An Encyclopaedia of Indian Archaeology v2.c47: U

An Encyclopaedia of Indian Archaeology v2.c47

Language: English

U

v2.c47.1

**Ubadhi,** Dt Mirzapur. Black-and-red Ware [11.63] and NBPW [11.16] site. *IAR 1962-3.*

v2.c47.2

**Ubbaracheruvu,** Dt Chittoor. Early (Lower Palaeolithic [4.2]) and Late Stone Age (Mesolithic [4.5]) site. *IAR 1963-4.*

v2.c47.3

**Uchani,** Dt Pudukkottai. Megalithic [4.17.9] site. *Manual of Pudukkottai State*, 1944, 1, 1, pp. 515-8.

v2.c47.4

**Uchauri,** Dt Ghazipur. Sherds of Black-slipped [11.13] Ware and red ware were found. A deep ditch possibly representing the moat for a defensive system was also noticed. *IAR 1965-6.*

v2.c47.5

**Uchchimedu,** Dt S. Arcot. Red and grey ware (of unspecified nature). *IAR 1965-6.*

v2.c47.6

**Uchkerar,** Dt Birbhum. Black-and-red Ware [11.6.5] site. *IAR 1971-2.*

v2.c47.7

**Udagatti,** Dt Dharwar. Megalithic [4.17.8] stone circles and early historical [4.18.11] material. See HANDIGNUR. *IAR 1958-9.*

v2.c47.8

**Udaigiri.** Dt Vidisha. Late Stone Age (Mesolithic [4.5]) tools were found in the fields adjoining the rock-cut caves. *IAR 1965-6.*

v2.c47.9

**Udaipur,** Dt Keonjhar. Polished stone celts [4.6.7]. *IAR 1958-9.*

v2.c47.10

**Udapanahalli,** Dt Kolar. Megalithic [4.17.8] site. *IAR 1971-2.*

v2.c47.11

**Udayagiri,** Dt Nellore. Early Stone Age (Lower Palaeolithic [4.2]) site. *IAR 1970-1.*

**Udayagiri-Khandagiri** (20°16'; 85°47'), Dt Puri, twin hills with one of the earliest groups of the rock-cut monastic caves of the Jainas, datable from *c.* 100 B.C. to the earlier years of the Christian era. The inscriptions found on the walls of some of the caves are practically the only source of knowledge of the existence of a powerful dynasty of the Cetis (Cedis) that came into power in Kaliṅga some time in the 1st century B.C. or a little earlier. Cave 14 (Hāthīgumphā) of the Udayagiri bears on its brow a most important inscription recording the achievements in war and peace of Khāravela of that dynasty. Among other things, the record mentions that he repaired the cyclone-devastated fortification of Kaliṅga-nagara [ŚIŚUPĀLGARH], brought back from Magadha the *Jina* of Kaliṅga that had been taken away by the Nandas and erected a massive structure of stone of the Kumārī hill (Udayagiri) where he also excavated caves for Jaina monks. The structure was evidently meant to provide a place of worship to the resident monks.

v2.c47.13

At the top of the Udayagiri and on the roof of Cave 14 were noticed traces of a laterite structure, which, being the only one of its kind on the hill, may in all likelihood be identified with the one mentioned in the inscription of Khāravela. Excavation conducted here by D. Mitra of the ASI in 1958 (*IAR 1958-9*, p. 38) uncovered the remains of an apsidal hall measuring 23·77 m in length and 14 m in width. Built of large laterite blocks, the hall has towards the apse-end of the interior a circular wall, probably the base of a platform for installing the object of worship. The platform is raised over the ruins of an oblong structure, evidently the earliest one of the site. The floor of the hall is for the most part paved with laterite slabs though bare rock has been utilized for flooring the n. part of the structure. The occurrence of circular or irregular post-holes in the rock and the pavement at intervals around the structure indicates that it was originally covered by a roof resting on poles. In the n. corner of the hall runs a rock-cut drain covered by laterite slabs designed to take off water from the circular structure.

v2.c47.14

At a later phase the circular wall was converted into an apsidal structure, the first of its kind in Orissa, by the addition of two oblong walls running roughly parallel to the original apsidal structure. This remodelled structure has openings on three sides. After some time was built towards the base of the original structure an enigmatic semicircular wall of courses of laterite on edge, apparently closing the entrance of the main hall. The last phase of the occupation on the site is marked by a square platform with recessed corners shabbily built of laterite and sandstone blocks over the s.-e. part of the circular wall.

v2.c47.15

The pottery found in the filling of the floor is red and inadequately fired and rubs off easily. The filling has also yielded a dolerite Neolithic celt with an oblong section.

v2.c47.16

Another excavation was undertaken in 1961 (*IAR 1961-2*, p. 36) to expose the original features of the hill face in front of Caves 6 to 9 and Cave 14 which had lost its natural contours due to the modern construction of masonry steps and artificial terraces to hold the debris, as well as to find out if there was any approach road to the all-important Cave 14. The excavation has brought to light an imposing ramp, evidently of Khāravela's authorship, made of large laterite blocks rising from the foot of the hill to the terrace in front of Cave 14. The ramp, over 3 m in width, is supported on either side by retaining walls. Two revetment walls are erected at right angles to the ramp at its top end to support the filling below the terrace in front of Cave 14. From the base of the revetment wall towards the w. end has been recovered the upper part of an exquisite sculpture of a female figurine. Made of coarse sandstone, it represents a *yakṣī* with heavy ornaments and with the hair artistically arranged in two plaits. On grounds of style the sculpture is ascribable to the 1st century B.C.; it is the sole free-standing female figure of the pre-Christian era discovered in the region. An experimental dig in front of Cave 14 has confirmed that the terrace was built over the filling of *kankar* soil which has yielded from the upper level a silver punch-marked coin [3.1] and from the lower level a number of microliths [4.14.1] comprising short blades and lunates.

v2.c47.17

Mitra, D., 1974, in Ghosh, A., ed., *Jaina Art & Architecture*, 1, New Delhi, pp. 69-84.—S.K. MUKHERJEE

v2.c47.18

**Udayaraya Fort**, Dt Nilgiri. Megalithic [4.17.9] site with dolmens.

v2.c47.19

Sewell, R., 1882, *Antiquarian Remains in the Presidency of Madras*, Madras.

v2.c47.20

**Udayarpalaiyam**. See NINNIYUR.

v2.c47.21

**Udaypur**, Dt Purulia. Microliths (of unspecified nature).

v2.c47.22

*IAR 1959-60*.

v2.c47.23

**Udchan**, Dt Gulbarga. Chalcolithic [4.14.8] site.

v2.c47.24

*Jour. Karnataka Univ.*, 4, pp. 18-20.

v2.c47.25

**Uddanapalle**, Dt Salem. Port-holed cists.

v2.c47.26

Sewell, R., 1882, *Antiquarian Remains in the Presidency of Madras*, Madras.

v2.c47.27

**Uddanapalli**, Dt Dharmapuri. Dolmenoid and port-hole cists [4.17.9].

v2.c47.28

*IAR 1968-9*.

v2.c47.29

**Uddappanahalli**, Dt Kolar. Megalithic [4.17.8] site.

v2.c47.30

Information from C. Krishnamurthy through A. Sundara.

v2.c47.31

**Uddatti**, Dt Mysore. Megalithic [4.17.8] cist burials.

v2.c47.32

*IAR 1961-2*.

v2.c47.33

**Uddhamgadh**, Dt Dhule. Tools of Series II (Middle Palaeolithic [4.3]) were found, as also Chalcolithic [4.17.6] pottery and microliths. Of the pottery the most common was the black-painted red ware. Besides common designs there were intersecting arches, arrows, horizontal lines, chequers three horizontal lines with leaf-shaped strokes at the end, stylized human figures and frieze of birds. Associated with the black-on-red ware were the black-and-red, black-and-grey and burnished grey wares, the last both in thin and thick fabrics.

v2.c47.34

*IAR 1958-9*.

v2.c47.35

**Udegollam**, Dt Bellary. Early historical [4.18.11] site.

v2.c47.36

*IAR 1962-3*.

v2.c47.37

**Udepur**, Dt Una, Grey ware.

v2.c47.38

*IAR 1970-1*.

v2.c47.39

**Udhuru**, Dt Ranchi. Microliths (of unspecified nature).

v2.c47.40

*IAR 1964-5*.

v2.c47.41

**Udiripikonka**, Dt Anantapur. Late Stone Age (Mesolithic [4.5]) site.

v2.c47.42

*IAR 1965-6*.

v2.c47.43

**Udrel**, Dt Ahmadabad. Microlith-bearing site located on a low sand-dune situated a little away from the river Meshwa and its tributaries. The microliths comprised finished tools in addition to cores and nodules. Besides the microlithic material, bone fragments including teeth of cattle were also obtained. Microlithic blade cores, a few retouched blades, crescents, triangles, points and a small number of scrapers formed the tool content.

v2.c47.44

*IAR 1970-1*; *1971-2*.

v2.c47.45

**Udsara**, Dt Basti. NBPW [11.16] site.

v2.c47.46

*IAR 1963-4*.

v2.c47.47

**Udumalpet**, Dt Coimbatore. Small 'cromlechs'.

v2.c47.48

*ASI-AR 1934-5*.

v2.c47.49

**Udyavara**, Dt S. Kanara. Large quantities of pottery consisting of the Megalithic Black-and-red [11.15] Ware, black polished, plain red and cream wares were obtained from the lower town and sections of the citadel mound known as Balergudda. Remains of a Śiva temple and a citadel of the early historical period were also discovered. Although a chert blade and sherds of a cream ware were found in the sections of the Balergudda, the evidence is too meagre to indicate any Chalcolithic occupation at the site.

v2.c47.50

*IAR 1968-9*.

v2.c47.51

**Uganiya**, Dt Mysore. Megalithic [4.17.8] site.

v2.c47.52

Information from C. Krishnamurthy through A. Sundara.

v2.c47.53

**Ugrahu-Hustahkam**, Dt Saharanpur. PGW [11.14] site.

v2.c47.54

*IAR 1966-7*.

v2.c47.55

**Uidupanakal W.**, Dt Anantapur. Neolithic [4.6.8] habitation site. See AKKAMMAKONDA.

v2.c47.56

*IAR 1965-6*.

v2.c47.57

**Ujhan**, Dt Kanpur. NBPW [11.16] site.

v2.c47.58

*IAR 1957-8*.

v2.c47.59

**Ujina**, Dt Gurgaon. PGW [11.14] and early historical [4.18.1] site.

v2.c47.60

Punia, D.S., 1976, unpublished thesis, Kurukshetra Univ.

v2.c47.61

**Ujjain** (23°12'; 75°48'), headquarters of the Dt of the same name, situated on the e. bank of the Sipra and well-known as the capital of Avanti, one of the 16 *mahājanapadas* in the 6th century B.C., and as the seat of a viceroy (*kumāra*) of the Mauryan empire during the rule of Aśoka in the 3rd century B.C., as mentioned in his Dhauli Separate Rock-edict I. It is hallowed traditionally by its association with the *jyotir-liṅga* of Mahākāla and as one of seven holy cities of India, and remembered through later history and literature, especially the *Meghadūta* of Kālidāsa. It is also known for its legendary association with proverbial Vikramāditya, often identified with Candragupta II (375-414), and his court which included Kālidāsa as one of its nine gems. In the *Periplus of the Erythraean Sea* it is mentioned as Ozene, an important trade centre carrying on trade with Rome. The modern township has shifted from the ancient spot, now known as *Garh-kālikā*, an impressive mound to the n. of the township on the e. bank of the Sipra, marked by a frequently renovated medieval temple of Kālikā, believed to be the patron deity of Kālidāsa. The mound is 10·7 m in height, 1· km in n.-s. length and 900 m in e.-n. width, protected by a mud rampart from the beginning.

v2.c47.62

The first excavation in the site was conducted by Garde in 1938-9. This brought to light quite a large miscellany of coins, terracottas, beads and pottery, etc., which amply indicated the archaeological potentiality of the site and indicated the need of sustained and systematic work to establish the sequence of cultural equipments and chronology as well as structural remains. The site was therefore subjected to extensive excavations again from 1955 to 1958 by the writer, and limitedly again in 1964 by K.M. Srivastava, on behalf of the ASI (*IAR 1955-6*, p. 19; *1956-7*, p. 20; *1957-8*, p. 32; *1964-5*, p. 18), revealing four successive Pds of occupation called Pds I to IV.

v2.c47.63

Pd I, dated *c*, 750 to 500 B.C., is represented by 1·9m thick strata characterized by pottery comprising the coarse and gritty black-and-red ware [11.6], a bright-red ware having a secondary black slip in discontinuous patches and called the double-slipped ware, unslipped Vesiculated Ware [11.17] and a few sherds of the PGW [11.14] represented only by two sherds in the stratified deposits and a few in the make-up of the ramparts, spindle whorls [6.25] of terracotta, styli [20.5] of bone, arrowheads, spearheads, crowbars, spades, choppers, knives and presumably saws of iron, besides arrowheads of bone. The objects of iron represent fairly early stages in the manufacture of iron objects in India, which may go back to about 1000-1000 B.C. elsewhere.

v2.c47.64

The habitation was surrounded by a mud-brick fortification in the shape of a pentagon, wider on its n.-w. side than on its on the s. following the outlines of a convex bend in the course of the Sipra. The fortification, as extant, is 74·67 m wide on the e. side and 197 m on the w. (riverine) side and rises to a maximum height of 13·72 m over the natural Black Cotton Soil [9.1]. It was enclosed by a protective moat, resulting from the earthwork excavation for building up the mud fort, on the e. and s. sides and by the river on the e. and somewhat distantly also on the n., the two arms of the moat being connected with the river for water supply. To save the mud fort-wall from erosion resulting out of the periodical floods of the river, a unique contraption of a network of hollow rectangular chambers made of neatly cut logs of wood with 23 to 25 cm square cross-section was built alongside the river and following its curved outline and laid as nearly as possible at right angles to the direction of the flow of water from the point of the deepest thrust of the river to a total length of 116 m n.wards to the n.-w. corner. These served as a buffer against the periodical fury of the river. The traditional methods of work for piling up mud are indicated by the iron blade of a spade and iron crowbar and the impressions of two wickerwork baskets embedded in the deposits of the mud rampart.

v2.c47.65

The excavations led to the exposure of a 7·32 m wide road running through an opening or gateway in the n.-e. corner of the e. wall. The road was built of a veneer of gravel laid with a camber over a clay soling. Though there is evidence for the use of burnt brick during the Pd no vestiges of any structure were met with to suggest its form and shape.

v2.c47.66

Pd II, represented by the next succeeding deposits, 4·27 m thick, is characterized by the Black-slipped Ware [11.13], black-and-red ware and the Vesiculated Ware, indicating an overlap with the previous Pd and by the NBPW [11.16] and its associates of thick grey ware and unslipped red ware.

v2.c47.67

The structure of this Pd were built variously of mud, mud brick, stone rubble in clay and burnt brick. A distinctive mud platform, apsidal in shape but of indeterminate use, was reinforced at the edge by three rows of slabs of trap. Mention may also be made of a massive tank measuring 10·36 m × 7·92 m built of burnt brick measuring 76× 76× 18 cm, presumably for storage of water, and a long channel of trapezoidal cross-section, traced to a length of 25·9 m with a right-angled bend, possibly for use in conjunction with an industrial workshop which needed a steady supply of water such as the iron industry. Ring-wells [14.15] of terracotta were adjuncts of the habitation and served as soakage wells in this and the subsequent Pd. While a large number of iron objects comprising arrowheads, spearheads, axes, spades, points, chisels, knives, horse-bits, sickles, door-rings, hooks, blades, clamps, sockets, choppers, latches, pivots, bars, tires, borers, rods, door chains and pans with handle indicate the popularity of the metal, the find of lumps of limonite as iron ore, quantities of slag [16.9.4], deposists of calcite and aragonite for use as a flux in the smelting of iron, the remains of an open-type heaped-up furnace for smelting the metal and a blacksmith's forge for the manufacture of finished goods, such as chisels, knives, axes, etc., is significant. A tile-roofed mud house served as a workshop for the manufacture of stone beads and bone arrowheads, found all over in very large numbers, from large chunks of animal bones. One of the arrowheads found in the neighbourhood was found stained with the blood of a bird, indicating the use.

v2.c47.68

Terracotta skin-rubbers [18.4], hollow punch-shaped ‘hair scratchers’, antimony rods of copper and ivory [18.1], hair-pins and combs [18.3] of ivory, styli of bone [20.5], dice [6.7.1] of terracotta and ivory, conical gamesmen of terracotta, hopscotches made from pot-sherds [6.7.3] and rattles of terracotta, saddle querns, pestles [6.19] and grinding discs of stone, animal and human figurines of terracotta including the figurine of a mother goddess [12.6], sling balls, conical as well as seed-shaped net-sinkers of terracotta [6.16], potters’ dabbers of stone and terracotta [16.11], punch-marked coins of copper [3.1] and ivory seals bearing the legends *Gothajasa Tisakasa*, *Pattialasa*, *Tisakasa* respectively, in Prakrit and in the Brāhmī script of the 2nd century B.C. comprise the ensemble of utile objects.

v2.c47.69

The moat around the fort on the e. side was reduced in width from 46·44 m to 39·32 m, owing apparently to shortage of water, by the construction of a 1·14-m wide revetment wall at its outer edge.

v2.c47.70

The road through the n.-e. opening varied in width from 7 m to 9·9 m and was marked by six successive levels, necessitated by wear and tear and rising ground level, and the tracks indicated by the ruts at each level in two rows, with the inner ones often overlapping, were invariably 1·75 m in width, a universal gauge of wheeled vehicles of the times.

v2.c47.71

Pd III, represented by the next supervening 2·44 m thick deposit, had three phases, called respectively A, B, and C and correspondingly dated to 200 B.C. to A.D. 500 (Śuṅga, Sātavāhana, Kushan and Gupta) A.D. 500 to 900 (late Gupta, early Paramāra) and A.D. 900 to 1300 (Paramāra to early Muslim).

v2.c47.72

The pottery is mostly of a red ware in medium fabric, distinctive bowls of kaolin, impressed with moulded designs of the auspicious symbols, Vesiculated Ware, thick grey ware and the black-grey ware comprise the ceramic complex.

v2.c47.73

Beads of terracotta, carnelian, amethyst, garnet, chalcedony, jasper, glass, bone and ivory, bangles of terracotta, glass, shell and copper, ear ornaments of terracotta, glass and of discs of shell threaded by a copper wire, skin-rubbers of terracotta, antimony rods of copper or ivory, hair-pins and combs of ivory, pendants of stone or terracotta, including clay bullae [6.4] moulded from Greek or Roman coins, dice of terracotta and ivory, gamesmen of terracotta [6.7.2] truncated at the top, hopscotches fashioned from sherds, terracotta human and animal figurines, the latter of fish, tortoise, horses and elephants, rattles and balls of terracotta, votive tanks [12.11], has relief sculptures on small slabs of sandstone showing figures of Gaṇeśa, Mahiṣāsuramardinī, Śiva and Viṣṇu, the last of the Gupta period, coins of the Kṣatrapas, Kushans and Paramāras, besides a coin mould of the coin of the Antonine (Roman) emperor Augustus Hadrianus (A.D. 117-34), vessels of copper and a tortoise manufactured skilfully with copper wire comprise the diverse miscellany of cultural equipment.

v2.c47.74

Phase A of the Pd has yielded very interesting evidence for the manufacture of beads of stone on a large scale, especially chalcedony. Rough-dressed specimens of beads were subjected to slow firing in small earthen pots with a closely fitting stopper of chalcedony, and after the rough-outs had acquired an opaque hue in the process they were ground on slabs of sandstone with an abrasive, such as sand, and finished with the piercing of the perforation done with a drill working on one side at a time. Disc-shaped and highly polished ear ornaments were also produced by the same method.

v2.c47.75

Among the finds of the phase is a sealing engraved on the flat and circular knob of a terracotta casket and reading *Nāgabudhisa pavajitasa*, in Prakrit and Brāhmī letters of the 1st century A.D.

v2.c47.76

The road through the n.-e. gateway remained in use, in two successive phases of repairs.

v2.c47.77

Pd IV, represented by an average deposit of 2·13 to 2·74 m and characterized by signs of abandonment of the mound such as debris, as by that time the main habitation had shifted to the n. of the mound as the ground level had risen very high and the ramparts did not afford much protection, is dated to *c.* 1300 to 1500. Soapstone caskets, beads of terracotta, flimsy ornaments of gold, terracotta animal figurines, bangles and miscellaneous objects of iron comprise the rather unimpressive and dwindling cultural equipment. The pottery types consist of vessels of a dull-red ware and mica-dusted unslipped ware, knife-edged bowls in unslipped red ware, finial-shaped lids, spouted water vessels, flattish pans, and basins with nail-head rims, all in red ware, besides glazed sherds. A few coins of Aurangzeb, Shāh Ālam, Daulat Rao Scindia and Jankoji Rao Scindia found in the deposits of this Pd do not indicate occupation or the real horizon, but periodical visits of the townfolk to the once glorious city of ancient Ujjain.

v2.c47.78

Sherds of grey ware and PGW, 11.14, were picked up from the Sandipani area of the town (*IAR 1968-9*, p. 68.]

v2.c47.79

Banerjee, N.R., 1959, in *Jour. Asiatic Soc.*, 1, 2, pp. 189-96 (for bead-making technique); 1960, in *Indologen Tagung 1959*, Gottingen; 1965, *Iron Age in India*, New Delhi. Garde, M.B., 1940, in *AR Arch. Dept Gwalior State, V.S. 1995*, pp. 13-7.—N.R. BANERJEE

v2.c47.80

**Uka Dam**, Dt Surat. A flake was recovered about ½ km down stream of the Uka Dam on the right bank of the Tapti.

v2.c47.81

**Ukedo,** Dt Kutch. Historical site. See AJEML. *IAR 1965-6.*

v2.c47.82

**Ukhrend,** Dt Mainpuri. PGW [11.16] site. *IAR 1961-2.*

v2.c47.83

**Ukkaram,** Dt Coimbatore. Russet-coated Painted Ware [11.22]. *IAR 1962-3.*

v2.c47.84

**Ukkirankottai,** Dt Tirunelveli. Excavation at the fortified city of Karavandapuram of the Pāṇḍya inscriptions (7th to 9th centuries) revealed a 4 m wide wall made of mud and mud brick and a moat. The walled area had a single-culture deposit. *IAR 1970-1.*

v2.c47.85

**Ukkund,** Dt Dharwar. Early historical [4.18.11] site. *IAR 1968-9.*

v2.c47.86

**Ukkunda,** Dt Kolar. Megalithic [4.17.8] site with stone circles. *IAR 1970-1.* Also information from C. Krishnamurthy through A. Sundara.

v2.c47.87

**Ukri,** Dt Singhbhum. Neolithic [4.6.5] site on the Sanjai, also yielding palaeoliths [4.2] and microliths (of unspecified nature). Dolmenoid structures and menhirs [4.17.4] were also noticed. See SANJAI VALLEY. *IAR 1961-2; 1972-3.*

v2.c47.88

**Ulaghpur,** Dt Meerut. Early historical [4.18.1] site. *IAR 1969-70.*

v2.c47.89

**Ulavapalli,** Dt Nellore. Middle Palaeolithic [4.3] and Mesolithic [4.5] site yielding Acheulian handaxes, cores, lancehead and worked flakes. Aiyappan, A., 1942, *Manley Collection of Stone Age Tools*, Mem. ASI, 68.

v2.c47.90

**Uldan,** Dt Banda. Painted rock-shelter [13]. Misra, V.D., 1977, *Some Aspects of India Arch.*, Allahabad, p. 54.

v2.c47.91

**Ulindakonda,** Dt Kurnool. Scrapers, flakes and cores of chert. Foote, R.B., 1916, *Indian Prehistoric & Protohistoric Antiquities*, Madras.

v2.c47.92

**Ullati,** Dt Dharmapuri. Megalithic [4.17.9] burial sites. *IAR 1969-70.*

v2.c47.93

**Ullenoor,** Dt Raichur. Early historical [4.18.11] site. *IAR 1962-3.*

v2.c47.94

**Umaj,** Dt Dhule. A highly developed bifacial industry [4.2] was found at the end of the upper reaches of the Ranka-nala, a tributary of the Tapti. This industry comprising late Acheulian handaxes, small discoids, scrapers, points and flakes was located in a silty clay mixed with yellowish-brown *kankar*-nodules. A blade-flake-scraper industry of Series II (Middle Palaeolithic [4.3]) seemingly evolved from the earlier industry occurred on the reddish-brown current overlying the first deposit. The next upper deposit contained a microlithic industry mainly on chalcedony, jasper and agate. *IAR 1959-60.*

v2.c47.95

**Umajacha-pada,** Dt Dhule. Open camp site yielding large, irregular as well as fluted cores, scrapers, points, etc. *IAR 1960-1.*

v2.c47.96

**Uman,** Dt Bharuch. Middle Palaeolithic [4.3] and Mesolithic [4.5] site. *IAR 1970-1.*

v2.c47.97

**Umand,** Dt Chittaurgarh. Black-and-red Ware [11.6.2] site. See DARAULĪ. *IAR 1956-7.*

v2.c47.98

**Umaragarh,** Dt Kanpur. NBPW [11.16] site. *IAR 1957-8.*

v2.c47.99

**Umarda-Khurd,** Dt Dhule. Lower Palaeolithic [4.2] site. *IAR 1960-1.*

v2.c47.100

**Umaria,** Dt Jabalpur. Microliths (of unspecified nature). *IAR 1961-2.*

v2.c47.101

**Umarkhed,** Dt Yeotmal. Middle Palaeolithic [4.3] site. *IAR 1964-5.*

v2.c47.102

**Umbar Pada,** Dt Dhule. Microlithic associated with ochre-coloured pottery. See DHAMDAI. *IAR 1957-8.*

v2.c47.103

**Umbraj,** Dt Satara. Middle (Middle Palaeolithic [4.3]) and Late Stone Age (Mesolithic [4.5]) tools. *IAR 1962-3.*

v2.c47.104

**Umbharadi,** Dt Dhule. Middle Stone Age (Middle Palaeolithic [4.3]) site. *IAR 1965-6.*

v2.c47.105

**Umbharti,** Dt Dhule. Late Stone Age (Mesolithic [4.5]) site. *IAR 1963-4.*

v2.c47.106

**Umbhre,** Dt Dhule. Late Stone Age (Upper Palaeolithic [4.5]) site. *IAR 1963-4.*

v2.c47.107

**Umed Khera,** Dt Lucknow. NBPW [11.16] site. *IAR 1968-9.*

v2.c47.108

**Umednagar,** Dt Jodhpur. Microlithic tools on jasper were picked up from a site 3 km from Umednagar. The tools were severely wind-polished, with their retouched edges smoothened. *IAR 1958-9.*

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**Ummadivaram,** Dt Kurnool. The site on the Kandleru yielded Series I and II (Lower and Middle Palaeolithic [4.2, 3]) tools and megaliths [4.17.7]. *IAR 1959-60.*

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**Umra¹**, Dt Bharatpur. PGW [11.14] and black-and-red ware [11.6.3] site. *IAR 1971-2.*

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**Umra²,** Dt Gurgaon. PGW [11.14] site. Punia, D.S., 1976, unpublished thesis, Kurukshetra Univ.

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**Umrada-Khurd.** Dt Dhule. Middle Stone Age [4.3] site. *IAR 1961-2.*

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**Umraj,** Dt Bijapur. Chalcolithic [4.14.8] habitation site rich in microlithic blades along with fluted cores, Jorwe Ware [11.11] and grey ware similar to that from BRAHMAGIRI. *IAR 1958-9.*

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**Umri¹**, Dt Chanda. Lower Palaeolithic [4.2] tools and Megalithic [4.17.6] stone circles.

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**Umri²**, Dt Junagadh. Red Polished Ware [11.23]. *IAR 1957-8.*

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**Umrwa**, Dt Bharuch. Late Stone Age (Mesolithic [4.5]) site. *IAR 1969-70.*

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**Un**, Dt Dhule. Microliths including cores. *IAR 1958-9.*

v2.c47.118

**Una**, Dt Junagadh. Site yielding black-and-red pottery and the Red Polished Ware [11.23]. *IAR 1955-6.*

v2.c47.119

**Unachgeri**, Dt Dharwar. Megalithic [4.17.8] urn burials. *IAR 1964-5.*

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**Uncha**, Dt Chittaurgarh. Black-and-red Ware [11.6.2] and microliths. See DURIA. *IAR 1957-8.*

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**Unchadih**, Dt Allahabad. Site with traces of fortified habitation with corner towers—a small-scale replica of KAUŚĀMBĪ. The pottery was a grey ware with painting. The other types included the bowl with a square, everted or clubbed rim, dish, basin, lid, cooking vessel, some with a marked carination, and dough plate. The pottery was sturdy in fabric and had sometimes painted or incised designs. Some of the types were identical with those associated with the early periods of the defences of KAUŚĀMBĪ. *IAR 1959-60.*

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**Unchagaon**, Dt Saharanpur. Grey ware, Śuṅga-Kushan red ware and medieval glazed ware. *IAR 1963-4.*

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**Uncha-Islamabad**, Dt Mainpuri. PGW [11.14] and NBPW [11.16] site. *IAR 1961-2.*

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**Uncha Khera**, Dt Morena. Mound situated 8 km downstream from the confluence of the Parvati and Chambal rivers yielding a few sherds of the black-on-red ware resembling the Malwa Ware [11.10] and red ware usually painted in white pigment. *IAR 1972-3.*

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**Unchgaon**, Dt Gorakhpur. Black-and-red Ware [11.6.3]. *IAR 1963-4.*

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**Unchidhanal**, Dt Sabar-Kantha. Mesolithic [4.5] site. *IAR 1970-1.*

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**Undakhal river**, Dt Mandsaur. (Lower Palaeolithic [4.2]) handaxes and cleavers and occasionally tools of Series II (Middle Palaeolithic [4.3]) on chalcedony. *IAR 1959-60.*

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**Undala**, Dt Chittaurgarh. Microliths, black-and-red ware [11.6.2] and associated pottery. *IAR 1956-7.*

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**Undar**, Dt Panch Mahals. Late Stone Age (Mesolithic [4.5]) site in the Annas valley. *IAR 1968-9.*

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**Undel**, Dt Indore. Microliths in association with the black-and-red, black-and-cream and grey wares. *IAR 1958-9.*

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**Undra**, Dt Bharatpur. PGW [11.14] site. *IAR 1971-2.*

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**Ungallur**, Dt Palghat. Megalithic [4.17.10] site. *IAR 1968-9.*

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**Unhel**, Dt Ujjain. Historical site (of unspecified nature). *IAR 1960-1.*

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**Unkli**, Dt Dharwar. Early historical [4.18.11] site. *IAR 1960-1.*

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**Untavad**, Dt Dhule. Chalcolithic [4.14.8] habitation site. *IAR 1966-7.*

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**Upalai**, Dt Gulbarga. Megalithic [4.17.8] site. *AR Hyderabad Dept of Arch.*, 1933-4, p. 7.

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**Uparadaha**, Dt Allahabad. Early historical [4.18.1] pottery. *IAR 1961-2.*

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**Uparkot**, Dt Bhavnagar. Early historical [4.18.2] site. *IAR 1967-8.*

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**Uparpina**, Dt Dhule. Middle Stone Age (Middle Palaeolithic [4.3]) site. *IAR 1966-7.*

v2.c47.140

**Uparpind**, Dt Dhule. Chalcolithic [4.14.6] habitation site. *IAR 1966-7.*

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**Uparson**, Dt Bankura. Tools of Series I (Lower Palaeolithic [4.2]). *IAR 1959-60.*

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**Upaspur**, Dt Kolar. Megalithic [4.17.8] site with circles. *IAR 1970-1.*

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**Upayara**, Dt Mysore. Megalithic [4.17.8] cairn circles. *IAR 1962-3.*

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**Uplana**, Dt Kurukshetra. Late Harappa [4.10] site comparable with MITATHAL II B. Suraj Bhan, 1975, *Excavation at Mitathal & Other Explorations in the Sutlej-Yamuna Divide*, Kurukshetra, p. 125.

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**Uppal**, Dt Hyderabad. Neolithic [4.6.8] and Megalithic [4.17.7] site. Sreenivasachar, P., 1963, *Arch. Bulletin*, II, Andhra Pradesh Government Arch. Series, Hyderabad, p. 2.

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**Uppalapadu**. See SRISAILAM.

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**Upparahalli**, Dt Kolar. Megalithic [4.17.8] site with stone circles and cists. *IAR 1971-2.*

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**Upparapatti**, Dt Dharmapuri. Megalithic [4.17.9] and early historical [4.18.12] site. *IAR 1966-7.*

v2.c47.149

**Upper-Dutta-Buldi**, Dt Parbhani. Middle Stone Age (Middle Palaeolithic [4.3]) site. *IAR 1970-1.*

v2.c47.150

**Uppinahalli**, Dt Mysore. Megalithic [4.17.8] habitation site. *IAR 1963-4.*

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**Uppugunduru**, Dt Prakasam. Early historical site yielding Black-and-red Ware [11.15.3], Red Polished Ware [11.23] and Rouletted Ware [11.21]. *IAR 1959-60.*

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**Uppugunduru**, Dt Guntur. Large site yielding a number of Buddhist antiquities and a Prakrit Brāhmī [20.4.2] inscription of the Ikṣvāku ruler Vīrapurisadatta.

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**Upraura,** Dt Allahabad. Grey ware with painting of the same type as KAUSĀMBĪ.

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*IAR 1959-60.*

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**Upsal,** Dt Valsad. Early, Middle (Lower, Middle Palaeolithic [4.2, 3]) and Late Stone Age (Mesolithic [4.5]) tools.

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*IAR 1968-9.*

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**Uraiyur** (10°45′; 78°40′), Dt Tiruchchirappalli, a suburb of Tiruchchirappalli town, one of the famous cities of ancient Tamil Nadu situated on the s. bank of the Kaveri. It was the capital of the early Coḷas of the Sangam period, known by many names such as Uraiyur, Urandai, Koḻi or Koliyūr, Uragapura, etc. The *Periplus* of the 1st century A.D. refers to the place as Argaru and calls it the capital of an inland district. Ptolemy’s Orthura regia Sornati has been identified with the Uraiyur region of the Coḷas. Sangam works like the *Ahanānūṟu* and the *Puṟanānūṟu* contain copious references to this city and its political, commercial and religious importance, wherefrom we learn that it was a fortified city having a prosperous urban life. From ancient times Uraiyur has been a centre of spinning and weaving of cotton and also perhaps of silk. The *Periplus* mentions it as a great centre of trade in fine cotton stuff. One of the poems in the *Ahanānūṟu* vividly describes the famous Urandai festival whereas another poem mentions it as a place of the functioning of a famous assembly (*sabhā*) known for its justice. In the 7th and 8th centuries the city was the bone of contention between the Pallavas and the Pāṇḍyas. From about the beginning of the 10th century it was part of the later Coḷa empire. In the 13th century the city fell into the hands of the Pāṇḍyas. Māravarman Sundara Pāṇḍya I (1216-39) invaded the Coḷa territory and caused extensive destruction to the city. After the decline of the Coḷas Uraiyur practically lost its political importance and later on got merged with the larger town of Tiruchchirappalli.

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As a suburb of a growing city extensive vacant sites are not available for excavation. In the available space of five localities some 12 trenches were sunk (*IAR-1964-5*, p. 25; *1965-6*, p. 26; *1966-7*, p. 30; *1967-8*, p. 30). The localities are: (1) open playground near the police station, (2) near the Selliachi Amman temple and (3) n.-e. corner of Uraiyur water tank, (4) the ground near the Old Choultry and (5) near the Nada factory site. The excavations were conducted by Univ. of Madras between 1964 and 1968.

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The excavations have yielded occupational deposits and cultural material belonging broadly to two Pds: Pd I belonging to the first three or four centuries A.D., and Pd II to later times. Pd II can be subdivided into two phases A and B; the former can be roughly datable to the 5th to 10th centuries and the latter can be regarded as late medieval. The division is mainly based on the occurrence of fairly datable pottery types. In Pd I certain known pottery types occur throughout such as the Black-and-red Ware [11.15.3] and its associated black ware, the Russet-coated Painted Ware [11.22] and the Rouletted Ware [11.21]. The occurrence of the last two types would clearly indicate a date near the 1st century AD The find of a number of sherds with Brāhmī inscriptions points to more or less the same period. A long inscription mentions Antaanan of Muulaanpedu, probably meaning the Brāhmaṇa of Mulanpedu. But the other inscriptions are short and fragmentary. On palaeographical grounds and associated finds they are datable to first three centuries.

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An important structure of Pd I is a brick-built dyeing vat found at the depth of 2·39 m in a trench in locality 2. It consists of one square and another rectangular chamber laid diagonally opposite each other. The square cistern measures internally 68 cm and the rectangular one 48×35 cm both having paved flooring. The bricks measure 43× 23× 7·6 cm. This structure has close similarity to a dyeing vat excavated at ARIKAMEDU. It is interesting to note that from ancient times to the present day Uraiyur has been a leading centre of handloom industry in s. India.

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In another trench in locality 1 an interesting array of post-holes on a peculiar plan, probably meant to erect an altar for some ritualistic purposes, had been laid bare. In another trench in the same locality successive layers of rammed clay flooring laid one above the other and foundation level of a building laid with rubble, brickbats and pottery pieces have been encountered. They give us an idea of the pattern of house construction and the material used.

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A large number of beads of coloured glass, shell, terracotta and semiprecious stones have been found in this Pd, a collared bead in soapstone being noteworthy. Some bone tools like points and needles [6.15] evidently used in the weaving industry or as styli [20.5] have also been recovered.

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In some localities vestiges of continuous occupation of Pd II have been found. In these deposits two phases can be distinguished, A, roughly from the 5th to 10th centuries, and B, which is later. In the former the survival of certain pottery traditions like the bright-red-slipped ware can be detected, while the latter has coarse red ware and vessels of different utilitarian characters. Some Celadon Ware [11.25] pieces are also present. Among the minor antiquities in this Pd are glass beads and bangles of black glass, besides those of semiprecious stones. Terracotta toys such as human figurines, gamesman [6.7.2] like dice [6.7.1], ear ornaments, stone tools, cattle bones, etc. Particularly noteworthy are: the remains of similar stockades with nodules of stones supporting the fence; human occupation and indications of burning of cow-dung in different times in Pd III; levelling and thick accumulation of vitreous ash partly heaped up along the edge forming ‘ash wall’ in Pd IV; and indication of abandonment of the site and later occupation of the site by people of the early Iron Age and early historical cultures for a short period suggested by scatterings of the pottery of the cultures in Pd V. In all there appears to have been at least five deliberate major burnings of the stockades together with the heavy accumulations of cow-dung for the successive preparation of the site for new cow-pens.

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While no human habitational remains occur in the ashy layers, objects such as Neolithic grey-ware potsherds [11.1.5], charcoal and cattle bones have been found outside the stockades in alternate layers belonging to Pds I to IV. From layer I and in the pits made by rodents, etc., in layer 2 have been obtained the Black-and-red Ware and Russet-coated Painted Ware of the early Iron Age and early historical cultures.

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The grey pottery, essentially early Neolithic, is in various shades of colours: grey, black, buff, chocolate-red and brown; it is rusticated and burnished and is mostly handmade. Some have post-firing red-ochre painting at the edge of the vessel, while a few have pre-firing purple painting on the body. A few have incised decorative designs as well. The types are limited: the vase with outcurving or flaring rim; shallow and deep bowl; and dish-on-stand. Stone tools made on chert and jasper are parallel-sided blades, backed blades, lunates, fluted cores and flakes. There are a very few axes of grey gneiss or a dark-green hornblende schist mostly pecked and ground. Tools such as axes, hammers and rubbers are mostly from the surface.

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The pottery of the early Iron Age and early historical age pd V, is mostly wheel-made in bright or dull-red ware, the types being: the deep bowl with vertical side; shallow dish; tulip-shaped bowl in black-and-red ware; cup with flat base; vase; basin with collared rim; and lid with flanged waist.

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In layer 9 of UTN-I the remains of a burial of a child, probably newly born, include only ribs and one humerus, the skull being completely crushed. The animal remains [15.1] are largely of the cattle and a few of the deer and goat. A bone in UTN-I is fashioned into a chisel-like blade. A charcoal sample from layer IIa of UTN-I is ¹⁴C dated to 2295 ± 155 B.C. Relatively the end of Pd IV is assigned to c. 1250 B.C. It is inferred that ash-mounds of the Raichur *doāb* are of the early Neolithic cattle-keepers who periodically deliberately burnt their cattle-pens containing thick accumulation of cow-dung in a ritualistic way for the construction of new ones. It is thought that this tradition survives in the ritualistic burning during Holi and Diwali festivals.

Linked texts (3)

Puṟanāṉūṟu — Kapilar & Auvaiyār (Caṅkam), Tamil
Meghadūta — Kālidāsa, Sanskrit
Kauśāmbī