[Pramāṇa](https://indike.org/pramana/) › [Studies](https://indike.org/pramana/ins) › [Reference works](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference) › [An Encyclopaedia of Indian Archaeology](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989) › v2.c46.117 # An Encyclopaedia of Indian Archaeology v2.c46.117 An Encyclopaedia of Indian Archaeology v2.c46.117 - **Language:** English ### [v2.c46.117](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c46.117) The c. Tapti valley has preserved lacustral and fluvial deposits the maximum thickness of which is around 300 m in the piedmont zone of the Satpuras. At certain places bed-rock basalt is present 90 m below mean sea level. It appears that during the early Tertiary times there existed a semimarine environment which was gradually replaced by low-energy fluvio-lacustral conditions in the later Tertiary. High-energy fluvial conditions of the Pleistocene \[ 9.8.2\] are represented by alternations of gravels, sands and silts in the upper 100 m portion of the alluvium. The exposed (about 30 m) alluvium consists of calcreted, brownish silts, sands and cobbly pebble gravels. Two cut-and-fill terraces are commonly seen in the entire valley. The older fill forms a conspicuous surface at elevations ranging in height from 15 to 25 m above the modern bed level. The younger fill is inset into the older fill. A few fossil bones of \*Bos\*. sp. along with the Middle Palaeolithic \[4.3\] tools found in the calcreted gravels suggest a late Pleistocene age for the major portion of the exposed older alluvium of the river. - [Previous: v2.c46.116](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c46.116) - [Next: v2.c46.118](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c46.118) - [Up: v2.c46](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c46) --- Source: [https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c46.117](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c46.117) · Pramāṇa