[Pramāṇa](https://indike.org/pramana/) › [Studies](https://indike.org/pramana/ins) › [Reference works](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference) › [An Encyclopaedia of Indian Archaeology](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989) › v2.c50 # An Encyclopaedia of Indian Archaeology v2.c50: Y An Encyclopaedia of Indian Archaeology v2.c50 - **Language:** English ### Y ### [v2.c50.1](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c50.1) \*\*Yabbalu\*\*, Dt Raichur. Neolithic-Chalcolithic \[4.6.9, 4.17.8\] site. \*IAR 1962-3\*. ### [v2.c50.2](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c50.2) \*\*Yabratti\*\*, Dt Belgaum. Chalcolithic \[4.14.8\] site. P.B. Desai \*Felicitation Vol.\*, Dharwar, 1971, pp. 4-30. ### [v2.c50.3](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c50.3) \*\*Yaddihalli\*\*, Dt Gulbarga. Lower Palaeolithic \[4.2\] site. An ovate on limestone is noteworthy. Foote, R.B., 1916, \*Indian Prehistoric & Protohistoric Antiquities\*, Madras. ### [v2.c50.4](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c50.4) \*\*Yadegudda\*\*, Dt Shimoga. Neolithic \[4.6.9\] site. Information from A. Sundara. ### [v2.c50.5](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c50.5) \*\*Yadgir\*\*, Dt Gulbarga. Lower and Middle Palaeolithic \[4.2, 3\] sites. Information from B.K. Gururaja Rao through A. Sundara. ### [v2.c50.6](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c50.6) \*\*Yadwad\*\* (16°15′; 75°13′), Dt Dharwar. Middle Palaeolithic \[4.3\] site, also with fine polished stone axes \[4.6.9\]. See GHATAPRABHA VALLEY. \*IAR 1966-7\*. ### [v2.c50.7](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c50.7) \*\*Yaganti\*\*, Dt Kurnool. See BILLA SURGAM. ### [v2.c50.8](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c50.8) \*\*Yaksha\*\*, Dt Kutch. Middle Palaeolithic \[4.3\] site. \*IAR 1967-8\*. ### [v2.c50.9](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c50.9) \*\*Yalesandra\*\*, Dt Kolar. Megalithic \[4.17.8\] site with stones circles with cists. Information from C. Krishnamurthy through A. Sundara. ### [v2.c50.10](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c50.10) \*\*Yalgod\*\*, Dt Bijapur. Coarse red-slipped ware and Russet-coated Painted \[11.22\] and Red Polished \[11.23\] Wares. \*IAR 1958-9\*. ### [v2.c50.11](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c50.11) \*\*Yamuna river, a possible old course of the upper\*\*, Dts Hissar, Jind and Karnal. The course can be traced from near Indri in the n.-e. up to Tosham in the s.-w., a distance of 180 km. As many as 18 sites have been traced along this course: Karsola, Baghru, Mitathal, Chang, Singhva, Seman, Farmana-1 and -2, Paoli, Urlana, Kalan, Safidom, Gagsina, Jhanjhari, Ramba-1 and -2 and Kheri Mansingh. Of these Seman and Safidom are PGW \[11.14\] sites and the rest are variously pre-Harappa \[4.8\], Harappa \[4.9\] and late Harappa \[4.10\]. Suraj Bhan, 1976, in \*Arch. Congress & Seminar\*, 1972, Kurukshetra. ### [v2.c50.12](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c50.12) \*\*Yaragamaballi\*\*, Dt Mysore. Microliths (of unspecified nature). \*IAR 1960-1\*. ### [v2.c50.13](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c50.13) \*\*Yariyur\*\*, Dt Mysore. Megalithic \[4.17.8\] habitation site. Information from C. Krishnamurthy through A. Sundara. ### [v2.c50.14](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c50.14) \*\*Yarnal\*\*, Dt Belgaum. Megalithic \[4.17.8\] site. \*IAR 1966-7\*. ### [v2.c50.15](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c50.15) \*\*Yarul\*\*, Dt Bijapur. Coarse red-slipped ware and Russet-coated Painted \[11.22\] and Red Polished \[11.23\] Wares. \*IAR 1958-9\*. ### [v2.c50.16](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c50.16) \*\*Yasavaram\*\*, Dt Nellore. Lower \[4.2\] and Middle Palaeolithic \[4.3\] site in the Venkatagieru valley. \*IAR 1965-6\*. ### [v2.c50.17](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c50.17) \*\*Yashwantnagar\*\*, Dt Indore. Lower Palaeolithic \[4.2\] site. \*IAR 1970-1\*. ### [v2.c50.18](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c50.18) \*\*Yatakal\*\*, Dt Anantapur. Neolithic \[4.6.8\] habitation site. See AKKAMMAKONDA. \*IAR 1965-6\*. ### [v2.c50.19](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c50.19) \*\*Yattinhalli\*\*, Dt Dharwar. Early historical \[4.18.11\] site. See HANDIGNUR. \*IAR 1958-9\*. ### [v2.c50.20](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c50.20) \*\*Yattur\*\*, Dt Kolar. Megalithic \[4.17.8\] stone circles. \*IAR 1972-3\*. ### [v2.c50.21](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c50.21) \*\*Yavagal\*\*, Dt Dharwar. Grey ware of BRAHMAGIRI fabric. \*IAR 1966-7\*. ### [v2.c50.22](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c50.22) \*\*Yebrati\*\*, Dt Belgaum. Neolithic \[4.6.9\]-Chalcolithic \[4.17.8\] site. \*IAR 1965-6\*. ### [v2.c50.23](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c50.23) \*\*Yechangalli\*\*, Dt Mysore. Neolithic \[4.6.9\] site yielding ground stone axes and brown burnished handmade pottery. \*IAR 1963-4\*. ### [v2.c50.24](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c50.24) \*\*Yeddalabhavi\*\*, Dt Gulbarga. Megalithic \[4.17.8\] site. \*Jour. Geological Survey of Hyderabad\*, 4, 1, p. 157. ### [v2.c50.25](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c50.25) \*\*Yedhalli\*\*, Dt Bijapur. Lower and Middle Palaeolithic \[4.2, 3\] site. \*IAR 1963-4\*. Pappu, R.S., 1974, \*Pleistocene Studies in the Upper Krishna Basin\*, Pune, p. 53. ### [v2.c50.26](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c50.26) \*\*Yedlapadu\*\*, Dt Guntur. Megaliths \[4.17.7\]. \*IAR 1960-1\*. ### [v2.c50.27](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c50.27) \*\*Yeguvacherlopalli\*\*, Dt Kurnool. Site with tools of Series I and II (Lower and Middle Palaeolithic \[4.2, 3\]) and megaliths \[4.17.7\]. \*IAR 1959-60\*. ### [v2.c50.28](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c50.28) \*\*Yelachetti\*\*, Dt Mysore. Megalithic \[4.17.8\] cairn circles. \*IAR 1962-3\*. ### [v2.c50.29](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c50.29) \*\*Yelger\*\*, Dt Bijapur. Lower Palaeolithic \[4.2\] site. (Same as following?) Pappu, R.S., 1974, \*Pleistocene Studies in the Upper Krishna Basin\*, Pune, p. 33. ### [v2.c50.30](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c50.30) \*\*Yelger\*\*, Dt Bijapur (?). Early and Middle Stone Age (Lower and Middle Palaeolithic \[4.2, 3\] tools. (Same as preceding?) \*IAR 1963-4\*. ### [v2.c50.31](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c50.31) \*\*Yellagiri\*\*, Dt Salem. Pointed-butt polished stone axes \*\*Yellammagudda\*\*, Dt Belgaum. Megalithic \[4.17.8\] site. \*IAR 1968-9\*. ### [v2.c50.32](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c50.32) \*\*Yellari\*\*, Dt Parbhani. Series II (Middle Palaeolithic \[4.3\]) tools. \*IAR 1960-1\*. ### [v2.c50.33](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c50.33) \*\*Yellatur\*\*, Dt Cuddapah. Neolithic site yielding a few flakes and slickstones together with pottery, mostly red-painted and polished. A noteworthy specimen was a small roughly made \*lotā\* filled with lime like what is frequently seen in the rejected \*chatties\* of toddy-drawers. ### [v2.c50.34](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c50.34) Foote. R.B., 1916, \*Prehistoric & Protohistoric Antiquities\*, Madras. ### [v2.c50.35](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c50.35) \*\*Yelleswaram\*\*, \*\*Yeleswaram\*\*, \*\*Elleswaram\*\*, \*\*Yellaisharam\*\* (16°28'; 79°13'), Dt Nalgonda, opposite Nagarjunakonda, originally a valley on the left bank of the Krishna but now completely submerged under the reservoir of the Nagarjuna Sagar Dam. The valley, about 13 sq km in area, was shut off on three sides by hills, while the n.-e. side was bounded by the river Krishna, flowing practically in a s.-n. direction (\*uttara-vāhinī\*). ### [v2.c50.36](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c50.36) Though not as rich in archaeological remains as the NAGARJUNAKONDA valley, Yelleswaram had at least five well-defined sites, the earliest of them a Palaeolithic \[4.2\] one, near the confluence of the Peddavagunullah with the Krishna near Rayavaram. Three other sites—Kistapuram at the foot of the Mallagutta hill, the most conspicuous hill-feature on the bank of the Krishna, Lohamancheru and Viraboyinukunta, both located close to each other in the interior of the valley—yielded Megalithic \[4.17.7\] remains. These sites were excavated by P. Sreenivasachar though no reports are available. But most important was the temple site where excavations were carried out for several seasons by the Dept of Arch. Andhra Pradesh (\*IAR 1957-8\*, p. 9; \*1958-9\*, p. 11; \*959-60\*, p. 12). ### [v2.c50.37](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c50.37) The Kistapuram group of megaliths consisted of seven stone circles, ranging in diameter from 5.49 m to 12.14 m. According to the local reports, three of these megaliths, which were opened, revealed huge urns. Lohamancharu and Viraboyinukunta each produced a cluster of dolmenoid cists, most of them without any stone circles. Of the 20 examples at Lohamancharu, five were excavated—one of them yielding a partitioned cist with port-hole. There were 23 megaliths at Viraboyinukunta, of which four were opened. In all the dolmenoid cists, with orthostats projecting on the surface, post-excarnation burial was the rule; more often than not bones and skulls had been placed in heaps along with pottery and iron objects. Examination of skeletal remains from Viraboyinukunta showed that the male population was wholly brachycranial while the females had dolichomesocranic head-forms. They were robust people and belonged to above-medium and tall groups (Gupta and Datta, 1962; Sarkar, 1972). ### [v2.c50.38](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c50.38) Excavation at the temple-site revealed at the lowest level four different types of megaliths: dolmenoid cist with a partition; a cist within cist with port-holes; an urn burial with post-exposure burial; and pit circles, one of them disclosing a joint extended inhumation burial. The individual buried in the urn was mesocranial (79.17) whereas the dolmenoid cist produced an adult male, an adult female and a child about three years old. While the female was brachycranial (82.08), the adult male was a tall person having a long head (72.58). In the joint burial one was a female with mesocranial index (76.16) and the other a tall long-headed (72.73) male. These megaliths have to be dated much earlier than the 3rd century A.D. when the site was selected for the erection of a temple-complex. ### [v2.c50.39](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c50.39) The excavator has divided the occupational deposits of the temple-site into six Pds, the earliest of them being the Megalithic. In all likelihood the structural activities here began with the Ikṣvāku supremacy during the first quarter of the 3rd century A.D. There is hardly any justification for ascribing the stepped bathing ghat \[14.10\] and the pillared hall near by to pre-Ikṣvāku times (Pd II of the excavator) specially because all the inscriptions on the ghat slab were in Telugu characters. Nor is there any ground for identifying the apsidal shrine and the base of a circular structure as part of a monastic establishment. There were a number of Brāhmaṇical temples built on apsidal plan as at NAGARJUNAKONDA, and further the river bank here was dotted with such temples because of the n. turn of the river, which was considered sacred. No Buddhist monastery came up on the river bank at NAGARJUNAKONDA. All these are true also for the Yelleswaram structural complex which sprang up as Brāhmaṇical establishment, a fact wholly supported by the later history of the site. ### [v2.c50.40](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c50.40) Located very close to the Yelleswaram ferry ghat which could be approached only from the NAGARJUNAKONDA side by crossing the river it was in the main a pilgrim-centre. There were a number of late Cālukyan temples built in stone, and the most important of them was the Yelleśvarasvāmin temple or, as the inscriptions say, the temple of Yeleśvaradeva. Many pillars here bore records in early Cālukyan characters of the 8th and 9th centuries. One of the inscriptions, in florid Nārari characters of the 10th century, referred to one Uggavala of Varendra-viṣaya (n. Bengal). Donative records may be dated variously from the 4th to the 13th centuries and barring two or three early inscriptions most of them were in Telugu inscriptions registering some gift or the other to the god Yeleśvaradeva. ### [v2.c50.41](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c50.41) Gupta, P., & Datta, P.C., 1962, in \*Man in India\*, 42. Khan, M.A.W., 1963, \*Monograph on Yeleswaram Excavations\*, Hyderabad. Sarkar, H., 1969, in Narain, A.K., & Singh, P., ed., \*Seminar Papers on the Problem of Megaliths in India\*, Varanasi. Sarkar, S.S., 1972, \*Ancient Races of the Deccan\*, Delhi.—H. SARKAR ### [v2.c50.42](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c50.42) \*\*Yemmi Gude,\*\* Dt Raichur. Megalithic \[4.17.8\] port-holed cists. \*AI\*, 4, 1947-8, p. 308. ### [v2.c50.43](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c50.43) \*\*Yenkura,\*\* Dt Bidar. Megalithic \[4.17.8\] and early historical \[4.18.11\] site. \*Karnataka Bharati\*, 11, 3. ### [v2.c50.44](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c50.44) \*\*Yenugapalem,\*\* Dt Krishna. Site with dolmens \[4.17.7\]. Sewell, R., 1882, \*Antiquarian Remains in the Presidency of Madras\*, Madras. ### [v2.c50.45](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c50.45) \*\*Yerangal,\*\* Dt Bombay Suburban. Middle Palaeolithic \[4.3\] and Mesolithic \[4.5\] site. \*IAR 1961-1\*. ### [v2.c50.46](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c50.46) \*\*Yeresibetta,\*\* Dt Nilgiri. Megalithic \[4.17.9\] site. Foote, R.B., 1916, \*Indian Prehistoric & Protohistoric Antiquities\*, Madras. ### [v2.c50.47](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c50.47) \*\*Yergunta,\*\* Dt Raichur. Ash-mound \[14.3\]. \*Jour. Geological Survey of Hyderabad\*, 2, p. 2. \*AR Hyderabad Arch. Dept. 1935-6\*, Appendix A. Allchin, F.R., 1963, \*Neolithic Cattle-keepers of s. India\*, Cambridge, p. 60. ### [v2.c50.48](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c50.48) \*\*Yerkanhal,\*\* Dt Gulbarga. Megalithic \[4.17.8\] site. Paddayya, K., 1973, \*Investigation into the Neolithic Culture of Shorapur Doab, s. India\*, Leiden, p. 7. ### [v2.c50.49](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c50.49) \*\*Yerraballa,\*\* Dt Cuddapah. Megalithic \[4.17.7\] site with dolmens. Sewell, R. 1882, \*Antiquarian Remains in the Presidency of Madras\*, Madras. ### [v2.c50.50](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c50.50) \*\*Yerrakondapalem, Yerragondapalem,\*\* Dt Kurnool. Series I and II (Lower and Middle Palaeolithic \[4.2,3\]) tools, neoliths \[4.6.8\] and megalithic \[4.17.7\] on the Gundlakamma. Sewell, R., 1882, \*Antiquarian Remains in the Presidency of Madras\*, Madras. \*IAR 1959-60\*. ### [v2.c50.51](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c50.51) \*\*Yerragudi hill,\*\* Dt Anantapur. Neolithic \[4.6.8\] site yielding celts and mealing-stones. Foote, R.B., 1916, \*Indian Prehistoric & Protohistoric Antiquities\*, Madras. ### [v2.c50.52](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c50.52) \*\*Yerra Zari Gabbi caves,\*\* Dt Kurnool. See BILLA SURGAM. ### [v2.c50.53](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c50.53) \*\*Yesar,\*\* Dt Dhule. Early Stone Age (Lower Palaeolithic \[4.2\]) tools and Chalcolithic \[4.17.6\] habitation. \*IAR 1961-2\*; \*1969-70\*. ### [v2.c50.54](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c50.54) \*\*Yeseenpur,\*\* Dt Bulandshahr. PGW \[11.14\], grey ware, Black-slipped Ware \[11.13\] and red ware of Śuṅga-Kushan period. \*IAR 1970-1\*. ### [v2.c50.55](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c50.55) \*\*Yevatti,\*\* Dt Dharwar. Early historical \[4.18.11\] site. See ADERKATTI. \*IAR 1961-2\*. ### [v2.c50.56](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c50.56) \*\*Yigavaripalem\*\* (13°26′; 80°03′), Dt Chingleput. Middle Stone Age (Middle Palaeolithic \[4.3\]) site. --- Source: [https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c50](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.ghosh-1989.v2.c50) · Pramāṇa