[Pramāṇa](https://indike.org/pramana/) › [Studies](https://indike.org/pramana/ins) › [Reference works](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference) › [An Encyclopaedia of Indian Archaeology](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989) › v2.c45.98 # An Encyclopaedia of Indian Archaeology v2.c45.98 An Encyclopaedia of Indian Archaeology v2.c45.98 - **Language:** English ### [v2.c45.98](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c45.98) \*\*Salihundam\*\* (18°28'; 84°3'), Dt Srikakulam, 7 km w. of Kalingapatna, with remains of a Buddhist \*saṅghārāma\* that flourished continuously from \*c.\* 3rd century B.C. to \*c.\* 8th century A.D. on the summit of a low hill. It was excavated A.L. Longhurst (\*ASI-AR 1919-20\*, p. 35), when structural remains of \*stūpas\*, \*vihāras\* and Tantric Buddhist images like Mārīcī, Tārā, etc., were found. Excavation by the writer in 1954 (\*IAR 1953-4\*, p. 11) has revealed three phases of occupation. The Early Phase (3rd-2nd century B.C. to 1st century A.D.), marked by a few brick platforms and some irregular lines of brick associated with a punch-marked coin \[3.1\] and the Megalithic Black-and red Ware \[11.15.3\], besides other plain wares, was followed by the Middle Phase (1st-2nd century to 3rd-4th century A.D.), in which most of the monuments including the \*mahā-caitya\*, two smaller \*stūpas\*, two circular \*caitya-gṛhas\* housing stucco figures of Buddha, two such others with \*stūpas\* and several \*vihāras\*, all brick-built and provided with stone-paved approaches, came into existence. The material equipment comprised notably dishes of the Rouletted Ware \[11.21\], sprinklers of the Red Polished Ware \[11.23\] dull-red lamps, flat-based bowls with flaring sides, dishes and lids with flanged waist, terracotta arecanut-shaped beads and reel-shaped ear ornaments, inscribed conches (one mentioning the ancient name a \*Sālipāsaka\*), Sātavāhana coin, a Puri-Kushan coin, terracotta objects like seals. caparisoned horses and plaques with Buddha figures. The Late Phase (\*c.\* 4th-5th century to 7th-8th century) witnesses the construction of only a few votive \*stūpas\*. some random-rubble revetments and a pillared \*maṇḍapa\* built of material drawn from the earlier structures. Plain dull ware, wedge-shaped and moulded bricks, flat tiles, terracotta finials, beads of crystal and terracotta, stone images of Tantric Buddhist deities and six stone inscriptions of the 7th-8th century are the notable associated items of this phase. These three phases roughly mark the shifting of sectarian predominance of Hīnayāna, Mahāyāna and Vajrayāna. - [Previous: v2.c45.97](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c45.97) - [Next: v2.c45.99](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c45.99) - [Up: v2.c45](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c45) --- Source: [https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c45.98](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c45.98) · Pramāṇa