39.135) \*\*Mahalgaon\*\*, Dt Chanda. Lower Palaeolithic \[4.2\] site. ### [v2.c39.136](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c39.136) \*IAR 1960-1\*. ### [v2.c39.137](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c39.137) \*\*Mahalinganakalle\*\*, Dt Mysore. Megalithic cist burials \[4.17.8\]. ### [v2.c39.138](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c39.138) \*IAR 1961-2\*. ### [v2.c39.139](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c39.139) \*\*Mahalkheri\*\*, Dt E. Nimar. Tools of Series I and II (Lower and Middle Palaeolithic \[4.2, 3\]) and microliths (of unspecified nature). ### [v2.c39.140](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c39.140) \*IAR 1960-1\*. ### [v2.c39.141](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c39.141) \*\*Mahamdagarh\*\*, Dt Saran. Traces of a defence wall and moat were found besides sherds of the NBPW \[11.16\] and associated red ware. ### [v2.c39.142](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c39.142) \*IAR 1961-2\*. ### [v2.c39.143](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c39.143) \*\*Mahanad\*\*, Dt Hooghly. Trial excavation brought to light pottery and stucco heads of the style of the 5th-6th century. ### [v2.c39.144](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c39.144) \*IAR—AR 1934-5\*. ### [v2.c39.145](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c39.145) \*\*Maharajganj\*\*, Dt Saran. NBPW \[11.6\] site. ### [v2.c39.146](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c39.146) \*IAR 1965-6\*. ### [v2.c39.147](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c39.147) \*\*Maharganj\*\*, Dt Saran. Terracotta ring wells \[14.15\]. ### [v2.c39.148](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c39.148) \*IAR 1962-3\* ### [v2.c39.149](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c39.149) \*\*Maharia\*\*, Dt Mirzapur. Painted rock-shelters \[13\]. ### [v2.c39.150](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c39.150) Ghosh. M.. 1932. \*Rock Paintings & Other Antiquities\*. ASI, 24. ### [v2.c39.151](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c39.151) \*\*Maharpatane\*\*, Dt Nasik. Middle (Middle Palaeolithic \[4.3\]) and Late Stone Age (Mesolithic \[4.5\]) site. ### [v2.c39.152](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c39.152) \*IAR 1965-6\*. ### [v2.c39.153](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c39.153) \*\*Mahaua-Kachchha\*\*, Dt Allahabad. Lower \[4.2\] and Upper Palaeolithic \[4.4\] factory site on Rangarhwa hillock. ### [v2.c39.154](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c39.154) \*IAR 1969-70\*. Misra. V D.. 1977, \*Some Aspects of Indian Arch.\*, Allahabad, p. 37 ### [v2.c39.155](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c39.155) \*\*Mahudih\*\*, Dt Palamau. Middle Stone Age (Middle Palaeolithic \[4.3\]) site. ### [v2.c39.156](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c39.156) \*IAR 1971-2\*. ### [v2.c39.157](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c39.157) \*\*Mahauwan\*\*, Dt Mirzapur. Black-and-red ware (of unspecified nature) and NBPW \[11.16\]. ### [v2.c39.158](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c39.158) \*IAR 1962-3\*. ### [v2.c39.159](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c39.159) \*\*Mahawa\*\*, Dt Aligarh. Black-slipped Ware \[11.13\] and medieval ware. ### [v2.c39.160](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c39.160) \*IAR 1966-7\* ### [v2.c39.161](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c39.161) \*\*Mahenduri\*\*, Dt Ahmadnagar. Black-and-red pottery of the early historical period was found on a mound on the Pravara at Mahenduri, 7 km to the w. of Akola. Another mound further w. yielded black-and-red ware with graffiti \[20.1\] in shapes resembling those of TEKWADA Pd I B. \*See\* PRAVARA VALLEY. ### [v2.c39.162](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c39.162) \*IAR 1959-60\* ### [v2.c39.163](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c39.163) \*\*Maheshpur\*\*, Dt Saharanpur. PGW \[11.14\] site. ### [v2.c39.164](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c39.164) \*IAR 1965-6\* ### [v2.c39.165](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c39.165) \*\*Maheshpura\*\*, Dt Lalitpur, Palaeolithic (of an unspecified nature) site. ### [v2.c39.166](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c39.166) \*\*Maheshwar and Navdatoli\*\*, (22°11'; 75°36'), Dt W. Nimar, twin sites on the n. and s. banks of the Narmada respectively. Maheshwar lies on a slight bend of the river at the junction of the Narmada with the Maheshwari and has been usually identified with the ancient city of Māhiṣmatī. Early Buddhist literature mentions that Māhiṣmatī was the capital of Avanti and lay on the highway from PAITHAN to UJJAIN. Inscriptions at Sanchi record donations made by the inhabitants of Māhiṣmatī and the Purāṇas and the epics refer to its association with the Haihayas. The city continues to find mention in classical, Sanskrit literature and inscriptions which testify to the prosperity of the place right down to Akbar’s times. Navdatoli, on the other hand, seems to have no such claims to literary antiquity. A thin layer of sand and gravel suggests that towards the beginning of the Christian era the site was almost wiped off by a flood; hence the silence about it in later writings. Preliminary exploration in 1950 showed a profusion of painted pottery and microliths at the site. In order to ascertain the antiquity of these two sites are revealed by painted pottery and persistent literary tradition, an expedition was organized including the Univs. of Baroda, Bombay and Poona under H.D. Sankalia in 1952-3. Encouraged by the results Navdatoli was taken up for horizontal excavation again in 1957-9. These digs fulfilled their main objective and revealed a broad sequence of cultures from the Lower Palaeolithic \[4.2\] to the 18th century divided into seven Pds. ### [v2.c39.167](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c39.167) \*Pd I\*, Lower Palaeolithic. A detailed survey between Sahasradhara and Mandaleshwar yielded over 400 Palaeolithic tools \[4.2\]. Typologically and stratigraphically these are identical to those grouped by de Terra and Paterson, 1939, in the ‘Lower’ and ‘Upper Narbada’ group. ### [v2.c39.168](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c39.168) \*Pd II\*, Middle Palaeolithic. A few large cores were found in the virgin soil at Maheshwar. These, together with the flake blades, scrapers, burins and borers or points found at a number of localities in the vicinity of Maheshwar and Navdatoli, characterize the Middle Palaeolithic \[4.3\] industry of the region. Detailed studies carried out in 1957-8 show that these tools are found in the basal gravels of the lower terrace of the NARMADA belonging to the third aggradational phase. Typologically the industry is similar to that from NEVASA. It shows a distinct use of the Levallois technique \[16.15.1\], the presence of varieties of scrapers and the existence of angle burins and double hollow scrapers with incipient points sometimes giving them the character of borers. ### [v2.c39.169](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c39.169) \*Pd III\*, Chalcolithic. This Pd \[4.14.5\] is well documented at both Maheshwar (Mound V) and Navdatoli, though a greater part of the evidence is based on the horizontal excavation at the latter site. This shows that the Chalcolithic settlement took place on the virgin Black Soil \[9.1\]. On the basis of pottery types and fabrics it is divisible into four phases. Thus, Phase I is marked by the occurrence of a painted black-and-red ware \[11.6.2\], the cream-slipped ware and its variants along with the predominant Malwa Ware \[11.10\]. Of these the black-and-red ware disappears in Phase II. The end of this phase is marked by widespread destruction by fire and the subsequent Phase III shows a cessation of the cream-slipped ware and the introduction of the Jorwe Ware \[11.11\] together with a few sherds of the Lustrous Red Ware \[11.9\]. These continue into Phase IV, in the upper levels of which storage jars are found with applied decoration. At Maheshwar, the top layers of the Chalcolithic have yielded the black-and-red ware which continues into the early historical period \[4.18.7\]. The predominant ware throughout the occupation of the sites however is the Malwa Ware. It is a buff or orange-slipped ware decorated with designs in black or dark-brown. The designs are either geometric or naturalistic, among the latter animals and birds being prominent. The typical shapes are the \*loṭā\*, bowl with concave sides, channel-spouted cups and pedestalled goblets. Of these, goblets have been found only at Navdatoli and not at the other Malwa culture sites. (According to Wakankar, 1976, the Kayatha Ware \[11.7\] occurs at Maheshwar.) ### [v2.c39.170](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c39.170) House-plans revealed in the excavations show that the structures were either circular or rectangular on plan, the average dimensions of the former being 3 m in diameter and that of the latter 3·50 x 2·50 m. Wooden posts supported the roof and walls were made of a split bamboo screen plastered with mud. Inside the houses one- or two-mouthed \*chulhās\* and storage jars were found. ### [v2.c39.171](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c39.171) Charred grains of wheat (\*Triticum vulgare compactum\*), rice (\*Oryza sativa\* L.), legumes, oil-seeds and seeds of fruit \[2\] suggest agriculture as the means of subsistence, though bones of both domestic and wild animals have also been found in large numbers \[1\]. These show the consumption of beef, pork and venison. ### [v2.c39.172](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c39.172) Interesting evidence regarding the religion of the people is provided by a storage jar belonging to Phase IV at Navdatoli. This jar is decorated with applied figurines of a female and a lizard with what looks like a shrine between the two. It has been suggested by Dhavalikar, 1979, p. 241, that the shrine is that of a deity associated with a lizard or alligator. The prevalence of tire-worship is also inferred on the basis of pits found at Navdatoli and identified as \*kuṇḍas\*. A channel-spouted bowl from the same site has the representation of a human figure with dishevelled hair and was perhaps used for ritualistic purposes. ### [v2.c39.173](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c39.173) Metallurgical analysis has shown that a low-tin bronze was used in this Pd, the typology of the objects being similar to that from other Chalcolithic sites. These include chisels, celts, arrowheads, nails and fish-hooks. An important piece is a fragment of a dagger or sword with a raised mid-rib on both sides. This unusual feature shows affinities with the weapons from w. Asia, the Copper Hoards \[4.11\] and KALLUR. ### [v2.c39.174](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c39.174) Ornaments include beads, pendants, ear-studs, bangles and rings in diverse materials such as copper, terracotta, semiprecious stones and shell. Lithic blades and geometric microliths such as lunates and trapezes form an integral part of the cultural equipment of this Pd. Made primarily on chalcedony, these stone implements were manufactured individually by each household. Stone was also used for mace-heads, balls, hammer-stones, querns and pestles \[6.19\]. Another material widely used was clay as evidenced by the find of terracotta discs \[6.7.3\], skin-rubbers \[18.4\], lamps \[6.11\], wheels, toys and whorls \[6.25\]. ### [v2.c39.175](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c39.175) On the basis of certain pottery shapes like the channel-spouted bowl and pedestalled goblet and other antiquities such as the mid-ribbed sword, the excavators suggest contacts between Navdatoli and w. Asia during this Pd. ### [v2.c39.176](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c39.176) A number of ¹⁴C dates are available. These are: 1610 ± 130 B C.; 1645 ± 130 B.C.; 1660 ± 130 B C ; 1600 ± 130 B.C.; 1440 ± 130 B.C.; 1660 ± 70 B.C.; 2300 ± 70 B.C.; and 1530 ± 110 B.C. Ignoring the erratic figure of 2300 ± 70 B.C. the Chalcolithic settlement at these two sites has been placed between 1500 and 1200 B.C. ### [v2.c39.177](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c39.177) \*Pd IV, early historical\*. The evidence from Navdatoli suggests that at the end of Pd III a great flood occurred causing the site to be temporarily abandoned. The NBPW \[11.16\] forms the distinctive pottery of Pd IV together with the black-and-red, burnished red, coarse red and the red-slipped wares. The NBPW reveals a wide variety, certain features being quite new. The slip, for instance, varies in lustre and colour from steel-blue, silvery, lustrous gold-blue to shining brownish-black. The core, though grey in most cases, also shows variations. The sherds are however too fragmentary to give any indication of the shapes. ### [v2.c39.178](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c39.178) This phase of occupation shows the use of small huts with wooden posts and floors made of fine clay and lime though a number of foundation walls of well-set river pebbles have also been exposed. The most important relics of this Pd, however, come from Mound III at Navdatoli and comprise a \*stūpa\* and a small rectangular brick structure. The \*stūpa\* was apparently left incomplete. It is constructed of large brick measuring 50 × 27·5 × 7·5 cm and is 25·8 m in diameter with a circumambulatory passage all around. The most surprising feature is the absence of a foundation trench. An NBPW sherd found below the mud platform of the \*stūpa\* and bricks having single Brāhmī letters of the Aśokan type indicate the 3rd century B.C. as its probable date. It is interesting that \*stūpas\* of the same Pd have also been excavated at KASARAVAD, about 6·4 km s.-e. of Navdatoli. ### [v2.c39.179](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c39.179) Excavations at Maheshwar show an e.ward extension of the settlement during this Pd. ### [v2.c39.180](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c39.180) The cultural equipment from these sites indicates the use of: terracotta stoppers, pottery discs, skin-rubbers \[18.4\] and toys; beads of semiprecious stones, shell and steatite; copper objects like rods, wire, antimony rods \[18.1\] and needles; iron arrowheads and a unique hoe; monochrome glass bangles; and bone points, antimony rods and bangles. A glass seal made of a squarish piece of black glass with an elephant impression was also found. ### [v2.c39.181](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c39.181) On the basis of uninscribed cast, punch-marked and tribal coins (Ujjayini) \[3.1\] found in this Pd, it has been dated between 400 and 100 B.C. At the end of this Pd occupation came to an end at Navdatoli. ### [v2.c39.182](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c39.182) \*Pd V, early historical\*. This Pd marks a transition between the NBPW and the Red Polished Ware \[11.23\] and is based on the evidence from the Mandalkho mound at Maheshwar. It is characterized by a decrease in the black-and-red ware, though the burnished red and the coarse red wares continue. As this Pd marks a transitional phase it has been dated between 100 B.C. and A.D. 100. ### [v2.c39.183](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c39.183) \*Pd VI, early historical\*. This Pd is characterized by an increase in the use of clay vessels and the introduction of the Red Polished Ware. Other ceramic industries include the black-and-red, coarse black, black-slipped, coarse red and tan wares. Of these the coarse black ware seems to have been used primarily for cooking as shapes like the frying-pan and saucer with blackened bottoms indicate. The Red Polished Ware has been extensively found in w. India, invariably associated with either Kṣatrapa or the late Sātavāhana level. It is made of an extremely fine levigated clay and is burnt uniformly to a brick-red colour. In fabric this Ware closely resembles the Roman Samian ware and other red wares of the e. Mediterranean region. Maheshwar shows another technological similarity between the two wares: certain sherds bear unmistakable evidence of having been moulded. The typical shape in this Ware is the sprinkler. ### [v2.c39.184](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c39.184) This Pd also marks the most active phase of construction at Maheshwar. Mound I has yielded remains of a brick platform of two courses with a cistern oriented s.-w. to n.-e. and crude pebble wall running n.-s. The bricks measure 37·5 × 25 × 7·5 cm. In the top layers fragments of moulded bricks have been found, but the exact nature of the structure could not be determined. Several fragmentary tiles imply the existence of tiled roofs, the tiles being fixed to the rafters with iron nails. ### [v2.c39.185](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c39.185) A group of six fragmentary headless terracotta figurines have been found at Maheshwar. Of these three are like the mother-and-child figurines earlier recovered from AHICCHATRĀ. Terracotta toys are characterized by a coating of lime and are sometimes painted in red ochre. ### [v2.c39.186](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c39.186) Noteworthy among the copper objects is a dagger pendant and a hair-pin, the latter also found at Taxila in the Śaka-Parthian levels. Other antiquities include: iron objects like arrowheads, spearheads, nails, sickles, chisels, and knives; monochrome glass bangles; bone points; shell bangles; and beads of semiprecious stones, terracotta and shell. Of great interest are two stone plaques with crude images of Gaṇeśa. ### [v2.c39.187](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c39.187) On the basis of the Red Polished Ware, this Pd has been dated between A.D. 100 and 500. ### [v2.c39.188](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c39.188) \*Pd VII, Muslim-Maratha.\* Though literary and archaeological data show a continuous occupation of Maheshwar, the evidence from excavations indicates an abandonment of certain areas and there are no material records of the Paramāra and other post-Harṣa periods, nor also of the early Muslim occupation. The top layers however have yielded definite evidence of Islamic glazed pottery and other medieval antiquities. ### [v2.c39.189](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c39.189) de Terra, H., and Paterson, T.T., 1939, \*Studies on the Ice Age in India & Associated Human Cultures\*, Washington. Dhavalikar, M.K., 1979, in Agrawal, D.P., & Chakrabarti, D.K., ed., \*Essays in Indian Protohistory\*, Delhi. Sankalia, H.D., Subbarao, B., & Deo, S.B., 1958, \*Excavations at Maheshwar & Navdatoli 1952-53\*, Poona-Baroda. Sankalia, H.D., Deo, S.B., & Ansari, Z.D., 1971, \*Chalcolithic Navdatoli the Excavations at Navdatoli 1957-59\*, Poona-Baroda. Sankalia, H.D., 1974, \*Prehistory & Protohistory of India & Pakistan\*, Poona. Wakankar, V.S., 1976, in \*Arch. Congress & Seminar, 1972\*, Kurukshetra—H.P. RAY ### [v2.c39.190](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c39.190) Mahespur, ### [v2.c39.191](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c39.191) Dt Mirzapur. Megalithic \[4.17.3\] site. ### [v2.c39.192](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c39.192) \*IAR 1969-70.\* ### [v2.c39.193](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c39.193) Mahika, ### [v2.c39.194](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c39.194) Dt Rajkot. Structural remains of the Kṣatrapa period. ### [v2.c39.195](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c39.195) \*IAR 1972-3.\* ### [v2.c39.196](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c39.196) Mahipura, ### [v2.c39.197](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c39.197) Dt Saharanpur. OCW \[11.5\] site. ### [v2.c39.198](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c39.198) \*IAR 1967-8.\* ### [v2.c39.199](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c39.199) Mahisdal ### [v2.c39.200](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c39.200) (23°42′; 87°42′), Dt Birbhum, on the left bank of the Kopai. Excavation in 1964 (\*IAR 1963-4\*, p. 59) established two cultural Pds. Pd I representing a Chalcolithic culture \[4.14.4\] has as its equipments all the essential elements such as microliths, a very limited supply of copper and the Black-and-Red ware \[11.6.5\], both plain and painted, the other ceramics including a red ware with paintings in black or white. Of the types the channel-spouted bowl, carinated bowl with splayed or flared rim and convex-sided bowl are the most distinctive. The designs are essentially linear on the black-and-red ware while those on the red ware consist of the double axe, strokes like the inverted comma and horizontal lines in groups. Although no house-plan is available, two structural phases have been identified by two levels of floors of beaten earth with a soling of terracotta nodules. The presence of burnt-reed impressed clay daubs and mud plaster indicates that the inhabitants lived in simple mud-plastered structures. An impressive find is a pit granary destroyed by fire. The carbonized-rice grains \[2.2.3\] recovered in bulk from inside the granary as well as from the floor are of a slender variety corresponding to the modern fine grains. While copper is scarce stone and bone implements are quite prolific and are local products. The microliths include scrapers, points, lunates and short blades, the last being predominant. The technique of crested guiding ridge \[15.15.2\], characteristic of the c. Indian Chalcolithic blade industry, is absent. The restricted use of copper, represented by a single celt, may be due to the non-availability of the material in the immediate vicinity. The presence of beads of steatite and semiprecious stones, bangle pieces, decorated combs \[18.3\] and terracotta gamesmen \[6.7.2\] indicates the personal decoration and recreation of the people. Among other finds a terracotta phallus is very significant for the religion of the people. Thus flourished a sedentary peasantry practising mixed economy with an efficient system of food production supplemented by hunting and fishing. Their ceramic industries and some of the painted designs on pots showing a close affinity with the Chalcolithic cultures in c. India \[4.14.5\], the Deccan \[4.14.6\] and e. Rajasthan \[4.14.1\] as also with the Copper Age strata of PANDU RAJA DHIBI suggest a life based on mutual contacts and interrelationships with other people. The ¹⁴C dates are 855 ± 100, 1085 ± 110 and 1380 ± 105 B.C. A large-scale conflagration brought about the end of the Pd. _First 200 of 927 passages. [Read on](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c39)_ ## Linked texts (52) - [Rangpur](https://indike.org/pramana/inp.site.rangpur) - [Takṣaśilā](https://indike.org/pramana/inp.site.taxila) - [Ahicchatra](https://indike.org/pramana/inp.site.ahichchhatra) - [Sāñcī](https://indike.org/pramana/inp.site.sanchi) - [Ujjayinī](https://indike.org/pramana/inp.site.ujjain) - [Nevasa](https://indike.org/pramana/inp.site.nevasa) - [Ādichanallūr](https://indike.org/pramana/inp.site.adichanallur) - [Tekwada](https://indike.org/pramana/inp.site.tekwada) - [Mahadeo-Piparia](https://indike.org/pramana/inp.site.mahadeo-piparia) - [Mahurjhari](https://indike.org/pramana/inp.site.mahurjhari) - [Machad](https://indike.org/pramana/inp.site.machad) - [Pazhayannur](https://indike.org/pramana/inp.site.pazhayannur) - [Pandu Rajar Dhibi](https://indike.org/pramana/inp.site.pandu-rajar-dhibi) - [Mahagara](https://indike.org/pramana/inp.site.mahagara) - [Madanpur](https://indike.org/pramana/inp.site.madanpur) - [Madīna](https://indike.org/pramana/inp.site.madina) - [Mahanad](https://indike.org/pramana/inp.site.mahanad) - [Kallur](https://indike.org/pramana/inp.site.kallur) - [Mahadeo-Ghat](https://indike.org/pramana/inp.site.mahadeo-ghat) - [Mahajari](https://indike.org/pramana/inp.site.mahajari) - [Madhupur](https://indike.org/pramana/inp.site.madhupur) - [Madbhal](https://indike.org/pramana/inp.site.madbhal) - [Handignur](https://indike.org/pramana/inp.site.handignur) - [Kandivli](https://indike.org/pramana/inp.site.kandivli) - [Mahamdagarh](https://indike.org/pramana/inp.site.mahamdagarh) - [Mahagaon-Budrukh](https://indike.org/pramana/inp.site.mahagaon-budrukh) - [Achal-Saheb](https://indike.org/pramana/inp.site.achal-saheb) - [Machharai](https://indike.org/pramana/inp.site.machharai) - [Machharala](https://indike.org/pramana/inp.site.machharala) - [Mahalinganakalle](https://indike.org/pramana/inp.site.mahalinganakalle) - [Magan-Diwana](https://indike.org/pramana/inp.site.magan-diwana) - [Basinikonda](https://indike.org/pramana/inp.site.basinikonda) - [Madankonda](https://indike.org/pramana/inp.site.madankonda) - [Mahaisal](https://indike.org/pramana/inp.site.mahaisal) - [Madhuban](https://indike.org/pramana/inp.site.madhuban) - [Mahauwan](https://indike.org/pramana/inp.site.mahauwan) - [Madara](https://indike.org/pramana/inp.site.madara) - [Machiyan](https://indike.org/pramana/inp.site.machiyan) - [Magaraur](https://indike.org/pramana/inp.site.magaraur) - [Mahada-ka-Kot](https://indike.org/pramana/inp.site.mahada-ka-kot) - [Maghar](https://indike.org/pramana/inp.site.maghar) - [Madaraha](https://indike.org/pramana/inp.site.madaraha) - [Mahadev-no-Timbo](https://indike.org/pramana/inp.site.mahadev-no-timbo) - [Mah](https://indike.org/pramana/inp.site.mah) - [Maharpatane](https://indike.org/pramana/inp.site.maharpatane) - [Mahadeo Raja Ka Kila](https://indike.org/pramana/inp.site.mahadeo-raja-ka-kila) - [Madhapar](https://indike.org/pramana/inp.site.madhapar) - [Magjhar](https://indike.org/pramana/inp.site.magjhar) - [Madnapur](https://indike.org/pramana/inp.site.madnapur) - [Mahad](https://indike.org/pramana/inp.site.mahad) - [Maharajganj](https://indike.org/pramana/inp.site.maharajganj) - [Mahishmati](https://indike.org/pramana/inp.site.mahishmati) --- Source: [https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c39](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c39) · Pramāṇa