[Pramāṇa](https://indike.org/pramana/) › [Studies](https://indike.org/pramana/ins) › [Reference works](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference) › [An Encyclopaedia of Indian Archaeology](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989) › v2.c48 # An Encyclopaedia of Indian Archaeology v2.c48: V An Encyclopaedia of Indian Archaeology v2.c48 - **Language:** English ### V ### [v2.c48.1](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c48.1) \*\*Vachhoda\*\*, Dt Junagadh. Red Polished Ware \[11.23\]. \*IAR 1957-8.\* ### [v2.c48.2](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c48.2) \*\*Vadaamanipalle\*\*, Dt Cuddapah. Early, Middle (Lower, Middle Palaeolithic \[4.2, 3\]) and Late Stone Age (Mesolithic \[4.5\]) tools. \*IAR 1964-5.\* ### [v2.c48.3](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c48.3) \*\*Vadagacheri\*\*, Dt N. Arcot. Lower Palaeolithic \[4.2\] site. Sewell, R., 1882, \*Antiquarian Remains in the Presidency of Madras\*, Madras. ### [v2.c48.4](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c48.4) \*\*Vadagarai\*\*, Dt Madurai. Funerary urns and Megalithic pottery \[11.15.3\]. \*ASI—AR 1936-7.\* ### [v2.c48.5](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c48.5) \*\*Vadakhunta\*\*, Dt Bharuch. Middle Palaeolithic \[4.3\] and Mesolithic \[4.5\] site. \*IAR 1968-9.\* ### [v2.c48.6](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c48.6) \*\*Vadakkethara\*\*, Dt Trichur. Dolmenoid cists without port-holes \[4.17.10\]. \*IAR 1968-9.\* ### [v2.c48.7](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c48.7) \*\*Vadakku Vallanadu\*\*, Dt Tirunelveli. Megalithic \[4.17.9\]\` site. \*ASI—AR 1902-3.\* ### [v2.c48.8](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c48.8) \*\*Vadala-Bhittewadh\*\*, Dt Amritsar. Grey ware and Black-slipped Ware \[11.13\]. \*IAR 1962-3.\* ### [v2.c48.9](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c48.9) \*\*Vadala-Garanthian Sahari\*\*, Dt Gurdaspur. Black-slipped \[11.13\] Ware and black-and-red \[11.6\] and grey wares. \*IAR 1961-2.\* ### [v2.c48.10](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c48.10) \*\*Vadala-Viram\*\*, Dt Amritsar. Grey ware and Black-slipped Ware \[11.13\]. \*IAR 1962-3.\* ### [v2.c48.11](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c48.11) \*\*Vadali-Dogran\*\*, Dt Amritsar. Remains of the early historical period \[4.18.1\] of \*c.\* 1st-2nd century A.D. including black-painted red ware and Red Polished Ware \[11.23\]. \*IAR 1963-4.\* ### [v2.c48.12](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c48.12) \*\*Vadamadurai\*\* (10°25′; 78°00′), Dt Chingleput, in the Korttalayar valley, considered to be valuable for the dating of the Boulder Conglomerate underlying detrital laterite \[9.6\]. The stone tools from the site were divided by Krishnaswami, 1947, pp. 32-3, into three groups based on patination and typology. The earliest, which is unlateritized, with heavy cream-coloured cortex patina-tion and rolled and is considered to be pre-lateritic and coeval with the Boulder Conglomerate, is divided into the Abbevillian and Early Acheulian \[4.2\]. The second group is stained red through contact with the laterite gravel laid on the top of the Conglomerate. Definite typological advance is also noticed over the first group by the handaxes showing mid-Acheulian, flatter and step-flaked types, pear-shaped and ovate forms being common. The flakes do not show any faceted platform. The third group has no laterite staining and only a little patination. The handaxes have an advanced Acheulian finish involving wood-technique; cleavers are very few. There are flat cores with prepared platform. The flakes do not show any faceted platform. Side scrapers exist on such flakes. F.E. Zeuner had the occasion of examining the material of the first group and believed that heavy leaching had taken place on the cortex of the tools of this group. ### [v2.c48.13](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c48.13) In recent years the site has been excavated by K.D. Banerjee (\*IAR 1964-5\*, p. 20; \*1966-7\*, p. 20). The stratigraphy of the site, from bottom upwards, reveals the Sriperumbudur shale (bed rock); Satyavedu sandstone boulders and gravels in a matrix of sand and clay, with a few extremely rolled early Acheulian tools at the bottom of the deposit; gravel of detrital laterite; and quartzite boulders. Acheulian tools in manufacturing stages are found in a fresh condition in this deposit; the lateritic clay also contains tools identical with those noted in the underlying deposit. The site shows, according to the excavator, mainly the Acheulian industry, with a redeposited earlier Acheulian one. The area deserves further excavation as it is vital for Stone Age study. de Terra H., and Paterson, T.T.. 1939, \*Studies on the Ice Age in India & Associated Human Remains\*, Washington. Krishnaswami, V.D., 1947, in \*AI\*, 3. Paterson, T.T., 1938, in \*Indian Academy of Science\*, Madras Meeting; 1940, in \*Nature\*, 146, pp. 12-15, 49-52.—K.V. SOUNDARA RAJAN ### [v2.c48.14](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c48.14) \*\*Vadamanu\*\*, Dt Guntur. Neolithic \[4.6.8\] adze. \*IAR 1957-8.\* ### [v2.c48.15](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c48.15) \*\*Vadapalanji\*\*, Dt Madurai. Mound with remains of ancient habitation (of unspecified nature). \*IAR 1957-8.\* ### [v2.c48.16](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c48.16) \*\*Vadasada\*\*, Dt Rajkot. Harappa \[4.9\] site. See \*\*DUMIANA\*\*. \*IAR 1958-9.\* ### [v2.c48.17](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c48.17) \*\*Vadbara\*\*, Dt Dhule. Microliths (of unspecified nature). \*IAR 1961-2.\* ### [v2.c48.18](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c48.18) \*\*Vaddarasa\*\*, Dt S. Kanara. Megalithic \[4.17.8\] site with pot burials. \*Jour. Karnataka Univ.\*, 10, 1974, pp. 5-6. ### [v2.c48.19](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c48.19) \*\*Vade\*\*, Dt Pune. Microlithic (of unspecified nature) site. ### [v2.c48.20](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c48.20) \*\*Vadgam¹\*\*, Dt Kaira. Harappa \[4.9\] site. \*IAR 1972-3.\* ### [v2.c48.21](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c48.21) \*\*Vadgam²\*\*, Dt Surendranagar. Harappa Ware \[11.3\] and black-and-red ware. \*IAR 1964-5.\* ### [v2.c48.22](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c48.22) \*\*Vadgaon¹\*\*, Dt Belgaum. Russet-coated Painted Ware \[11.22\]. \*AI\*, 4, 1947-8, p. 310. ### [v2.c48.23](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c48.23) \*\*Vadgaon²\*\*, Dt Osmanabad. A 10 m, high mound representing a brick \*stūpa\* of the early historical period. \*IAR 1957-8.\* ### [v2.c48.24](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c48.24) \*\*Vadgaon-Mādhavapur\*\* (15°52'; 74°34'), Dt Belgaum, a suburb of Belgaum town, an open intact site of the early historical period, about 40 hectares in area, discovered in 1945 by the Kannada Res. Inst. A hexagonal stone pillar inscription on Brāhmī script of \*c.\* 1st century B.C. from this site records the performance of \*vājapeya\* and other sacrifices by a Brāhmaṇa of Kāśyapa-\*gotra\*. Brick structural remains, tiles, pottery of red ware and Black-and-red Ware \[11.15.3\] typical of the Sātavāhana period were exposed in pits dug by the local people. The Exploration by the writer in 1964 produced two potin coins, one having the legend in Brāhmī as \*Siri Satakarni\*. ### [v2.c48.25](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c48.25) Excavations from 1972 to 1977 by the Dept. of Ancient Indian Hist. and Epigraphy and the Inst. of the Karnatak Univ. (\*IAR 1972-3\*) have revealed that the cultural debris is about 4·25 m thick at the maximum overlying the natural soil of disintegrated laterite, divisible into nine layers that resolve into three phases of a single culture with brick structures, pottery, beads, terracotta figurines, coins, iron objects, etc. The three phases, from top downwards, are respectively dated to \*c.\* middle of the 1st to the 2nd century A.D., \*c.\* 2nd century B.C. to the middle of the 1st century A.D. and \*c.\* 3rd century B.C. on the basis of datable coins and the Red Polished Ware \[11.23\]. ### [v2.c48.26](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c48.26) Among the brick structures, all from the uppermost phase, the following are worthy of note: a spacious building consisting of a hall with a soak-pit; a room with granary, etc., and an apsidal structure both perhaps of religious use; an extensive well-built floor of a large building that yielded about 50 copper coins having the Ujjain symbol, ivory pawns, etc., probably of public use; and residential buildings each consisting of two rooms and in one case a veranda also provided with granaries and water-wells. Excepting patches of rammed floors in the middle phase, no structural remains have been found in the remaining phases. ### [v2.c48.27](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c48.27) Besides pottery, beads from all the phases, terracotta human figures and of the horse, elephant, lion, bull and bird, circular plaques having floral designs and legendary episodes, etc., a stamped pottery piece containing a man driving an elephant, a few punch-marked coins \[3.1\] and potin coins having the legends \*Gotamīputasa Viḷivāyakurasa\*, \*Vāsiṭhīputasa\*, and \*Mahārathisa\* around bow and arrow on one side, and hill with river as well as tree within railing, a Roman coin, fragments of sprinklers in the Red Polished Ware and vessels in the Russet-coated Painted Ware \[11.22\] in the uppermost phase are of importance. The red ware and highly polished Black-and-red Ware are respectively predominant in uppermost and the earliest phases, the two fabrics occurring more or less in equal proportions in the middle. —A. SUNDARA ### [v2.c48.28](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c48.28) \*\*Vadhoda\*\*, Dt Dhule. Series II (Middle Palaeolithic \[4.3\]) tools were found together with blades, points, scrapers, awls, etc., belonging to Series III (Mesolithic \[4.5\]). Microliths and sometimes neoliths were found in association with the black-on-red painted pottery. Alongside was a coarse grey ware, similar to that from the Chalcolithic levels at BRAHMAGIRI and BAHAL. \*IAR 1957-8.\* ### [v2.c48.29](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c48.29) \*\*Vadia\*\*, Dt Rajkot. Early historical \[4.18.2\] site. \*IAR 1958-9.\* ### [v2.c48.30](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c48.30) \*\*Vadi Tarsang\*\*, Dt Panch Mahals. Late Stone Age (Mesolithic \[4.5\]) and microlithic (of unspecified nature). site. \*IAR 1971-2. Arch. Congress & Seminar 1972\*, Kurukshetra, 1976. ### [v2.c48.31](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c48.31) \*\*Vadiya Vaḷo Dharo\*\*, Dt Bhavnagar. Harappa \[4.9\] and early historical \[4.18.2\] site. \*IAR 1971-2.\* ### [v2.c48.32](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c48.32) \*\*Vadiyur\*\*, Dt Chingleput. Early (Lower Palaeolithic \[4.2\]) and Late Stone Age (Mesolithic \[4.5\]) site. \*IAR 1964-5.\* ### [v2.c48.33](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c48.33) \*\*Vadjakhan\*\*, Dt Dhule. Open camp site yielding large, irregular as well as fluted cores, blades, scrapers, points, etc. \*IAR 1960-1.\* ### [v2.c48.34](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c48.34) \*\*Vadnagar\*\* (23°48': 72°36'), Dt Mahesana. Nagara, Ānartapura and Vṛddhanagara are some of the names by which this town was known in the past. Excavation revealed a continuous sequence of three cultural periods: Pd I (\*c.\* 100-200) was characterized by the predominance of a very crude pottery, also noticed at VADODARA, TIMBARVA and AMRELI. Pd II (\*c.\* 200-600) had Red Polished Ware \[11.23\] in large quantities associated with a painted pottery with black designs on a bright-red slip \[cf. VASAI¹\]. Pd III (\*c.\* 600-1000) yielded a distinctive coarse red-slipped ware painted with black designs on a white background. This ware also occurs at VADODARA and TIMBARVA. \*IAR 1953-4\*; \*1966-7.\* Subbarao, B., & Mehta, R.N., 1955, in \*Jour. M.S. Univ. Baroda\*, 4, 1. ### [v2.c48.35](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c48.35) \*\*Vadner\*\*, Dt Ahmadnagar. Lower Palaeolithic \[4.2\] site. \*IAR 1959-60.\* ### [v2.c48.36](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c48.36) \*\*Vadner-Budruk\*\*, Dt Ahmadnagar. Tools of Series II (Middle Palaeolithic \[4.3\]) and microliths and sherds of thick grey ware were collected. Early historical pottery was characterized by black-and-red and red wares. ### [v2.c48.37](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c48.37) \*\*Vadodara\*\* (22°17′; 73°15′), headquarters of the Dt of the same name, on the Vishvamitri, almost entirely built upon prehistoric and historical remains, making extensive excavation difficult. Stray discoveries of copper-plates and sculptures here and there and above all a cache of invaluable Jaina bronzes at the adjoining area of AKOTA (Shah, 1969) however proved the antiquity of the site. ### [v2.c48.38](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c48.38) A few trenches, limited by the availability of open space, were laid by Subbarao in 1951-52 (Subbarao, 1953) at AKOTA, ancient Aṅkoṭṭaka, and the Medical College area at Vadodara, probably part of the site of ancient Vaḍapadraka. As a correlation of the data from different trenches the following sequence has been arrived at: (1) Microlithic (it is not clear if this culture was related to the Mesolithic \[4.5\] or to the Chalcolithic \[4.14\], but it is more likely that it is affiliated to the former which is widespread in Gujarat and is unassociated with agriculture and domestication of animals; (2) early historical, with the Red Polished Ware \[11.23\] found at many other sites in Gujarat and elsewhere and with well-built baked-brick houses including a huge brick structure, Roman bronze vessels, terracotta seals in Graeco-Roman style, and early Kṣatrapa coins; (3) late historical, following a heavy flood, when the nucleus of Vaḍapadraka was founded but Aṅkoṭṭaka remained under habitation. Occupation continued down to Rāṣṭrakūṭa, Cāḷukya and still later times through Muslim occupation and recent times. ### [v2.c48.39](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c48.39) Of special significance is the find of the Red Polished Ware, an adaptation of the Mediterranean Samian Ware, of the beginning of the Christian era, with a widespread distribution. Also important are the Jaina bronzes from AKOTA of the 6th-7th to 10th-11th centuries, which were perhaps hurriedly buried during the invasions that followed. ### [v2.c48.40](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c48.40) Shah, U.P., 1959, \*Akota Bronzes\*, Bombay. Subbarao, B., 1953, \*Baroda Through the Ages\*, Baroda—A GHOSH ### [v2.c48.41](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c48.41) \*\*Vadokkupettai\*\*, Dt Chingleput. Megalithic \[4.17.9\] site. Sewell, R., 1882, \*Antiquarian Remains in the Presidency of Madras\*, Madras. ### [v2.c48.42](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c48.42) \*\*Vadrahalli\*\*, Dt Kolar. Megalithic \[4.17.8\] stone circles. \*IAR 1970-1\*. ### [v2.c48.43](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c48.43) \*\*Vadakanathapuram\*\*, Dt Madurai. Megalithic \[4.17.9\] site with sepulchral urns. Sewell, R., 1882, \*Antiquarian Remains in the Presidency of Madras\*, Madras. ### [v2.c48.44](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c48.44) \*\*Vagampalayam\*\*, Dt Coimbatore. Megalithic \[4.17.9\] cairn circles. \*IAR 1962-3\*. ### [v2.c48.45](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c48.45) \*\*Vagapatti\*\*, Dt Padukkottai. Megalithic \[4.17.9\] site. \*Manual of Pudukkottai State\*, 1944, 1, 1, pp. 515-8. ### [v2.c48.46](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c48.46) \*\*Vagech\*\*. \*See\* PURNA VALLEY. ### [v2.c48.47](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c48.47) \*\*Vaghale and Balamrapada\*\*, Dt Dhule. Lower Palaeolithic \[4.2\] site. \*IAR 1960-1\*. ### [v2.c48.48](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c48.48) \*\*Vaghoda\*\*, Dt Dhule. Late Palaeolithic (\[Upper Palaeolithic? \[4.5\]) tools. \*IAR 1960-1\*. ### [v2.c48.49](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c48.49) \*\*Vaghunde-Khurd\*\*, Dt Ahmadnagar. Tools of Series II (Middle Palaeolithic \[4.3\]), microliths (of unspecified nature) and thick grey sherds were collected. Early historical \[4.18.9\] pottery was characterized by black-and-red and red wares. ### [v2.c48.50](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c48.50) \*\*Vagimadugu¹\*\*, Dt Nellore. Megalithic \[4.17.7\] site with a large number of dolmens. Sewell, R., 1882, \*Antiquarian Remains in the Presidency of Madras\*, Madras. ### [v2.c48.51](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c48.51) \*\*Vagimadugu\*\*, Dt Prakasam. Megalithic \[4.17.7\] site. Sewell, R., 1882, \*Antiquarian Remains in the Presidency of Madras\*, Madras. ### [v2.c48.52](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c48.52) \*\*Vaglud\*\*, Dt Nasik. Middle Stone Age (Middle Palaeolithic \[4.3\]) site. \*IAR 1965-6\*. ### [v2.c48.53](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c48.53) \*\*Vaguthampalayam\*\*, Dt Coimbatore. Megalithic \[4.17.9\] cairn circles. \*IAR 1962-3\*. ### [v2.c48.54](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c48.54) \*\*Vahaja\*\*, Dt Bharatpur. Kushan red ware. \*IAR 1970-1\*. ### [v2.c48.55](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c48.55) \*\*Vaharvo\*\* (21°50′; 71°45′), Dt Bhavnagar. Post-Harappa \[4.10\] site corresponding to RANGPUR II C. \*IAR 1960-1\*. \*AI\*, 18 & 19, 1962 & 1963, p. 207. ### [v2.c48.56](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c48.56) \*\*Vahipara\*\*, Dt Palamau. Middle Stone Age (Middle Palaeolithic \[4.3\]) site. \*IAR 1971-2\*. ### [v2.c48.57](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c48.57) \*\*Vaidyapur\*\*. \*See\* BAIDYAPUR. ### [v2.c48.58](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c48.58) \*\*Vaigai river\*\*, Dt Madurai. Mounds with remains of ancient habitation were noticed Kochchadai, Tenur and Playanattam. \*IAR 1957-8\*. ### [v2.c48.59](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c48.59) \*\*Vaikuntapuram\*\*, Dt Guntur. Rouletted Ware \[11.21\] was picked up at Vaikuntapuram, 29 km n. of Guntur. The site also yielded Black-and-red Ware \[11.15\] and black-slipped and red wares of the early historical period \[4.18.10\]. \*IAR 1960-1\*. ### [v2.c48.60](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c48.60) \*\*Vainagadha\*\*, Dt Ballia. Black-and-red Ware \[11.6.3\]. \*IAR 1963.4\*. ### [v2.c48.61](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c48.61) \*\*Vaindana\*\*, Dt Dhule. Middle Stone Age (Middle Palaeolithic \[4.3\]) site. Chalcolithic \[4.14.7\] habitation and burial remains were also found. \*IAR 1961-2\*. ### [v2.c48.62](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c48.62) \*\*Vaiśālī, Basarh\*\* (25°58′; 80°11′), District Vaisali, supposedly founded by Viśāla of the Ikṣvāku lineage, the capital of the Republic of the Licchavis, a branch of the Vṛji clan at the time of Buddha who visited the place more than once. It was annexed by Ajātaśatru of Magadha after the death of Buddha. Pre-Mahāvīra Jainism is said to have penetrated here and Mahāvīra was born near the place. Many spots here were connected with Buddha and Aśoka raised one of his (uninscribed) pillars near a lake associated with Buddha. The main ruins are represented by a prominent fort over 500 × 240 m known as Raja-Bisal-ka-Garh, identified by A. Cunningham as Vaiśālī (\*ASI—AR\*, 1, p. 55), though ruins are scattered well outside the fort as well. ### [v2.c48.63](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c48.63) The fort was excavated by T. Bloch in 1903-4 (\*ASI—AR 1903-4\*, p. 81) and D.B. Spooner in 1913-4 (\*ibid.\*, \*1913-4\*, p. 98). While the lower levels were not reached, a vast number of Gupta seals \[3.2\] and terracotta, and some pre-Gupta ones too, including two Hellenistic heads, and punch-marked coins \[3.1\], were found. The buildings were however poor. ### [v2.c48.64](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c48.64) Controlled excavation was undertaken here in 1950 by the Vaisali Sangha under the direction of Krishna Deva assisted by Misra (Krishna and Mishra, 1961) and between 1958 and 1962 by A.S. Altekar on behalf of the K.P. Jayaswal Res. Inst. (Sinha and Roy, 1969). The excavations included the areas of Kharauna Pokhar, Raja-Bisal-ka-Garh, Chakramdas, Lalpura, Kolhua and Virpur. Kharauna Pokhar has been identified with the ancient Abhiseka-puṣkariṇī with whose waters all the \*rājās\* of the republic were consecrated. It had a surrounding wall with concrete platforms, with as many as six occupational levels. It has been suggested that in Pd III (150 B.C. to A.D. 100) there were rooms for guards with places for quivers in specially made holes. ### [v2.c48.65](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c48.65) Another important discovery was a \*stūpa\*, originally of mud but later on encased in brick, which has been taken to be the one built over the corporeal relics of the Buddha by the Licchavis. The \*stūpa\* had been opened up at an early date and renovated and enlarged more than once, being buttressed with brick and brickbats in the 1st century A.D. A soapstone casket \[18.2\] containing ashy earth, a small conch-shell, two small glass beads, a bit of gold leaf and a copper punch-marked coin are the other finds. ### [v2.c48.66](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c48.66) The Garh area shows that it was under occupation from at least 500 B.C., as in the lowest layers black-and-red ware \[11.6.4\] is found with the NBPW \[11.16\]. The discovery of a few sherds of degenerate grey ware with painting associated with the mud rampart has no chronological significance. The earliest traces of structural remains belong to 350-150 B.C., corresponding roughly to the Maurya period, when the mud rampart was erected; in the Śuṅga period it was strengthened with courses of mud brick. Afterwards a massive rampart about 21 m in width at the base and 6·4 m in width at the extant top and about 4 m in extant height was made of rammed earth. Later in the pre-Gupta period a brick rampart, 2·4 m wide, was constructed with military barracks made of brick 37·2× 23·3× 5 cm in dimensions. ### [v2.c48.67](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c48.67) The portable objects found at Vaiśālī are rich and varied and consist of: coins ranging from punch-marked and cast to those of Muslim rulers; terracotta human and animal figures including \*nāgas\* \[17.1\], toy carts \[6.7.4\], beads, pendants, balls, dabbers \[16.11\], moulds \[16.10\], skin-rubbers \[18.4\], seals and sealings; beads of semi-precious stones; and pottery represented by the NBPW of various hues, black ware resembling the NBPW, medium to coarse grey ware and red ware of shapes consistent with the period of the occupation of the site. ### [v2.c48.68](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c48.68) Krishna Deva and Mishra, V., 1961, \*Vaiśālī Excavations 1950\*, Vaisali. Mishra. Y., & Roy, S.R., 1964. \*Guide to Vaiśālī and the Vaiśālī Museum\*, Vaisali. Sinha, B.P., & Roy, S.R., 1969, \*Vaiśālī Excavations 1958-62\*, Patna.—B.P. SINHA ### [v2.c48.69](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c48.69) \*\*Vaithur\*\*, Dt Pudukkottai. Megalithic \[4.17.9\] site. \*Manual of Pudukkottai State\*, 1944, 1, 1, pp. 515-8. ### [v2.c48.70](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c48.70) \*\*Vajdara\*\*, Dt Dhule. Artefacts ascribable to the post-Middle Stone Age (Middle Palaeolithic \[4.3\]) and pre-Late Stone Age (Mesolithic \[4.5\]) were found. \*IAR 1964-5\*. ### [v2.c48.71](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c48.71) \*\*Vajewada\*\*, Dt Ahmadnagar. Chalcolithic \[4.14.6\] site. \*IAR 1960-1\*. ### [v2.c48.72](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c48.72) \*\*Vajpur\*\*, Dt Dhule. Tools of Series II (Middle Palaeolithic \[4.3\]) were found on the TĀPTĪ. \*IAR 1958-9\*. ### [v2.c48.73](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c48.73) \*\*Vajragiri\*\*, Dt Cuttack. Buddhist-site with images and remnants of brick structures. \*IAR 1959-60\*. ### [v2.c48.74](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c48.74) \*\*Vajrakarur\*\*, Dt Anantapur. Neolithic \[4.6.8\] habitation site with celts, hammer stones, etc. See \*\*AKKAMMAKONDA\*\*. Foote, R.B., 1916, \*Indian Prehistoric & Protohistoric Antiquities\*, Madras. \*IAR 1965-6\*. ### [v2.c48.75](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c48.75) \*\*Vakad\*\*, Dt Jalgaon. Microliths (of unspecified nature). \*IAR 1962-3\*. ### [v2.c48.76](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c48.76) \*\*Vakharia\*\*, Dt Surat. Early, Middle (Lower, Middle Palaeolithic \[4.2, 3\]) and Late Stone Age (Mesolithic \[4.5\]) site. \*IAR 1967-8\*. ### [v2.c48.77](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c48.77) \*\*Valaiyanpatti\*\*, Dt Pudukkottai. A large red and thick-walled urn containing loose earth and a few bone fragments was unearthed. \*ASI—AR 1936-7\*. \*Manual of Pudukkottai State\*, 1944, 1, 1, pp. 515-8. ### [v2.c48.78](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c48.78) \*\*Valavanad hill\*\*, Dt Tirunelveli. Megalithic \[4.17.9\] site yielding a large number of urn burials. Sewell, R., 1882, \*Antiquarian Remains in the Presidency of Madras\*, Madras. ### [v2.c48.79](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c48.79) \*\*Valivallampathy\*\*, Dt Palghat. Megalithic \[4.17.10\] site. \*IAR 1969-70\*. ### [v2.c48.80](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c48.80) \*\*Valkandinni\*\*, Dt Raichur. Megalithic \[4.17.8\] stone circles. \*Jour. Geological Survey of Hyderabad\*, 3, 1, pp. 76-82. ### [v2.c48.81](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c48.81) \*\*Vallabhi\*\*, Dt Kaira. Roman amphorae \[11.19\], conch-shell bangles, etc. \*IAR 1963-4\*. ### [v2.c48.82](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c48.82) \*\*Vallabhipura\*\*, Dt Surendranagar. Harappa pottery \[11.3\] and Red Polished Ware \[11.23\]. ### [v2.c48.83](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c48.83) \*\*Vallabhnagar\*\*, Dt Udaipur. Early Stone Age (Lower Palaeolithic \[4.2\]) tools in the Berach valley. \*IAR 1962-3\*. \*\*Vallam\*\*, Dt Thanjavur. Broken pieces of urns and a few sherds of the Megalithic Black-and-red Ware \[11.15\]. \*IAR 1964-5\*. \*\*Vallam-Nattamedu\*\*, Dt Tiruchchirappalli. Megalithic Black-and-red Ware \[11.15\]. \*IAR 1962-3\*. \*\*Vallanadu\*\*, Dt Tirunelveli. Megalithic \[4.17.9\] site. \*ASI—AR 1902-3\*. \*\*Vallara\*\*, Dt Banas-Kantha. Painted red ware (of unspecified affiliation). \*IAR 1964-5\*. \*\*Valli, Vanthlino Tekrao\*\*, Dt Kaira. Mesolithic \[4.5\] site. \*IAR 1972-3\*. \*\*Vallianoor-Amsom\*\*, Dt Cannanore. Megalithic rock-cut caves \[4.17.10\]. \*IAR 1961-2\*. \*\*Valmiki Ashram\*\*, Dt Kanpur. NBPW \[11.16\] site. \*IAR 1965-6\*. \*\*Valod\*\*, Dt Surat. Mesolithic \[4.5\] site on the Valmiki or Jhankhari river. \*IAR 1968-9\*. \*\*Valotri\*\*, Dt Kaira. Harappa \[4.9\] site. \*IAR 1972-3\*. \*\*Valpura (Ishvariya)\*\* Dt Bhavnagar. Harappa \[4.9\] and early historical \[4.18.2\] site. \*IAR 1971-2\*. \*\*Vamalapadu\*\*. See SRISAILAM. \*\*Vaman\*\*, Dt Agra. PGW \[11.14\] and NBPW \[11.16\] site. \*IAR 1965-6\*. \*\*Vamanapuram\*\*, Dt Trivandrum(?). Megalithic \[4.17.10\] site with port-holed cists. \*AI\*, 4, 1947-8, p. 307. \*\*Vambhari\*\*, Dt Jalgaon. Middle Stone Age (Middle Palaeolithic \[4.3\]) site. \*IAR 1965-6\*. \*\*Vambori\*\*, Dt Ahmadnagar. Dull and red-slipped pottery of the early historical period \[4.18.9\]. \*IAR 1958-9\*. \*\*Vanagiri\*\*, Dt Thanjavur. Brick-built channel with sluice-gate, a punch-marked coin \[3.1\] and Rouletted Ware \[11.21\] were found. See KĀVERĪPŪMPAṬṬNAM. Malony, C., 1976, in Stein, B., ed., \*Essays on s. India\*, Delhi. \*\*Vanakpur\*\*, Dt Bharuch. Early historical \[4.18.2\] site. \*IAR 1968-9\*. \*\*Vanapada\*\*, Dt Bijapur. Megalithic \[4.17.8\] site. \*IAR 1962-3\*. \*\*Vanaval\*\*, Dt Dhule. Late Stone Age (Mesolithic \[4.5\]) site. \*IAR 1966-7\*. \*\*Vandari\*\*, Dt Madurai. Urn burials \[4.17.9\]. \*IAR 1958-9\*. \*\*Vandatur hill\*\*, Dt Chingleput. Megalithic \[4.17.9\] site. \*AI\*, 22, 1966, p. 31. ### [v2.c48.84](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c48.84) \*\*Vandhegolla-Jigeri\*\*, Dt Dharwar. Early Acheulian \[4.2\] implements were found in the fields between Vandhegolla and Jigeri. \*IAR 1963-4\*. \*\*Vanganum Kudi Kad\*\*, Dt Thanjavur. Lower Palaeolithic \[4.2\] site. Foote, R.B., 1916, \*Indian Prehistoric & Protohistoric Antiquities\*, Madras. \*\*Vanghadhra\*\*, Dt Bhavnagar. Early historical \[4.18.2\] site. \*IAR 1971-2\*. \*\*Vanghikhurd\*\*, Dt Ahmadnagar. Tools of Series I and II (Lower and Middle Palaeolithic \[4.2, 3\]). \*IAR 1955-6\*. \*\*Vanhalli\*\*, Dt Bijapur. Chalcolithic \[4.14.8\] site. See AJMEL. \*IAR 1959-60\*. \*\*Vaniavadar, Venivadar\*\* (29°39'; 71°09'), Dt Amreli. Late Harappa \[4.10\] settlement corresponding to RANGPUR II B and continuing into RANGPUR II C on the left bank of the Vadi, a tributary of the Shetrunji. The site was reoccupied in the early historical period \[4.18.2\] as is indicated by the presence of the Red Polished Ware \[11.23\]. \*AI\*, 18 & 19, 1962 & 1963, pp. 187, 207. \*\*Vaniyamkulam\*\*, Dt Palghat. Megalithic \[4.17.10\] site with rock-cut cave. \*IAR 1968-9\*. \*\*Vanjalpur\*\*, Dt Ahmadnagar. Series II (Middle Palaeolithic \[4.3\]) tools. \*IAR 1959-60\*. \*\*Vankhed\*\*, Dt Ratnagiri. Lower Palaeolithic \[4.2\] site. Joshi, R.V., & Bopardikar, B.P., in \*Arch. Congress & Seminar\*, Nagpur, 1972. \*\*Vankiner\*\* (21°50'; 69°25'), Dt Jamnagar. Late Harappa \[4.10\] site corresponding to RANGPUR II B and II C. \*IAR 1957-8\* (where it is said to be a Harappa \[4.9\] site). \*AI\*, 20 & 21, 1962 & 1963, p. 207. \*\*Vankuta\*\*, Dt Dhule. Microliths (of unspecified nature). \*IAR 1961-2\*. \*\*Vantareddipalli\*\*, Dt Anantapur. Ash-mound \[14.3\]. \*IAR 1965-6\*. \*\*Vanthlino Takrao\*\*. See VALLI. \*\*Vantipor\*\*, Dt Anantnag. Ancient Avantipura founded by king Avantivarman (855-83). Excavation in 1910 and in 1913 brought to light remains of the Avantisvāmin temple and a large number of coins, sculptures and potsherds. \*ASI—AR 1913-4\*. \*\*Vaodi\*\*, Dt Bharuch. Late Stone Age (Mesolithic \[4.5\]) site. \*IAR 1969-70\*. \*\*Varadapura\*\*, Dt Kolar. Megalithic \[4.17.8\] site with cairn circles. \*IAR 1969-70\*. Also information from C. Krishnamurthy through A Sundara. \*\*Varahi\*\*, Dt Banas-Kantha. Painted red ware and medieval glazed ware. ### [v2.c48.85](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c48.85) \*\*Varandarapally\*\*, Dt Trichur. Megalithic \[4.17.10\] site. \*IAR 1966-7\*. ### [v2.c48.86](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c48.86) \*\*Varapalayam\*\*, Dt Coimbatore. Megalithic \[4.17.9\] cairn circles. \*IAR 1962-3\*. ### [v2.c48.87](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c48.87) \*\*Vardi\*\*, Dt Dharwar. Early Stone Age (Lower Palaeolithic \[4.2\]) site. \*IAR 1962-3\*. ### [v2.c48.88](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c48.88) \*\*Varhada\*\*, Dt Dhule. Late Stone Age (Mesolithic \[4.5\]) site. \*IAR 1966-7\*. ### [v2.c48.89](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c48.89) \*\*Varikkal\*\*, Dt S. Arcot. Megalithic \[4.17.9\] site. \*AI\*, 22, 1966, p. 32. ### [v2.c48.90](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c48.90) \*\*Varsus\*\*, Dt Dhule. Late Stone Age (Mesolithic \[4.17.6\]) tools. \*IAR 1964-5\*. ### [v2.c48.91](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c48.91) \*\*Varud\*\*, Dt Amravati. Middle Stone Age (Middle Palaeolithic \[4.3\]) tools. \*IAR 1962-3\*. ### [v2.c48.92](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c48.92) \*\*Varul\*\*, Dt Dhule. Microliths and sometimes neoliths were also found in association with black-on-red painted pottery. Alongside was also found a coarse grey ware similar to that from the Chalcolithic levels at BRAHMAGIRI and BAHAL. The site also contained the remains of burials, with which were associated pots of the Black-and-red Ware \[11.15\] bearing graffiti \[20.1\]. See DHAMDAI. \*IAR 1957-8\*. ### [v2.c48.93](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c48.93) \*\*Varvad\*\*, Dt Dhule. Middle (Middle Palaeolithic \[4.3\]) and Late Stone Age (Mesolithic \[4.5\]) tools. \*IAR 1961-2\*. ### [v2.c48.94](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c48.94) \*\*Vasaha\*\*, Dt Allahabad. Painted rock-shelter \[13\] in Jharena-ki-Pahari. \*IAR 1963-4\*. ### [v2.c48.95](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c48.95) \*\*Vasai\*\*¹ (\*\*Wasai\*\*) Dt Jamnagar. Pottery corresponding to RANGPUR II C, Red Polished Ware \[11.23\] and a variant of Rang Mahal Ware \[11.24\]. Subbarao, B., 1958, \*The Personality of India\*, Baroda, pp. 47, etc. \*IAR 1960-1\*. \*AI\*, 18 & 19, 1962 & 1963, p. 207. ### [v2.c48.96](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c48.96) \*\*Vasai\*\*², Dt Mandsaur. Middle Stone Age tools were found on the river Chambal near Vasai. \*IAR 1965-6\*. ### [v2.c48.97](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c48.97) \*\*Vasavappapuram\*\*, Dt Tirunelveli. Megalithic \[4.17.9\] site. \*ASI-AR 1902-3\*. ### [v2.c48.98](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c48.98) \*\*Vasavasamudram\*\*, Dt Chingleput. The site at the mouth of the river Palar revealed only one Pd of occupation. Two ring-wells \[14.15\] located close to each other were exposed. The pottery included the Rouletted Ware \[11.21\] and amphorae \[11.19\]. The site seems to have remained under occupation only for a short period (\*c.\* 2nd century). \*IAR 1970-1\*. ### [v2.c48.99](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c48.99) \*\*Vaskannalli\*\*, Dt Bijapur. Coarse red-slipped ware, Russet-coated Painted Ware \[11.22\] and Red Polished Ware \[11.23\]. \*IAR 1958-9\*. ### [v2.c48.100](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c48.100) \*\*Vaskhedi\*\*, Dt Dhule. Artefacts ascribable to the post-Middle Stone Age (Middle Palaeolithic \[4.3\]) and pre-Late Stone Age (Mesolithic \[4.5\]). \*IAR 1964-5\*. ### [v2.c48.101](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c48.101) \*\*Vaslai\*\*, Dt Dhule. Palaeolithic tools (of unspecified nature). \*IAR 1959-60\*. ### [v2.c48.102](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c48.102) \*\*Vasmar\*\*, Dt Dhule. Middle Stone Age (Middle Palaeolithic \[4.3\]) tools. \*IAR 1964-5\*. ### [v2.c48.103](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c48.103) \*\*Vassalur\*\*, Dt Salem. Megalithic \[4.17.9\] site with a number of elaborately formed dolmens and sepulchral circles. Sewell, R., 1882, \*Antiquarian Remains in the Presidency of Madras\*, Madras. ### [v2.c48.104](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c48.104) \*\*Vastana\*\*, Dt Kaira. Mesolithic \[4.5\] site. \*IAR 1972-3\*. ### [v2.c48.105](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c48.105) \*\*Vasudevanallur\*\*, Dt Tirunelveli. Prehistoric site (of unspecified nature). \*ASI-AR 1936-7\*. Cammiade, L.A., \*Gazetteer of Dt Tinnevelly\*, p. 409. ### [v2.c48.106](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c48.106) \*\*Vatnal\*\*, Dt Belgaum. Middle Palaeolithic \[4.3\] site. \*IAR 1972-3\*. Also information from B. Narasimhaiah. ### [v2.c48.107](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c48.107) \*\*Vattakulam\*\*, Dt Palghat. A rectangular rock-out cave \[4.17.10\] measuring 2 × 1·45 m was found. On the e. side a 25 cm high bench was seen running to a length of 90 cm. Broken pieces of pottery, a Russet-coated Painted Ware \[11.22\] bowl and iron objects were obtained from the cave. \*IAR 1970-1\*. ### [v2.c48.108](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c48.108) \*\*Vattampatti\*\*, \*\*Vittampatti\*\*, Dt Pudukkottai. Megalithic \[4.17.9\] site. \*Manual of Pudukkottai State\*, 1944, 1, 1, pp. 515-8. ### [v2.c48.109](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c48.109) \*\*Vattanakarichi\*\*, Dt Pudukkottai. Megalithic \[4.17.9\] \`site. \*Manual of Pudukkottai State\*, 1944, 2, 1, pp. 933-4. ### [v2.c48.110](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c48.110) \*\*Vatul\*\* (73°36′; 16°44′), Dt Ratnagiri. A Lower Palaeolithic \[4.2\] discoid of quartzite was found. \*IAR 1969-70\*. Joshi, R.V., & Bopardikar, B.P., in \*Arch. Congress & Seminar\*, Nagpur, 1972, p. 50. ### [v2.c48.111](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c48.111) \*\*Vaurad\*\*, Dt Ahmadnagar. Early historical \[4.18.9\] site. \*IAR 1960-1\*. ### [v2.c48.112](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c48.112) \*\*Vayalpad\*\*, Dt Chittoor. Megalithic \[4.17.7\] port-holed cists. \*AI\*, 4, 1947-8, p. 306. ### [v2.c48.113](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c48.113) \*\*Vedakattamadugu\*\*, Dt Dharmapuri. Megalithic \[4.17.9\] site with dolmens. Sewell, R., 1882, \*Antiquarian Remains in the Presidency of Madras\*, Madras. ### [v2.c48.114](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c48.114) \*\*Veda-pada\*\*, Dt Dhule. Microliths (of unspecified nature). \*IAR 1959-60\*. ### [v2.c48.115](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c48.115) \*\*Vedarampatti\*\*, Dt Dharmapuri. Late Stone Age (Mesolithic \[4.5\]) site, also with Megalithic \[4.17.9\] ### [v2.c48.116](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c48.116) cairn circles. ### [v2.c48.117](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c48.117) \*\*Vedaratattakkal\*\*, Dt Dharmapuri. Megalithic \[4.17.9\] and early historical \[4.18.12\] site. \*IAR 1966-7.\* ### [v2.c48.118](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c48.118) \*\*Vedar Puliangulam\*\*, Dt Madurai. Urn burial \[4.17.9\]. \*IAR 1957-8.\* ### [v2.c48.119](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c48.119) \*\*Vedaradoddi\*\*, Dt Mysore. Megalithic \[4.17.8\] cist burials. \*IAR 1961-2.\* ### [v2.c48.120](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c48.120) \*\*Vedullacheruvu\*\*, Dt Chittoor. Tools of the Early and Middle Stone Age (Lower and Middle Palaeolithic \[4.2, 3\]) were found in the loose gravels as well as in well-defined river sections and those of the Late Stone Age (Mesolithic \[4.5\]) at the top of the river terraces along the river Rallakalava. \*IAR 1963-4\*; \*1964-5\*. ### [v2.c48.121](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c48.121) \*\*Veerajendrapet\*\*, Dt Coorg. Megalithic \[4.17.8\] site with port-holed chambers. \*Proc. Asiatic Soc. Bengal\*, 1868, pp. 151-5. ### [v2.c48.122](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c48.122) \*\*Veerampalli.\*\* \*See\* KANDLERU VALLEY. ### [v2.c48.123](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c48.123) \*\*Veeranapura\*\*, Dt Mysore. Black-and-red \[11.15\] and Russet-coated Painted \[11.22\] Wares. \*IAR 1961-2.\* ### [v2.c48.124](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c48.124) \*\*Veerla-Bodu\*\*, Dt Nalgonda. Rich Palaeolithic \[4.2\] site within the area of the Nagarjunasagar dam on the Krishna. \*See\* NAGARJUNAKONDA. \*IAR 1960-1\*. Banerjee, K.D., & Joshi, R.V., 1975, in Subrahmanyam, R., ed., \*Nagarjunakonda\*, 1954-60, pp. 19, etc. ### [v2.c48.125](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c48.125) \*\*Vegadi\*\*, Dt Rajkot. Harappa \[4.9\] site. \*See\* DUMIANA. \*IAR 1958-9.\* ### [v2.c48.126](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c48.126) \*\*Vehergaon\*\*, Dt Dhule. Chalcolithic \[4.14.6\] habitation site. \*IAR 1964-5.\* ### [v2.c48.127](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c48.127) \*\*Vejalpur\*\*, Dt Bharuch. Microlithic tools of the Chalcolithic \[4.14\] context were discovered from Vejalpur on the Narmada, 7 km towards the sea from Bharuch. Early historical \[4.18.2\] material was also found. \*IAR 1957-8\*; \*1967-8.\* ### [v2.c48.128](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c48.128) \*\*Veka\*\*, Dt Dhule. Microliths and sometimes neoliths were found in association with the black-on-red painted pottery together with a coarse grey ware similar to that from the Chalcolithic \[4.14.8\] levels at BRAHMAGIRI and BAHAL. The site also contained remains of burials together with pots of Black-and-red Ware \[11.15\] bearing graffiti \[20.1\]. \*IAR 1957-8\* ### [v2.c48.129](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c48.129) \*\*Velambur\*\*, Dt Madurai. Site with urn burials \[4.17.9\] and later habitation. \*IAR 1958-9.\* ### [v2.c48.130](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c48.130) \*\*Velanpalaiyam\*\*, Dt Coimbatore. Megalithic \[4.17.9\] site with dolmens. Sewell, R., 1882, \*Antiquities Remains in the Presidency of Madras\*, Madras. ### [v2.c48.131](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c48.131) \*\*Velaturu\*\*, Dt Mahbubnagar. Neolithic \[4.6.8\] site. \*IAR 1966-7.\* ### [v2.c48.132](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c48.132) \*\*Veldurti\*\*, Dt Kurnool. Neolithic \[4.6.8\] flakes and cores. Foote, R.B., 1916, \*Indian Prehistoric & Protohistoric Antiquities\*, Madras. ### [v2.c48.133](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c48.133) \*\*Vellaimedu\*\*, Dt Coimbatore. Russet-coated Painted Ware \[11.22\]. \*IAR 1957-8\* ### [v2.c48.134](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c48.134) \*\*Vellaiyan-Iruppu\*\*, Dt Thanjavur. Structures of the 9th-12th centuries were found. \*See\* KAVERIPUMPATTINAM Maloney, C., 1976, in Stein, B., \*Essays on S. India\*, Delhi. ### [v2.c48.135](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c48.135) \*\*Vellakovil\*\*, Dt Coimbatore. Megalithic \[4.17.9\] site with dolmens. Sewell, R., 1882, \*Antiquarian Remains in the Presidency of Madras\*, Madras. ### [v2.c48.136](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c48.136) \*\*Vellalankulam\*\*, Dt Madurai. Neolithic \[4.6.10\] ring-stone and mace-head. Foote, R.B., 1916, \*Indian Prehistoric & Protohistoric Antiquities\*, Madras. ### [v2.c48.137](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c48.137) \*\*Vellamadai\*\*, Dt Coimbatore. Megalithic \[4.17.9\] cairn circles. \*IAR 1957-8\* ### [v2.c48.138](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c48.138) \*\*Vellanur\*\*, Dt Pudukkottai. Megalithic \[4.17.9\] site. \*Manual of Pudukkottai State\*, 1944, 1, 1, pp. 515-8. ### [v2.c48.139](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c48.139) \*\*Vellattanjur\*\*, Dt Trichur. Megalithic \[4.17.10\] site with umbrella-stones. \*IAR 1967-8\* ### [v2.c48.140](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c48.140) \*\*Vellattukotai\*\*, Dt Chingleput. Early and Middle Stone Age (Lower and Middle Palaeolithic \[4.2, 3\]) tools. \*IAR 1963-4.\* ### [v2.c48.141](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c48.141) \*\*Vellimazhi\*\*, Dt Palghat. Megalithic \[4.17.10\] site with rock-cut cave. \*IAR 1968-9.\* ### [v2.c48.142](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c48.142) \*\*Velliyarasai\*\*, Dt Coimbatore. Megalithic \[4.17.9\] site with dolmens. Sewell, R., 1882, \*Antiquarian Remains in the Presidency of Madras\*, Madras. ### [v2.c48.143](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c48.143) \*\*Vellur\*\*, Dt Tirunelveli. Megalithic \[4.17.9\] site. \*ASI-AR 1902-3.\* ### [v2.c48.144](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c48.144) \*\*Velpumadugu\*\*, Dt Anantapur. Neolithic \[4.6.8\] site. \*See\* AKKAMMAKONDA. Foote, R.B., 1916, \*Indian Prehistoric & Protohistoric Antiquities\*, Madras. ### [v2.c48.145](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c48.145) \*\*Vembakhandiga\*\*, Dt Chittoor. A cave and two rock-shelters with Early Stone Age (Lower Palaeolithic \[4.2\]) tools in the vicinity were found. \*IAR 1963-4\* ### [v2.c48.146](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c48.146) \*\*Vembakkam\*\*, Dt Chingleput. Megalithic \[4.17.9\] site with stone circles. Sewell, R., \*Antiquarian Remains in the Presidency of Madras\*, Madras. ### [v2.c48.147](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c48.147) \*\*Vemula\*\*, Dt Cuddapah. Neolithic \[4.6.8\] cores, strike-a-light, flakes of chert and celt were found. Foote, R.B., 1916, \*Indian Prehistoric & Protohistoric Antiquities\*, Madras. ### [v2.c48.148](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c48.148) \*\*Vemulapadu\*\*, Dt Kurnool. Microlithic flakes, fluted cores, black-painted red ware and Megalithic Black-and-red \[11.15\] and Russet-coated Painted \[11.22\] Wares. ### [v2.c48.149](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c48.149) \*\*Vemulavada,\*\* Dt Karimnagar(?) Middle Palaeolithic \[4.3\] site. ### [v2.c48.150](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c48.150) Gururaja Rao, B.K., ed., 1978, \*Decade of Arch. Studies in s. India\*, Dharwar, p. 48. ### [v2.c48.151](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c48.151) \*\*Venegaon,\*\* Dt Satara. Middle (Middle Palaeolithic \[4.3\]) and Late Stone Age (Mesolithic \[4.5\]) tools. ### [v2.c48.152](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c48.152) \*IAR 1962-3.\* ### [v2.c48.153](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c48.153) \*\*Vengasandra,\*\* Dt Kolar. Megalithic \[4.17.8\] stone circles. ### [v2.c48.154](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c48.154) \*IAR 1970-1.\* ### [v2.c48.155](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c48.155) \*\*Venghdra,\*\* Dt Bhavnagar. Early Stone Age (Lower Palaeolithic \[4.2\]) site. ### [v2.c48.156](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c48.156) \*IAR 1970-1.\* ### [v2.c48.157](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c48.157) \*\*Venkamanayanipalli,\*\* Dt Chittoor. Upper Palaeolithic \[4.4\] and Mesolithic \[4.5\] site. ### [v2.c48.158](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c48.158) Sankalia, H.D., 1974, \*Prehistory & Protohistory of India & Pakistan\*, Poona. ### [v2.c48.159](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c48.159) \*\*Venkatagiri,\*\* Dt Nellore. Lower \[4.2\] and Middle Palaeolithic \[4.3\] site in the Venkatagirieru valley. ### [v2.c48.160](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c48.160) \*IAR 1965-6.\* ### [v2.c48.161](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c48.161) \*\*Venkatapura,\*\* Dt Raichur. Megalithic \[4.17.8\] site with some megaliths in pairs. ### [v2.c48.162](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c48.162) \*AR Hyderabad Arch. Dept, 1936-7\*, p. 8. ### [v2.c48.163](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c48.163) \*\*Venkataraopet,\*\* Dt Medak. Megalithic \[4.17.7\] stone circles and sherds of Black-and-red Ware \[11.15.3\]. ### [v2.c48.164](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c48.164) \*IAR 1961-2.\* ### [v2.c48.165](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c48.165) \*\*Venkatasamudram,\*\* Dt Dharmapuri. Neolithic \[4.6.10\] site. Also Megalithic \[4.17.9\] cairn circles. ### [v2.c48.166](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c48.166) \*IAR 1970-1.\* ### [v2.c48.167](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c48.167) \*\*Venkitagu,\*\* Dt Trichur. Megalithic \[4.17.10\] site with menhir. ### [v2.c48.168](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c48.168) \*IAR 1967-8.\* ### [v2.c48.169](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c48.169) \*\*Venupuri,\*\* Dt Pune. Late Stone Age (Mesolithic \[4.5\]) site. ### [v2.c48.170](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c48.170) \*IAR 1969-70.\* ### [v2.c48.171](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c48.171) \*\*Verareddipalli,\*\* Dt Medak. Megalithic \[4.17.7\] stone circles. ### [v2.c48.172](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c48.172) \*IAR 1961-2.\* ### [v2.c48.173](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c48.173) \*\*Veravel,\*\* Dt Valsad. Early Stone Age (Lower Palaeolithic \[4.2\]) site. ### [v2.c48.174](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c48.174) \*IAR 1964-5.\* ### [v2.c48.175](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c48.175) \*\*Vervandi,\*\* Dt Ahmadnagar. Microliths (of unspecified nature). ### [v2.c48.176](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c48.176) \*IAR 1958-9.\* ### [v2.c48.177](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c48.177) \*\*Vettayankinar,\*\* Dt Coimbatore. Megalithic \[4.17.9\] cairn circles. ### [v2.c48.178](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c48.178) \*IAR 1961-2.\* ### [v2.c48.179](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c48.179) \*\*Veugasandra,\*\* Dt Kolar. Megalithic \[4.17.8\] site with stone circles. ### [v2.c48.180](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c48.180) Information from C. Krishnamurthy through A. Sundara. ### [v2.c48.181](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c48.181) \*\*Vibhutihalli,\*\* Dt Gulbarga. Megalithic \[4.17.8\] habitation site with stone alignments and circles. ### [v2.c48.182](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c48.182) \*Megalithic Tombs & Other Remains in the Deccan\*, Hyderabad, 1941. ### [v2.c48.183](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c48.183) \*\*Vidapanakal, Vidupanakallu,\*\* Dt Anantapur. Neolithic \[4.6.8\] site yielding celts, chisels, flakes, cores, etc. ### [v2.c48.184](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c48.184) Foote, R.B., \*Indian Prehistoric & Protohistoric Antiquities\*, Madras. \*IAR 1965-6.\* ### [v2.c48.185](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c48.185) \*\*Vidyapur,\*\* Dt Agra. PGW \[11.14\] site. ### [v2.c48.186](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c48.186) \*IAR 1964-5.\* ### [v2.c48.187](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c48.187) \*\*Vijai Garh,\*\* Dt Aligarh. Crude PGW \[11.14\], Blackslipped Ware \[11.13\] and medieval ware. ### [v2.c48.188](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c48.188) \*IAR 1966-7.\* ### [v2.c48.189](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c48.189) \*\*Vijalpur-I,\*\* Dt Vadodara. Early historical \[4.18.2\] site. ### [v2.c48.190](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c48.190) \*IAR 1966-7.\* ### [v2.c48.191](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c48.191) \*\*Vikhran,\*\* Dt Dhule. Microliths (of unspecified nature). ### [v2.c48.192](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c48.192) \*IAR 1960-1.\* ### [v2.c48.193](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c48.193) \*\*Vikramaśīlā.\*\* \*See\* ANTICHAK. ### [v2.c48.194](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c48.194) \*\*Vikrampur,\*\* Dt Ghazipur. Three ring-wells \[14.15\] and sherds of the Black-slipped Ware \[11.13\] and associated red wares were found. ### [v2.c48.195](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c48.195) \*IAR 1965-6.\* ### [v2.c48.196](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c48.196) \*\*Vikrampur-Sikadi\*\* Dt Ghazipur. Historical site (of unspecified nature). ### [v2.c48.197](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c48.197) \*IAR 1962-3.\* ### [v2.c48.198](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c48.198) \*\*Vilakethi,\*\* Dt Coimbatore. Megalithic \[4.17.9\] cists and Russet-coated Painted Ware \[11.22\]. ### [v2.c48.199](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c48.199) \*IAR 1960-1.\* ### [v2.c48.200](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c48.200) \*\*Vilangadu,\*\* Dt Chingleput. Megalithic \[4.17.9\] urn burial. \*See\* OLD VILANGADU. _First 200 of 254 passages. [Read on](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c48)_ ## Linked texts (6) - [Skandapurāṇa](https://indike.org/pramana/in.purana.skanda) — Vyāsa, Sanskrit - [Rangpur](https://indike.org/pramana/inp.site.rangpur) - [Kuṣāṇa](https://indike.org/pramana/inp.period.kusana) - [Ahicchatra](https://indike.org/pramana/inp.site.ahichchhatra) - [Kashipur](https://indike.org/pramana/inp.site.kashipur) - [Avantipura](https://indike.org/pramana/inp.site.avantipura) --- Source: [https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c48](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c48) · Pramāṇa